HIV Human Foamy Virus

Envelope/Shape enveloped (complex) enveloped (complex)

Genes encoded
gag: capsid protein (gp24), matrix protein, nucleic acid binding
pol: reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase, protease
env: surface (gp 120), and transmembrane (gp 41) glycoproteins
tat: transcription activator
nef: alters t cell signaling, essential for pathogenicity
Replication Cycle
gp 120 binds CD4, while gp 41 facilitates fusion and entry, RT synthesizes complemantary
DNA and degrades RNA template, then it makes the positve DNA strand (error prone),
dsDNA circularized and integrated randomly into genome (provirus).
Two modes of replication:
provirus replicated passively as T-cell replicates
activated in lytic replication where mRNA is synthesized
protease processes/cleaves poly-proteins
source/
transmission
contact with mucusol surfaces or fluids, blood, prior STD increases risk
Disease
Acute phase: detected by PCR, viral load high, CD4 cells low, seroconversion occurs 3
week symptoms (URI, lymphadenopathy, rash) occur 2-6 post infection
Asymptomatic phase: active immune response, high CD4 turnover with steady-state viral
load
AIDS: below 200 CD4 and TB, Kaposi's, HPV, candida thrush, pneumocystis pneumonia
no human disease
Epidemiology
Lab Diagnosis
ELISA- dectects antibody in blood (false positives and doesnt detect recent infection)
Western Blot: detects antibody needed for confirmation
RT-PCR- for viral load
vacuolated "foamy" cells
Treatment treat when CD4 is below 500
Prevention
Notes
HIV-1- from chimps
HIV-2- lower risk of transmission, lower viral load, slower to progress to AIDS
first retrovirus isolated from
humans
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Retrovirus Notes
all are enveloped diploid positive sense ssRNA, the RNA contains LTR with sticky ends recognized by integrase for insertion, and also they regulate gene expression. Simple genome incodes just gag, pol, env while
complex encodes accesory genes as well. Nucleocapsid contains reverse transcriptase, integrase, tRNA replication primers
Rous Sarcoma Human T-cell Leukemia Virus
enveloped (complex) enveloped (complex)
proto-oncogens directly cause cellular
transformation, rapid onset
Tax- transcriptional regulator to causes host
cell to grow, indirectly causes cellular
transformation, very slow (30 years)
HTLV-1- acute T cell lymphocitic lymphoma
which is neoplasia of CD4 cells, usually fatal
HTLV-2- atypical hairy cell leukemia
HTLV-5-in cutaneous lymphoma
infects chickens
used for research
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all are enveloped diploid positive sense ssRNA, the RNA contains LTR with sticky ends recognized by integrase for insertion, and also they regulate gene expression. Simple genome incodes just gag, pol, env while
complex encodes accesory genes as well. Nucleocapsid contains reverse transcriptase, integrase, tRNA replication primers