ALAMEEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Karundevanpalayam, Erode - 63810

!epar"men" o# Me$%an&$al En'&neer&n'
ME2308- Metrology and Measurements Lab
Prepared by :
N. Rajkumar AP/Mech
M. Veerakumar AP/Mech
Name ( )))))))))))))))
Re' No ( )))))))))))))))
*ran$% ( )))))))))))))))
+ear , -eme."er ( )))))))))))))))
Mechanical Comparator
1. CALIBRATION O PR!CI"ION M!A"#RIN$ IN"TR#M!NT"
Aim%
To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper,
Micrometer, and Dial gauge.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip gauges.
"peci)ication%
Vernier caliper Range: . !:
Micrometer Range: . !:
Dial gauge Range: . !:
"tu(*%
1.+ Vernier caliper%
The Vernier caliper has one "# shaped frame $ith a fi%ed &a$ on $hich Vernier scale is
attached. The principle of Vernier is that $hen t$o scale di'isions slightly different in si(es can be
used to measure the length 'ery accurately.
east !ount is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is e)ual to the
difference bet$een a main scale di'ision and a Vernier scale di'ision.
*+ST !,-.T / 0 Main scale di'ision 1 0 Vernier scale di'ision
#&e&%
2t is used to measure the e%ternal diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the
gi'en specimen.
,.+ Micrometer%
The micrometer has an accurate scre$ ha'ing about 03 to 43 threads5cm and re'ol'es in a
fi%ed nut. The end of the scre$ is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary an'il.

*+ST !,-.T / Pitch scale di'ision 5 .umber of threads
Pitch scale di'ision / Distance mo'ed 5 number of rotation
#&e&%
,utside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
2nside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollo$ cylinders and
spheres.
-.+ .ial /au/e%

The dial gauge has got 4 hands. The short hand reads in mm. ,ne complete re'olution of
long hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface $hose
dimension has to be read.
east !ount / ,ne di'ision of the circular scale $ith long hand.
#&e&%
2t is used as a mechanical comparator.
0.+ "lip /au/e&%
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabili(ed. The surfaces are highly
polished to enhance $ringing. 2t is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of
unit of length from primary standard. 2t is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium
hardened steel.
#&e&%
These are accurate and used as comparator.
1.+ "ur)ace plate%
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in
$orkshop is surface plate. 2t is a flat smooth surface sometimes $ith le'eling scre$s at the
bottom.
#&e&%
2t is used as a base in all measurements.
Proce(ure or Cali2ration%
0.6 The range of the instruments is noted do$n.
4.6 7ithin that range, slip gauges are selected.
8.6 The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for (ero and the slip
gauges are placed one by one bet$een the measuring points 9&a$s of the instruments.6
:.6 The slip gauge 9actual6 readings and the corresponding 9obser'ed6 readings in the
measuring instruments are noted do$n and tabulated.
S..o
Slip
;auge
Reading 1
9+ctual6
2n mm
Precision Measuring 2nstruments Reading 9,bser'edl6 in mm
Vernier !aliper Micro Meter Dial ;auge
MSR
9mm6
VSR
9di'6
TR
9mm6
*rror
9mm6
PSR
9mm6
<SR
9di'6
TR
9mm6
*rror
9mm6
S<R
9mm6
<R
9di'6
TR
9mm6
*rror
9mm6
0
4
Re&ult%
The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.
!alibration graphs are then dra$n for all measuring instruments bet$een
0.6 +ctual 'alue and ,bser'ed 'alue.
4.6 +ctual 'alue and +bsolute error.
,. M!A"#R!M!NT O .IM!N"ION" O A $IV!N "P!CIM!N #"IN$ "LIP $A#$!
Aim%

To !heck the Various Dimensions of a Part -sing Slip ;auge
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
.
Surface Plate, Dial ;auge 7ith Stand, Slip ;auge, Part9Specimen6
"peci)ication%
Dial ;auge : Range:======= .!. :========mm
Proce(ure%
0. The part $hose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface plate.
4. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed o'er the part and dial gauge is fi%ed on the stand
such that the short and long handoff the dial gauge so$s (ero readings.
8. Then the part is remo'ed and the slip gauges are placed one o'er another on the
surface plate belo$ the spindle of the dial gauge until the hands of the dial gauge
deflect from (ero reading.
:. This ensures that the dimensions achie'ed by slip gauges and the part is same.
>. The re)uired dimensions of the part is measured by finding out the total
<eight 9Thickness6 of the slip gauges.

?. Trial readings are noted do$n for 'arious initial setup le'els of the dial gauge
,n the stand.
Re&ult%
The 'arious dimensions of the gi'en Part measured are:
+ : ==========mm
@ : ==========mm
! : ==========mm
$ear Tooth Vernier
-. M!A"#R!M!NT O $!AR PARAM!T!R" #"IN$ $!AR TOOT3 V!RNI!R
Aim%
To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier.
Apparatu& re'uire(%
;ear tooth Vernier, ;ear specimen.
"peci)ication%
;ear tooth Vernier: Range / <ori(ontal /3A:3 mm
Vertical / 3A43 mm
.! / 3.34 mm
ormula%
1. 7 / .M sin 9B35.6
4. d / .M
AAAAAAAAA
6 5 B3 cos9 5 4 0 N N +
4
8. m / D
AAAAAAAAAAAAA
9.C46
7here 7 / !hordal $idth of tooth in mm
D / !hordal addendum of gear in mm
M / Module of gear in mm
. / .,. ,f teeth
D / out side Dia in gear in mm
Proce(ure%
0. The ., D of the gi'en gear block are measured.
4. The module m# it then calculated.
8. Theoretical 'alues of "7# and#d# are computed.
:. Theoretical 'alues of "7# is set in hori(ontal Vernier scale of gear tooth Vernier
and corresponding actual "d# 'alue scale.
>. Theoretical 'alues of "c# is set and "7# is measured along
<ori(ontal scale.
?. This procedure is repeated for > teeth and 'alue tabulated.
,utside Diameter of ;ear
TR2+ ,-T S2D* D2+M*T*R "D# mm
0
4
8
:
>
Measurement of +ddendum and !hordal 7idth
Trial !hordal addendum# d# mm !hordal $idth "$# mm
+ctual . Theoretical +ctual Theoretical
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
Re&ult%
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear tooth Vernier.
The actual 'alues are 7 /
D /
04a+..!T!RMINATION O TAP!R AN$L! B5 #"IN$ "IN! BAR
+2M:
To measure the taper angle of the gi'en specimen using sine bar method.
+PP+R+T-S R*E-2R*D:
0. Sine bar :. micrometer
4. Slip gauge set >. surface plate
8. Dial gauge $ith ?.Vernier caliper
stand
F,RM-+:
Sin G / h 5
7here,
< A <eight of the slip gauge
A Distance bet$een the centers G A
2nclined angle of the specimen
PR,!*D-R*:
The gi'en component is placed on the surface plate.
,ne roller of sine bar is placed on surface plate and bottom surface of sine bar is
seated on the taper surface of the component.
The combination of slip gauges is inserted bet$een the second roller of sine bar
and the surface plate.
The angle of the component is then calculated by the formula gi'en abo'e.
T+@-+T2,.:
ength of the sine
<eight
Sl..o Taper angle 9 6
bar 96 mm
9h6mm
!+!-+T2,.:
Sin G / h 5
;*+R M*+S-R*M*.T:
<o$ is pitch, backlash measured in gearsH
<o$ is gear profile measured using an in'olute measuring machineH
<o$ is tooth thickness of gears measured by
9a6 !onstant chord method 9b6 @ase tangent method
S-RF+!* F2.2S< M*+S-R*M*.T:
*%plain the follo$ing direct methods of Surface finish measurementI
9a6 Stylus probe instruments 9b6 Profilometer
STR+2;<T.*SS, F+T.*SS +.D R,-;<.*SS M*+S-R*M*.T:
<o$ is flatness tested using interferometryH
R*S-T:
Thus the taper angle of the gi'en specimen is measured using sine bar.
The e%ternal taper angle is ========================
0 42+.TOOL MA6!R7" MICRO"COP!
+2M:
To determine the ma&or and flank angle for the particular scre$.
+PP+R+T-S R*E-2R*D:
Tool maker#s microscope
7ork piece
PR,!*D-R*:
0. S$itch on the main.
4. S$itch on the micros scope lights.
8. Select the capacity of the lens for precision operation.
:. Place the ob&ect on the class table to get the clear image rotate the $heel pro'ided at
the light side.
>. +fter getting the clear image, locate the cross$ire at the initial point on the image.
.o$ note do$n the micrometer reading.
?. Mo'e the cross $ire from initial point to the finial point on the image, $hich is to be
measured. .ote do$n the micrometer reading, this operation is done by using
micrometer.
D. .o$ the different but $hen the initial and the finial reading i.e. distance tra'eled
gi'es the si(e of the ob&ect.
J. ;raph can be plotted actual micrometer reading 's. K of error.
T+@-+T2,.:
Profile pro&ector micrometer reading *rror
Sl. +ctual micrometer
9+AD6 K error 2nitial9@6
Final 9c6 Difference .o reading in mm 9+6
mm
mm b5$ @L ! 9D6
2n mm
F2.D T<* F+.M +.;*
Sl..o 2nitial angle in degree 9+6
Final angle in Difference b5$
+'erage
degree 9@6 9+L@6
!+!-+T2,.:
K error / 9error5actual micrometer reading6 %033
2.STR-M*.T @+S*D ,. +S*R:
80. *%plain ho$ the thickness of an ob&ect is measured using a laser distance
measuring instrument.
84. *%plain ho$ profiles are checked using laser 'ie$ers.
88. *%plain the interferometic measurement of angle.
M+!<2.* T,, M*TR,,;N:
8:. 7rite a note on the 'arious acceptance tests conducted on machine tools.
8>. ist the specific tests that are conducted on machine tools.
R*S-T:
Thus the all dimensions of the gi'en particular scre$ $ere measured by using tool
maker#s microscope.
1. A#TOCOLLIMATOR
+2M:
To test the flatness of the gi'en surface.
M+2. P+RTS:
0. !ollimator -nit
4. @ase
8. Plain Reflector
:. ,ptical Source
+PP2!+T2,.:
Measurement in glass shop, checking the straightness and flatness, checking s)uare and
VAblock, checking deflection of the structure under the load measuring tapes, checking the angle
of small castings.
SP*!2F2!+T2,.:
,b&ecti'e focal length /833mm
,b&ecti'e clear aperture /4>mm
@arrel diameter /8Jmm
@arrel length /433mm
*yepiece magnification /03O
Measuring range /4> minutes
Read out /direct gratitude +TP
Dimensions of base /Solid lagged !.2 base 9D>mmO4>3mm6
Flatness of base /+s per 2S2 stander#s
PR,!*D-R*:
0. S$itch on the light and obser'e the measuring gratitude through eyepiece.
4. The smallest di'ision of liner scale is 0 minute.
8. @ring the plain reflector in front of autocollimator to get a reflected.
:. Depending upon 'ariation in surface position of target $ill change on measuring scale.
>. There upon the position of intersection point of cross bar line $ill measuring gratitude
is the de'iation in minute.
?. -sing micrometer pro'ided for eyepiece $e can measure the function upto 03 seconds.
T+@-+T2,.:
Sl..o Test surface length9mm6 +utocollimator reading9mm6
M+!<2.* T,, M*TR,,;N:
*laborate on the topic of geometrical tolerance.
!,A,RD2.+T* M*+S-R2.; M+!<2.* +.D !+2:
ist the e%plain the 'arious types of 9!MM6
<o$ is a !MM used for measuring distance bet$een holesH
ist the ad'antages and applications of !MM
*%plain the computer aided inspection 9!+26 process.
R*S-T:
Thus the flatness test has been conducted on the gi'en surface and graph $as plotted.
8. LOATIN$ CARRIA$! MICROM!T!R
4B!NC3 MICROM!T!R+
+2M:
To measure the ma&or diameter of scre$ thread using floating carriage micrometer.
PR,!*D-R*:
!lear all the parts $ith tissue paper or soft cloth. Put the base 9+6 on the form ele'ation
table on surface plate le'el the machine $ith the help of scre$ 9*6 in such a $ay that the floating
top remains steady at any position $ith out gra'itational motion.
Put floating top 9,6 on the carriage $ith t$o balls bet$een the t$o stopper fins on one
side V groo'e of carriage 9@6 and floating top 9!6. Put one ball on other V groo'e on other side
of floating top bet$een the stopper pins.
2nsert the micrometer9F6 pro'ided $ith machine in one side of the floating top nearer to
obser'er and tight le'er9N6 and scre$ pro'ided on floating top 9!6. 2nsert the ",# indicator 9!6 on
the other side of the V groo'e on floating and tight the le'er and scre$.
.o$ the machine is ready to take the readings.
M*+S-R*M*.T +.D !+!-+T2,.:
Ma&or diameter measurement
The dia of the setting master on a cylinder should be nearly same as the dia of the thread
gauge. The ad'antage of using setting master is it gi'es similarly of contact of an'ils and radius
error in measurement the setting is held bet$een the centers. The master cylinder is then replaced
by the threaded $ork piece on threaded gauge and then second reading is taken.
DADiameter of setting master.
R
0
AMicrometer reading o'er setting master.
R
4
AMicrometer reading of threaded $ork piece or gauge.
Then,
Ma&or diameter DC different bet$een R
0
and R
4
the Cor 1is determined by relati'e si(e
of master and $ork piece.
T+@-+T2,.:
Standard
F!M reading F!M reading
Difference +ctual reading
S..o for standard for the scre$
dimension
piece 9+6 thread9@6
9+A@6 SDP9+A@6
F,R!*:
*%plain $ith a diagram a pendulum scale of multile'er type.
*%plain the method of measuring force using a strain gauge load cell.
*%plain the method of measuring force using a hydraulic, pneumatic load cell.
T,RE-*:
*%plain the measurement of tor)ue by
9i6 ,ptical torsion meter 9ii6 slotted discs 9iii6 rotating shafts.
P,7*R:
*%plain the measurement of po$er by
9i6 Prony brake 9ii6 fluid friction dynamometers 9iii6 *ddy current
dynamometer
R*S-T:
Thus the ma&or diameter of the scre$ thread is measured by using
floating carriage micrometer.
9. T!MP!RAT#R! M!A"#R!M!NT
Aim%
To measure the temperature using copper constantan thermo couple.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
0. Thermo couple
4. Temperature measuring setup.
8. 2ce cubes.
Proce(ure%

0. !onnect the thermocouple supplied at the impute terminal if copper constantan
Thermocouple is used.
!opper $ire must be connected to the terminal and constantan $ire to 1'e terminal.
4. 2mmerse the &unction of thermocouple in ice and ad&ust the meter reading at 3Q !
using potentiometer.
8. 2mmerse the &unction of thermocouple in boiling at BJQ ! by using potentiometer
marked ma%.
:. Repeat the procedure for 4 to 8 times.
Tabulation:
Sl.no +ctual temperature !Q 2ndicated temperature !Q
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
J
B
03
Re&ult%
Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.
;raph:
2ndicated Temperature Vs +ctual Temperature
:. M!A"#R!M!NT O .I"PLAC!M!NT #"IN$ LV.T
Aim%
To measure the displacement using VDT.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%

0. VDT
4. Micrometer
Proce(ure%
0. Plug the po$er chard to +! main 483'5>3<% L S$itch on the instrument.
4. Plate R*D5!+ s$itch at read position.
8. @alance the amplifier $ith the help of (ero knobs. 7ithout connecting
VDT to instruments.
:. Replace the R*D5!+ s$itch at !+ position.
>. +d&ust the calibration point by rotating !+ knob so display should read
03.33 9i.e.6 ma%imum ranges.
?. +gain keep the R*D5!+ s$itch at read position and connect the VDT
cable to instruments.
D. Mechanical (ero by rotating the micrometer. Display $ill read (ero this is
full balancing.
J. ;i'e displacement $ith micrometer and obser'e the digital reading.
B. Plot the graph of micrometer reading.
Sl.no
Push side Pull Side
Micrometer
Reading 9mm6
2ndicated Reading
9mm6
Micrometer
Reading 9mm6
2ndicated
Reading 9mm6
0
4
8
:
>
Re&ult%
Thus displacement has been measured using VDT.
;raph:
2ndicated reading Vs Micrometer reading
1;. ORC! M!A"#R!M!NT
Aim%
To measure the force using load cell.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%

0. Pro'ing Ring
4. oad cell
8. Force indicator
:. scre$ &ack
>. Dial gauge.
!apacity of pro'ing Ring /4.> M..
.e&cription:
Force is one of the ma&or deri'ed parameter ha'ing fundamental dimension of
mass length and time. 2t is a 'ector )uantity $hich, $hen applied result in a change of
momentum in a body. @asically mechanical force is created due to 'ariation of started
potential energy.
This is different types of load cell like column type, shear type, sAtype, and
compression type. 2n this setup, sAtype load cell is pro'ided.
Proce(ure%
< *nsure that pro'ing ring along $ith load all is perfectly in 'ertical position.
O !heck and ensure that the a%is of scre$ &acks perfectly aligned $ith load cell.
O *nsure that load cell $ith socket is connected to the rear side of the load
indicator.
O +pply a small load $ithout any slip in the system.
O .ote do$n the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.
Ta2ulation %
Sl.no +ctual load applied 9kg6 Deflection 9di'6
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
J
B
03

0 di'ision / 3.334mm

Re&ult%
Thus the force measurement has been measured using load cell.
;raph: Deflection Vs +pplied load
11. TOR=#! M!A"#R!M!NT
Aim%
To measure the tor)ue using shear type load cell.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
0. Tor)ue measurement e)uipment
4. Stand
8. le'er
:. stain gauge
>. 7eight.
ormula #&e(%
!alculated Tor)ue / oad % Distance 9kgAm6
.e&cription%
Tor)ue is the tangential force to set a body in rotation. 2t is represented as a
'ector of a force for a rigged body undergoing force rotation about a single a%is.
Tor)ue / DR,
D / Moment of inertia of body about the a%is.
R / +ngular acceleration.

Thus tor)ue is the essential tensional t$isting about its a%is of rotation. 2n this
setup shear type load is used to measure the tor)ue a in'erse method of measuring the
load $ith the output immune to side load and bending moment is based on measurement
of shear components. The load cell is balancing a beam supported on both ends.
Proce(ure%
0. Fi% the main frame of transducers rigidity.
4. !onnect the cantile'er beam $ith $eight pan.
8. !onnect transducer $ire socket to rear side of indicator.
:. !onnect digital indicator at 483V, +! supply.
>. Set (ero on indicator, by (ero ad&ust pan pro'ides indicator.
?. .o$ apply the load gradually and note do$n reading in up$ard L
do$n$ard trend.
.i&tance% 1 meter
Sl.no 7eight added 9Mg6
,bser'ed tor)ue
9MgAm6
!alculated Tor)ue
9MgAm6
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
J
B
03

.i&tance% ;.1 meter

Sl.no 7eight added 9Mg6
,bser'ed tor)ue
9MgAm6
!alculated Tor)ue
9MgAm6
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
J
B
03
Mo(el Calculation%
!alculated Tor)ue /oad % Distance 9kgAm6
Re&ult%
Thus measurement of tor)ue using shear type load cell has been carried out.
;raph:
,bser'ed tor)ue Vs !alculated tor)ue
1,. M!A"#R!M!NT O VIBRATION PARAM!T!R" #"IN$
VIBRATION "!T #P
Aim%
To study the 'arious parameters in'ol'ed in the 'ibrations of a gi'en system.
To plot the characteristic cur'es of the gi'en specimen
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
Vibration e%citer
Vibration pickAup
Vibration analy(er
Po$er amplifier
,scillator
.e&cription%
The mechanical 'ibration, if not $ithin limits may cause damage to the materials,
structures associated $ith it.
Vibration e%citer is an electrodynamic de'ice. 2t consists of a po$erful magnet
placed centrally surrounding $hich is suspended the e%citer coil. This assembly is
enclosed by a high permeability magnetic circuit.
7hen an electrical current is passed through the e%citer coil, a magnetic field is
created around the coil resulting in the up$ard or do$n$ard mo'ement of the suspended
coil depending upon the direction of the current flo$ in the coil. Thus controlling the
fre)uency of the coil current, the fre)uency of 'ibration is controlled.
Po$er amplifier is the control unit for the e%citer.
Pie(o 1 electric crystals produce an emf $hen they are deformed. This output emf
may be measured to kno$ the 'alue of applied force and hence the pressure.
+ pie(o 1 electric material is one in $hich an electric potential appears across
certain surfaces of a crystal of the dimensions of the crystal are charged by the
application of a mechanical force. The effect is re'ersible.
!ommon pie(o 1 electric materials include )uart(, Rochelle salt, lithium sulphate
etc.,
Caution%
Do not remo'e the fuse cap $hile po$er chord is connected to 483V +! mains
Proce(ure%
1. !onnect po$er amplifier output to 'ibration e%citer.
,. Place the 'ibration pick up on 'ibration e%citer spindle.
-. !onnect 'ibration pick up cable to 'ibration analy(er sensor socket.
0. select the range 3A033 by t$o $ay s$itch.
1. .ote do$n the displacement, 'elocity and acceleration from 'ibration
analy(er.
8. Similarly noted abo'e parameters in fre)uency range of 3A0333 <(.
S..o Fre)uency 9<(6 Displacement 9mm6 Velocity 9cm5sec6
+cceleration
9m5sec
4
6
0
4
8
:
>
?
D
J
B
03
Re&ult%
Various parameters of 'ibration such as displacement, 'elocity and acceleration
are studied and the follo$ing characteristic cur'es $ere plotted.
0. Displacement Vs Fre)uency
4. Velocity Vs Fre)uency
8. +cceleration Vs Fre)uency
Thermocouple
*)ui'alent circuit
Solution circuit
Time constant
>. Thermocouple Temperature Mea&urement
Aim%
To study the current flo$ and 'oltage de'eloped is directly proportional to the
temperature in the thermocouple of a gi'en system.
Apparatu& Re'uire(%
Thermocouple transducer
Digital multiAmeter
Thermocouple $ith metallic sheath.
Mettle and t$o mugs.
Proce(ure%
i. Thermocouple cali2ration%
06 !onnect the thermocouple terminals to the digital multimeter.
46 *nsure you connect the positi'e terminal and negati'e terminal to the
corresponding terminals on the multimeter.
86 Set the multiAmeter to the 433 mV range.
:6 Prepare a mug of cold $ater from the tap.
>6 @oil the $ater in the kettle pro'ided. Make sure it is boiling before you
s$itch it off.
?6 Place thermometer in the $ater.
D6 Place the thermocouple in the $ater as $ell.
J6 Take a reading of the thermometer and the multimeter 'oltage and record it in the
table belo$. Nou need to take as many pairs of readings a possible, co'ering the
temperature range from J3 Q! to 43 Q!
.ote: To speed up change in temperature, you can pour some of the cold $ater
into the hot $ater mug. 7ait for > seconds for the temperature to settle and take
reading.
B6 Repeat the last step a number of times until the temperature of the $ater are near
room temperature or until the thermocouple 'oltage is (ero.
036 Plot the temperature against the 'oltage on a scatter diagram. Dra$ the best
line fit and find the relationship bet$een the t$o readings.
ii. T*pe thermocouple cali2ration%
Repeat the Procedure again using SAtype thermocouple
Re&ult& )or Thermocouple
".No Temperature 4?C+
Volta/e rea(in/ 4mV+
Mea&urin/ time con&tant&
i. Time con&tant )or thermocouple in @ater%
06 Place the thermocouple in the cold $ater. Record the final 'oltage 'alue at $hich
it settles.
46 Remo'e the thermocouple and place it in the hot $ater mug and keep it.
Record the 'oltage that it sho$s.
86 The difference bet$een the t$o 'oltages $ill be the step function it is e%posed
to $hen mo'ing from one to the other. The time constant $ill be the time takes
it to drop to the 8DK of the difference bet$een the t$o 'alues.
:6 Prepare a stop$atch to measure the time.
>6 +t the same time, start the stop$atch and mo'e the thermocouple from the hot
$ater to the cold $ater.
?6 .ote $hen the 'oltage drops to 8DK of the difference and check the time.
D6 This is the time constant for the thermocouple in $ater.
ii. Time con&tant )or thermocouple in air%
06 Place the thermocouple in air. 7ait long enough for it to settle.
46 Record the final 'oltage 'alue at $hich it settles.
86 Remo'e the thermocouple and place it in the hot $ater mug and keep it.
Record the 'oltage that it sho$s.
:6 The difference bet$een the t$o 'oltages $ill be the step function it is e%posed
to $hen mo'ing from one to the other. The time constant $ill be the time takes
it to drop to the 8DK of the difference bet$een the t$o 'alues.
>6 Prepare a stop$atch to measure the time.
?6 +t the same time, start the stop$atch and mo'e the thermocouple from the hot
$ater to the air. .ote $hen the 'oltage drops to 8DK of the difference and
check the time. This is the time constant for the thermocouple in air.
Re&ult%
Mechanical comparators:-
Dial ;auge
1-. !AP!RIM!NT ON M!C3ANICAL COMPARATOR
Aim%B
To setting the mechanical comparator and compare the reading in gi'en
specimen.
Apparatu&%B
Dial indicator, slip gauges, specimen, surface plate etc.
Proce(ure%
0. First decide the dimension of specimen to be compared against the standard.
4. ;et the std.9desired6 'alue of that dimension from design manual.
8. @uild up a slip gauge bar of standard 'alue by $ringing.
:. Place the slip gauge bar, specimen and dial indicator on the surface plate as
sho$n in figure.9a6.
>. The pointer of dial indicator is made to touch the top surface of slip gauge bar.
?. +d&ust the dial indicator to (ero reading.
D. Then pointer is made to touch the top surface of specimen as sho$n in figure.
9a6.
J. .ote the dial reading, it gi'es the de'iation of specimen dimension from
standard 'alue.
B. Take minimum 8 reading for one dimension at different position as sho$n in
figure.9b6.
03. Repeat the same procedure for different $orkpieces.
O2&erCation Ta2le%B
Standard
!omparator Reading
+'g.
S,@ 75P Dimension 9De'iation6
0 4 8
0
4
8
Re&ult%
Thus the inspection of mechanical comparator $as studied and compared the
gi'en specimen.