Electrical Oanel Board

CCE203:Engineering Workshop Electrical Panel Board Dr.
Adel Chit

1

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a
circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up
to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including:
Circuit breakers are rated both by the normal current that they are expected to carry, and the
maximum short-circuit current that they can safely interrupt.
Under short-circuit conditions, a current many times greater than normal can exist (see maximum
prospective short circuit current). When electrical contacts open to interrupt a large current, there
is a tendency for an arc to form between the opened contacts, which would allow the current to
continue. This condition can create conductive ionized gases and molten or vaporized metal,
which can cause further continuation of the arc, or creation of additional short circuits,
potentially resulting in the explosion of the circuit breaker and the equipment that it is installed
in. Therefore, circuit breakers must incorporate various features to divide and extinguish the arc
Lengthening / deflection of the arc
Intensive cooling (in jet chambers)
Division into partial arcs
CCE203:Engineering Workshop Electrical Panel Board Dr. Adel Chit

2

Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing
occurs at twice the line frequency, i.e. 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per
second for 60 Hz AC)
Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits.
Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore
power to the interrupted circuit.
Standard current ratings
Circuit breakers are manufactured in standard sizes, using a system of preferred numbers to
cover a range of ratings. Miniature circuit breakers have a fixed trip setting; changing the
operating current value requires changing the whole circuit breaker. Larger circuit breakers can
have adjustable trip settings, allowing standardized elements to be appplied but with a setting
intended to improve protection. For example, a circuit breaker with a 400 ampere "frame size"
might have its overcurrent detection set to operate at only 300 amperes, to protect a feeder cable.
International Standard--- IEC 60898-1 and European Standard EN 60898-1 define the rated
current I
n
of a circuit breaker for low voltage distribution applications as the maximum current
that the breaker is designed to carry continuously (at an ambient air temperature of 30 C). The
commonly-available preferred values for the rated current are 6 A, 10 A, 13 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A,
32 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63 A, 80 A, 100 A,
[5]
and 125 A (Renard series, slightly modified to include
current limit of British BS 1363 sockets). The circuit breaker is labeled with the rated current in
amperes, but without the unit symbol "A". Instead, the ampere figure is preceded by a letter "B",
"C" or "D", which indicates the instantaneous tripping current that is, the minimum value of
current that causes the circuit breaker to trip without intentional time delay (i.e., in less than 100
ms), expressed in terms of I
n
:
Type Instantaneous tripping current
B above 3 I
n
up to and including 5 I
n

C above 5 I
n
n

D above 10 I
n
n

K
above 8 I
n
n

For the protection of loads that cause frequent short duration (approximately 400 ms to 2 s)
current peaks in normal operation.
Z
above 2 I
n
n
for periods in the order of tens of seconds.
For the protection of loads such as semiconductor devices or measuring circuits using
current transformers.

3

Circuit breakers are also rated by the maximum fault current that they can interrupt; this allows
use of more economical devices on systems unlikely to develop the high short-circuit current
found on, for example, a large commercial building distribution system
In the United States, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certifies equipment ratings, called Series
Ratings (or integrated equipment ratings), using a two-tier rating. For example, a 22/10 rating.
This rating means that the meter pack has a 22 kAIC tenant breaker, feeding a 10 kAIC
loadcenter with 10 kAIC branches, where kAIC stands for Thousand Ampere Interrupting
Capacity. Common meter pack ratings are 22/10, 42/10 and 100/10.
[6]

Types of circuit breakers

Front panel of a 1250 A air circuit breaker manufactured by ABB. This low voltage power circuit breaker
can be withdrawn from its housing for servicing. Trip characteristics are configurable via DIP switches on
the front panel.
Many different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, based on their features such as
voltage class, construction type, interrupting type, and structural features.
Magnetic circuit breakers
Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force increases with the
current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the solenoid
Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards,
incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges in
current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term over-

4

current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit breaker provides an "inverse time" response
feature, which trips the circuit breaker sooner for larger overcurrents.
[7]

Fuses
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse (from the French fuser, Italian fuso, "spindle"
[1]
) is a type
of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the
load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads,
or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
The I
2
t value
The amount of energy spent by the fuse element to clear the electrical fault. This term is
normally used in short circuit conditions and the values are used to perform co-ordination studies
in electrical networks. I
2
t parameters are provided by charts in manufacturer data sheets for each
fuse family. For coordination of fuse operation with upstream or downstream devices, both
melting I
2
t and clearing I
2
t are specified. The melting I
2
t, is proportional to the amount of energy
required to begin melting the fuse element. The clearing I
2
t is proportional to the total energy let
through by the fuse when clearing a fault. The energy is mainly dependent on current and time
for fuses as well as the available fault level and system voltage. Since the I
2
t rating of the fuse is
proportional to the energy it lets through, it is a measure of the thermal damage and magnetic
forces that will be produced by a fault.
The I
2
t value
The amount of energy spent by the fuse element to clear the electrical fault. This term is
normally used in short circuit conditions and the values are used to perform co-ordination studies
in electrical networks. I
2
t parameters are provided by charts in manufacturer data sheets for each
fuse family. For coordination of fuse operation with upstream or downstream devices, both
melting I
2
t and clearing I
2
t are specified. The melting I
2
t, is proportional to the amount of energy
required to begin melting the fuse element. The clearing I
2
t is proportional to the total energy let
through by the fuse when clearing a fault. The energy is mainly dependent on current and time
for fuses as well as the available fault level and system voltage. Since the I
2
t rating of the fuse is
proportional to the energy it lets through, it is a measure of the thermal damage and magnetic
forces that will be produced by a


5

a.) b.c 0.) c.) d.)
a.) Electrical resettable screw type fuse low voltage D0 series According to DIN VDE 0636, IEC 269 Rated
voltage: AC 400V, DC 250V Operating class gL/gG For cable and line protection Finely ..
b.) Glass tube fuse. Tube fuse, fast blow, slow blow, electrical fuse Operation: Manual Type Installation:
Open Frame Speed: Normal Type Circuit Breaker Structure: Moulded Case Circuit Breaker .
c. ) HRC NH type ceramic low voltage fuse: Type No: NH000, NH00, NH00C, NH0, NH1, NH1C, NH2,
NH2C, NH3, NH3C, NH4, NH4C Rated Current: 4A-630A Rated Voltage: 500/660V Confirm to GB13539
and ..
d.) Low voltage knife NH fuse holder: Rated insulating voltage(V): 660 Rated thermal current(A): 250,
400, 630 Type: NT1/NT2/NT3.

6

Z-106
1
Main Service Conductor Cable
Limiters
(N.E.C. 240, 450-6):
a) Select by cable size and mounting
terminal configurations required.
2
Main Service Circuit
FusesMixed Loads:
a) Size fuses same as item 6.
3
Transformer Circuit Fuses
(N.E.C. 450-3b, 240-3, 240-21,
384-16d, 430-72b Ex. 3, 4 & (c)
as required):*
a) PRIMARY FUSES: Size fuses not over
125%. As exceptions exist, refer to the
appropriate N.E.C. paragraphs.
Recommended fuses: LESRK, ECSR, JDL,
LCL+.*
b) SECONDARY FUSES (Sum of
following): 125% of the continuous load
plus 100% of non-continuous load. Fuse
size not to exceed 125% of transformer
secondary rated amps. RECOMMENDED
FUSES: LENRK, ECNR, NCLR, JDL or
LCU.
*Fuse size must not exceed ampacity of
conductors. Where selectivity is desired,
refer to EDISON selectivity methods.
FUSE SIZING GUIDE
4
Branch Circuit Fuse
Size, No Motor Load
(N.E.C. 240-3, 220-3):*
a) 100% of non-continuous load.
*Do not exceed conductor ampacity.
Recommended fuses: LENRK, ECNR,
NCLR, JDL, LCU, or LCL.
5
Branch Circuit Fuse Size, No
Motor Load
(N.E.C. 240-3, -220-3):*
a) 125% of continuous load. Fuse may be
sized 100% when used with a continuous
rated switch. Recom-mended fuses

7

same as 4.
6
Feeder Circuit Fuse Size,
Mixed Load
(N.E.C. 220-10b, 240-3, 430-22a
Ex. 1, 430-24):*
a) 100% of non-continuous, non-motor
load plus 125% of continuous, non-
motor load
b) Determine non-continuous motor load
(N.E.C. 430-22a EX. Add to "a)" above.
c) Determine A/C or refrigeration load.
(N.E.C. 440-3b). Add to "a)" above.
d) 150% of the nameplate current
rating of the largest continuous-duty
motor. Add to "a)" above.
e) 125% of the nameplate current
rating of other continuous duty motors.
Add to "a)" above.
f) Recommended fuses: LENRK/LESRK,
JDL, ECNR/ ECSR, LCU, LCL.
7
Feeder Circuit Fuse Size, 100%
Motor Load
(N.E.C. 240-3, 220-
10b, 430-24):*
a) Determine non-continuous
motorload (N.E.C. 430-22a Ex. 1).
b) Determine load of A/C or
refrigeration equipment (N.E.C. 440-3,
-5, -12). Add to "a)" above.
c)150% of nameplate current rating of
the largest continuous duty motor. Add
to "a)" above.
d)125% of the other continuous-duty
motors. Add to "a)" above.
e)Recommended fuses: LENRK/LESRK,
JDL, ECNR/ ECSR or LCL.
*Do not exceed conducto


8

RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.
Pole and throw

Circuit symbols of relays. (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)

9

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a relay
switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one
of three ways:
Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO
contacts may also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts
close before the button or switch is fully engaged.
Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. NC
contacts may also be distinguished as "late-break" or NCLB, which means that the contacts stay
closed until the button or switch is fully disengaged.
Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open
contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C
contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes a "make
before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.
The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous
whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is
sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST
switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six
terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent
to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals,
including the coil.
The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to a
single actuator. For example 4PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 12 terminals).
Relay types
a. Electromagnetic relay: General purpose relay, 60 hz 110 volt coil, DPDT contacts 25A at 300V
AC..The transparency allows inspection of the contacts, coil, and swing arms for evidence of
overheating.
b. Solid-state relays (SSR):

SCR output solid state relays are designed for AC loads only, and exhibit tight, zero-volt switching.
High dv/dt characteristics allow this type of device to control highly inductive loads (PF > 0.3).
Main components: (AC-SSR)Triac, photo-transistor

10

Electromagnetic Relay
Contactor


11

A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a
relay except with higher current ratings.
[1]
A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a
much lower power level than the switched circuit.
Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities and features. Unlike a circuit breaker, a
contactor is not intended to interrupt a short circuit current. Contactors range from those having a
breaking current of several amperes to thousands of amperes and 24 V DC to many kilovolts.
The physical size of contactors ranges from a device small enough to pick up with one hand, to
large devices approximately a meter (yard) on a side.
Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, thermal
evaporators, and other electrical loads.

Contactor
a. AC-contactor

12

Switch contact

b. DC-contactors
are widely used in drive and control systems, electrical vehicle, moving excavation equipment,
aircraft moving .


13

DC contactors

DC-contactor
SW200A 48DC CW -128 (13220173)


14

Push Buttons

Construction
A push button switch is a small, sealed mechanism that completes an electric circuit
when you press on it. When it's on, a small metal spring inside makes contact with two
wires, allowing electricity to flow. When it's off, the spring retracts, contact is
interrupted, and current won't flow. The body of the switch is made of non-conducting
plastic.

Momentary Contact

Momentary switches work only as long as you press on them, like the buttons on a phone,
calculator or door buzzer. They can be subdivided into normally-on and normally-off
types.
Normally-Off

15

With the normally-off switch, there's no connection till you push the button. Most push
button switches are used this way. Examples include doorbell buttons, cell phone keys
and garage door openers.
Normally-On
Here the switch conducts normally, but interrupts the circuit when you press on it. This is
more specialized, and may be used in conjunction with a wiring trick. For example,
connecting a normally-on switch in parallel with a light bulb will light the bulb when the
button's pushed; otherwise, current will flow through the switch, leaving the bulb off.


16

Electrical Oanel Board

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Electrical Oanel Board

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CCE203:Engineering Workshop Electrical Panel Board Dr.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen