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Equipment, Systems and Processes
Mark E. Teel
Client-Relations Manager
SRC Schlumberger Rosharon Center
2 Initials
3 Initials
5/15/2012
The Life of Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs
Seismic
Exploration
Exploration
Drilling
Development
Drilling
Formation
Evaluation
Well
Testing
Casing and
Cementing
Complete Stimulate Workover
Interventions
Monitor and
Manage
Plug and
Abandon
4 Initials
5/15/2012
Oil and Gas Drilling Rigs
5 CAP
How deep is deep?
500 m
(1640 ft)
301 m
(988 ft)
6 Initials
5/15/2012
7 Initials
5/15/2012
8 Initials
5/15/2012
9 Initials
5/15/2012
10 CAP
Identifying Needs and Challenges
So, How deep
are we going?
Deeper than
ever!
Empire
State
Building
11 Initials
5/15/2012
12 CAP
How deep are we going below the seafloor?
13 Initials
5/15/2012
14 CAP
How deep are we going below the seafloor?
15 Initials
5/15/2012
Subsea Intervention and Safety Systems
Offshore fields are increasingly
developed subsea with
wellheads on the seafloor.
Anchored rigs or dynamically
positioned drillships are used
for drilling, testing and well
completion activities.
Safe well access, emergency
shut-in and disconnects are a
huge challenge.
SRC develops technology to safely
shut-in, disconnect from and
reconnect to a subsea wellhead.
17 Initials
5/15/2012
Wellbore Architecture
Well
Completions
18, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Packers
ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing
SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H
2
O, H
2
S, CO
2
Multilateral Wells and Wellbore Junctions
Strength
Solids Exclusion
Hydraulic Pressure Isolation
Lateral access
Define technique, coiled tubing, wireline, rig
Size and type of tools for intervention
20, Completion Basics
15-May-12
What is a well completion?
Equipment installed and procedures performed in oil or gas
wellbores to facilitate flowing fromproductionor pumping
intoinjectionsubsurface formations after drilling, running
steel casing and cementing the primary casing or liner in place.
Production tubing and other equipment components of a well
completion help transport hydrocarbons to surface in an
efficient cost-effective, controlled, measured, and safe manner.
Well Completions
Conveyance, or transport, into and out of
Data acquisition
Flow control and flow management
Communication and data transmission
SAFETY !
Completion installations can be:
temporary for well testing or
permanent for long-term production
life of a well, field, or reservoir
22 Initials
5/15/2012
Oilwell Perforating
Perforate
Wireline conveyed
TCP
Tubing Conveyed
perforating
Explosive Shaped-Charges
TCP Tubing-Conveyed Perforating
24 Initials
5/15/2012
25 Initials
5/15/2012
Shaped Charge Animation (to 30 microseconds)
Shaped Charge Animation (to 140 microseconds)
28 Initials
5/15/2012
29, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Cased, Cemented and Perforated
The most common type of well completion
Selective production, stimulation and zonal isolation
Pressure control and safety
Multiple individual zones completed in a single wellbore
30 Initials
5/15/2012
PERF Lab Testing Capabilities
PV-93 Test (2008)
PV-94 Test#001 (2009)
32, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Well Classifications
Wellbore and reservoir interaction
Steel cased, cemented and perforated
Openhole, or barefoot
Standalone screens, gravel and frac packs
Vertical, high-angle, and horizontal
Flowing method
Natural flow
Artificial lift
Number of completed zones
Single
Multiple
Completions tubulars and equipment-plumbing
33, Completion Basics
15-May-12
34 Initials
5/15/2012
35 Initials
5/15/2012
Wellbore Architecture
Well
Completions
36, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Packers
ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing
SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and the upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H
2
O, H
2
S, CO
2
Available in different types:
Permanent
Retrievable
Single, dual or triple string, multi-ported, sealbore
X-Series Retrievable Production Packers
XHP
XMP
38, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Openhole Sandface Completions
Advantages
Maximizes area open to flow
Decreases pressure drop, or pressure drawdown
Minimizes formation damage from cementing,
perforating and completion fluids and operations
Disadvantages
Lack of pressure containment and selective control
Possible borehole instability and risk of hole collapse
Mechanical Screens and ICD Inflow Control Devices
39, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Swellable Openhole Packers
41 Initials
5/15/2012
42 Initials
5/15/2012
Sand-Control Completions and Pumping
Well
Completions
43, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Zones to be completed
When more than one zone will be
producing at the same time
When zones are prepared to produce
at different periods of time without
need of major intervention (workover)
May need: dual, triple strings, sliding
sleeves, permanent control valves
Remedial workovers difficult when
more than one tubing is used
44, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Sequential Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String
Zone 2: 1000 psi
Zone 1: 1500 psi
45, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Sequential Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String
Zone 2: 1000 psi
Zone 1: 1500 psi
46, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Commingled Production with a
Packer and Single Tubing String
Zone 2: 1000 psi
Zone 1: 1500 psi
47, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Packers and Sliding Sleeves or Valves
and Single Tubing String
Zone 2: 1000 psi
Zone 1: 1500 psi
48, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Sliding Sleeves
Provide communication tubing-annulus
Used to circulate wells
To produce selectively different zones
Reduced internal diameters
49, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Flow Management: Two Production Zones
Dual producing zones, formations or reservoirs
Drilling, well-construction and well-completions savings
Flow Management: Accelerated Production
and Optimal Reserve Recovery
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Days
Intelligent Completions benefits and history
Cumulative Oil Production and Flow Strategy Comparison
Sequentia
l
Uncontrolled
Commingled
Controlled
Commingled
Oseberg
B-38 is the 2
nd
well
drilled exclusively in
the Ness formation
Ness target contribution
70,000 B/D350,000 B/D
(field)
7 in. QUANTUM
isolation
packers
Completion string
Subsurface Safety
Valve
Flow control valve
1 per zone
9-5/8 in. QUANTUM
production packer
Flow Management
Permanent Downhole Flow-Control Valves
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-2700
-2600
-2500
Depth
m TVD MSL
Middle Tarbert coal
UN1
30/9-B-39 T3*
T3
T4
-2700
-2600
4000 5000 6000
4000 5000 6000
@ 2701.5 m TVD MSL
OWC UN1/LN35 GS
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Kilometer
LN35
T1
T2
UN2 coal
Top LN35 coal
LN1 coal
DUNLIN GP.
LN2
LN35
GAMMA MAIN
GAMMA SOUTH
Intra Heather sand,
partly cemented
T5
?
B-38 B, pl an
B38AT2, plan*
B-38 AT2, b or et *
Ran./Etive Fm
B-38 A, b or et *
Oseberg Fm
OWC GM UN1
OWC GM
LN35
Ness Fm.
SHETLAND GP.
Draupne Fm.
Heather Fm.
Tarbert Fm.
-2500
T
D
B
3
8
A
T
2
T
D
B
3
8
A
?
?
Legend:
*the wells are projected onto the cross-section
TARGETS: mTVDMSL mTVDRKB mMD
T1 2610.0 2668.0 5616,5
T2 2617.5 2675.5 5836,8
T3 2663.8 2721.8 6180,0
T4 2670.4 2728.4 6559,7
T5 2655.9 2713.9 6781,8
Vertical displacement from OFC
Zone 1 Zone 1
Zone 3 Zone 3
Zone 2 Zone 2
Production was declining
Require to produce
untapped reserves
Not continuous
reservoirs
Required long reach and
highly deviated
Required to control gas
coning and water
breakthrough.
Phase 1 Prove the Value
Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 2001)
SPE 71677 & 107117
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Long reach & highly deviated Monobore wells
9-5/8 Casing with 7 liner though reservoir
9-5/8 Production and 7 Isolation packers
TRFC-HN remotely operated flow control valves
Hydraulic control lines to surface
Intervention capability
Pressure & temperature monitoring
9 5/8 Casing
3 Flow Control
Valve
3 Flow Control
Valves
7 Liner
Production
packer
Phase 1 Prove the Value
Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 2001)
SPE 71677 & 107117
55 Initials
5/15/2012
56, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Expansion joints
Allow thermal expansion and
contraction of tubing string
between fixed points
Allows tubing disconnection and
reconnection of upper completion
with sealing
Composed of a assembly with
elastomer seal and wiper rings,
depending on downhole conditions
57 Initials
5/15/2012
58, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Pump-Out Plugs
Base component of production tubing
string, many times for hydraulically
set packers
Guide re-entry of intervention tools
into tubing once seat and ball are
expended
Allow for easy liner top entry in high-
angle wells
59 Initials
5/15/2012
60, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Reentry Guide
Component in the production tubing
Guide reentry of intervention tools
back into tubing
Allow for easy liner top entry in
high-angle wells
61 Initials
5/15/2012
62, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Landing Profile Nipples and Locks
Allow landing and locking of multiple
accessories in the tubing string for:
Flow control
Plugging devices
Many different profiles
Basic types: No-go and selective
63 Initials
5/15/2012
Completion Accessories-Chemical Injection
64 CAP
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DCIN - Features
New generation of chemical injection mandrels
One piece body (no welds)
Limited leak paths
Internal check system
Proven supplier of check valves
Checks can be tested to full working pressure installed in to the
mandrel
Optional profile
65 Initials
5/15/2012
66, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Control-Line Clamps and Protectors
Purpose
Protect control line
Support control line
Features
Location on tubing couplings
Lightly grip control line
Multiple line capability
Upset for Large O.D. assemblies.
Various types and sizes of lines.
Flow Control: FIV Formation Isolation Valve
Bi-directional ball valve to provide a
Safety Barrier during the well completion
program
Rig time savings via remote actuation
Improve and enhance reliability and
operability
Next Generation FIV
n-Trigger
New Mechanical
Section
New Ball Section
Contingency Opening
Tool
API Debris Testing
Actuation Module
Mechanical / Ball Module
n-Trigger
S-Trigger
MFIV-II
Mechanical Ball
Shifting tool interface
Holds valve open/close
Barrier
- Rotates
open/close
Same mechanical and ball sections as FIV Same mechanical and ball sections as FIV- -II II
Same shifting tools as FIV Same shifting tools as FIV- -II II
Extensions 3ft, 6ft or 9ft, same as for FIV Extensions 3ft, 6ft or 9ft, same as for FIV- -II II
FIV-II
Remote
(interventionless)
opening feature
3 major sections to an isolation valve:
Mechanical Ball
TripSaver
Shifting tool
interface
Holds valve
open/close
Barrier
- Rotates
open/close
Flow Control
Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves
Primary purpose
Emergency well-control device
Prevent: (Piper Alpha)
personnel, environmental,
equipment, and reserve losses
Secondary purpose
Downhole flow control
allow for wellhead maintenance
serve as a secondary barrier
SafetyValveConstruction
SafetyValveConstruction
Hydraulic Piston Hydraulic Piston Power Spring Power Spring Flapper Flapper
Power Source Power Source
[Opening Force] [Opening Force]
Closure Mechanism Closure Mechanism Power Source Power Source
[Closing Force] [Closing Force]
Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)
Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)
StandardSpring
StandardSpring

TypeDesign
TypeDesign
Flowtube Flowtube
FlapperClosure FlapperClosure
PowerSpring PowerSpring
HydraulicPiston HydraulicPiston PistonBore PistonBore
Production Production
TubingPressure TubingPressure
FlowTubeandFlapperClosureMechanisms
FlowTubeandFlapperClosureMechanisms
74, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves
SCSSV Applications:
Government/country regulations
Offshore and onshore wells
Environmentally sensitive wells
H
2
S /C0
2
containing wells
75 Initials
5/15/2012
Intelligent Completions
Reservoir Monitoring & Control.
Real time production optimization
Monitor and
Manage
76 Initials
5/15/2012
Reservoir EnergyPressure
Water drive Gas drive Solution-gas drive
77 Initials
5/15/2012
Artificial Lift Technologies
Electrical submersible pumps
Gas lift valves
78, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Natural Flow or Artificial Lift
Natural flow: Enough reservoir
pressure to bring fluids to surface
Artificial lift: Add energy to the fluid
Electrically driven, mechanical
positive-displacement beam pumps
ESP electric submersible pumps
Gas lift (re-injecting produced gas)
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79, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Side-Pocket Mandrels
Annulus-tubing communication
device in an artificial-lift completion
A valve is located to allow gas to
enter the tubing to lift the oil
More than one are installed in a well
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
D
E
P
T
H

(
F
T

T
V
D
)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
1000 2000
0
OPERATING GAS LIFT
VALVE
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
FBHP
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CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
Gas lift
valves
High Efficiency
Pump
Impeller
Diffuser
Downhole ESP Electrical Submersible Pump
Motor
Intake
82 Initials
5/15/2012
83, Completion Basics
15-May-12
Completion Components
Subsurface safety valves
Packers
Sliding sleeves
Expansion joints
Chemical-injection valves
Flow-control valves
Permanent monitoring gauges
Side-pocket mandrels or ESP
Landing profile nipples
Wireline reentry guide
Formation Isolation Valve
5
2
3
4
6
8
13
12
11
10
9
1
7
G04-0032a
70m10-3/4"
13Cr Csg. to
Shoe
C
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42
46
45
44
43
45
41
40a
39
38
37
36
35
40b
5
2
3
4
6
8
31
34
33
32
30
29
27
26
25
24
23
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
20
18
21
19
1
7
28
22
47
47
17
84 Initials
5/15/2012
Stimulation, Pumping Services
Stimulate
Acidizing
Fracturing
85 Initials
5/15/2012
Assisting Production From
Pressure-Depleted Reservoirs
Water flooding
Fire Flood In situ combustion
Workover
Interventions
86 Initials
5/15/2012
P&A Plug and Abandon
Abandonment
87 Initials
5/15/2012
Four Life Stages of Reservoir Development
Stage 2
Delineation
Determine
the
reservoir
extent
Determine
reservoir
properties
Determine
reservoir
model
Further
reduce risk
Stage 1
Exploration
Starting to reduce
the risk
Choose the right
point
Locate potential
reservoir
Stage 3
Development
Achieving full
production
Refine reservoir model
Reservoir monitoring
Continue reducing the
risk
Stage 4
Late Life
Water production
Depleted pressure
Intervention
Stimulation
Flow assistance
88 Initials
5/15/2012
Focus on Technology and the Reservoir Life Cycle
Exploration Appraisal Development Production
Reservoir Optimization
Traditional Development
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