Th ( d b if l) ld f

WELCOME
The strange (and beautiful) world of
Quantum Mechanics
Very
frightening
Just
beautiful!
What is Light ? What is Light ?
Newton thought that light was made up of g g p
particles, but then it was discovered that it
behaves like a wave. Later, how ever (in
the beginning of twentieth century), it was
found, for example, behave like particle,
and then it was found that in many and then it was found that in many
respects it behave like a wave. So, it
behave really like neither behave really like neither..
The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol III
Refraction of a corpuscle at a plane surface
P E
Y
P
o
, E
o

0
Y
X
C i f
P
1
,E
1

1
Conservation of momentum
in x-component and energy
E
0
=E
1
E
0
E
1
P
0
Sin
0
= P
1
Sin
1
Snells Law Sin
0
/ Sin
1
= P
1
/P
0
= mv
1
/ mv
0
where m = mass
Sin
0
/ Sin
1
= v
1
/ v
0
Two Slit experiments
With particles (bullets)
Behavior of bullets I
1
Behavior of bullets
is easy to understand
- LUMPINESS!
I
1
I
12
I
2
With waves (water waves) ( )
II
1 I
12
I
2
I
2
Waves interfere!
NO LUMPINESS!

1
+
2

12
With electrons
Electrons are like
I
I
Electrons are like
bullets - lumps
I
1
I
12
I
12
LUMPINESS!
I
2
LUMPINESS!
INTERFERENCE!
God does
t l not play
dice!
This type of behavior
was observed first in
the case of light!
History
Light is a beam
of particles
Exhibits
interference,
hence waves!
Newton
Huygens
hence waves!
EM Theory EM Theory,
hence waves
Einstein
In photoelectric effect,
light behaves like particles
Maxwell
In my scattering expts,
li ht b f ti l
Compton
light - beam of particles
On Mondays, Wednesdays and
Fridays it is a PARTICLE! Fridays, it is a PARTICLE!
On, Tuesdays,Thursdays and
Saturdays it is a WAVE!
Oh LORD, please, is it a
PARTICLE or a PARTICLE or a
WAVE!!???
On S nd s
It is both! It has a DUAL
NATURE
On Sundays
Not only electrons and photons,but
EVERYTHING has this dual nature!
Exptly shown for protons, neutrons, He Exptly shown for protons, neutrons, He
atoms, even C
60
!
Duality Duality
A young girl?
Whom do you see
in this picture?
y g g
Old woman?
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY OF LIGHT
I n 1924 Ei nst ei n w r ot e:- Ther e ar e t her ef or e now t wo
t heor i es of l i ght , bot h i ndi spensabl e, and w i t hout any
l ogi c al c onnec t i on. g
Evidence for wave-nature of light
Diffraction and interference Diffraction and interference
Evidence for particle-nature of light
Photoelectric effect
Compton effect
Light exhibits diffraction and interference phenomena that Light exhibits diffraction and interference phenomena that
are only explicable in terms of wave properties
Light is always detected as packets (photons); if we look,
we never observe half a photon we never observe half a photon
Number of photons proportional to energy density (i.e. to
square of electromagnetic field strength)
MATTER WAVES
De Broglie
We have seen that light comes in discrete units (photons) with
particle properties (energy and momentum) that are related to the p p p ( gy )
wave-like properties of frequency and wavelength.
I 1923 P i L i d B li t l t d th t di tt h In 1923 Prince Louis de Broglie postulated that ordinary matter can have
wave-like properties, with the wavelength related to momentum
p in the same way as for light
h
=
de Broglie relation
34
6 63 10 Js h

Plancks constant
p
de Broglie wavelength
3
6.63 10 Js h =
NB wavelength depends on momentum not on the physical size of the particle
Prediction: We should see diffraction and interference of matter waves
NB wavelength depends on momentum, not on the physical size of the particle
p = mv, m = mass, v = velocity
p =(2mE)
1/2
, E =energy p (2mE) , E energy
p = (2mqV)
1/2
, V= potential difference, q = charge
Ch t i ti
Only moving particles exhibit matter waves
Characteristics
Lighter particle-Longer wave length
Smaller speed-longer wave length
Matter waves travels faster than speed of light in vacuum
(phase velocity v
p
>c) (phase velocity v
p
c)
Matter waves are not real waves and there fore can not be
represented by wave displacement y
The quantity whose variations make up matter waves is
called the wave function where ||
2
is the probability
Estimate some de Broglie wavelengths
Wavelength of electron with 50eV kinetic energy
2 2
10
1 7 10 m
p h h
K


2
1.7 10 m
2 2
2
e e
e
p
K
m m
m K

= = = =
Wavelength of Nitrogen molecule at room temperature Wavelength of Nitrogen molecule at room temperature
u
3
, Mass 28m
2
kT
K = =
11
2
2.8 10 m
3
h
MkT

= =
Wavelength of Rubidium(87) atom at 50mK
6
1.2 10 m
3
h
MkT

= =
COMPTON SCATTERING
Compton (1923) measured intensity of scattered X-rays from
Compton
Compton (1923) measured intensity of scattered X-rays from
solid target, as function of wavelength for different angles.
He won the 1927 Nobel prize.
X-ray source
Crystal
(selects
Collimator
(selects angle)
wavelength)

Target

Result: peak in scattered radiation
hif l l h h
Detector
shifts to longer wavelength than source.
Amount depends on (but not on the
target material).
A.H. Compton, Phys. Rev. 22 409 (1923)