Geostatistics 2001

Introduction to
Geostatistics
and
Advanced
Geostatistics
January 2001
MineSight
is a registered trademark of Mintec, inc.

1994, 1978 Mintec, inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Geostatistics
Section 1Statistics
Learning Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Classical Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Statistics for Assay Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Statistics for Composite Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Statistics within Geology Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Probability Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
In situ Data Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Correlation and Scatter Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Plot Proportional Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Section 2Variograms
Geostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Variogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Variogram Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Calculating Variograms and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Modeling Variograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Calculating Down-hole Variograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Variogram Data Contouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Variogram Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Section 3Point Validation/Cross Validation (for variogram evaluation)
Interpolation Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Point Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Section 4Declustering
Declustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Statistics for Assay Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Histogram of Declustered Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Section 5Model Interpolation
Types of Interpolations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Interpolation Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
IDW Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Advanced Geostatistics
Section 6Kriging
Orginary Kriging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Kriging with MineSight
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Section 7Point Validation/Cross Validation of Estimation Methods
Types of Point Interpolations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Interpolation Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Point Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Section 8Model Statistics/Geologic Resources
Reserve Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Model Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Grade/Tonnage Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Plot IDW and Histograms Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Model Statistics At and Between Cutoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Model Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Probability Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Section 9Model Calculations
Model Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Section 10Quantifying Uncertainty
Learning Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Distance to the Closest Composites Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Kriging Variance/RVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Combined Kriging Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Section 11Change of Support
Change of Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Global Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Kriges Relationship of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Calculation of Block Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Change of Support on Composite Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Distribution of Theoretical Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Volume-Variance Correction on Composite Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Volume Variance Correction on Model Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Section 12Indicator Kriging to Define Geologic Boundary Above a Cutoff
IK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Assign Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Variogram of Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Model the Indicator Variogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Krige Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
View Results in MineSight
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211
Section 13Multiple Indicator Kriging (M.I.K.)
M.I.K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Uses of Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Incremental Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Determine M.I.K. Cutoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Statistics for M.I.K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Calculating Indicator Variograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312
Modeling Indicator Variograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216
Variogram Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Multiple Indicator Kriging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319
M.I.K. Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323
Introduction to the Course
MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook Jan 2001 Page I1

Learning Outcome
The objective of this workbook is to provide hands on training and
experience with the geostatistical programs in MineSight
. You will use a

typical range of problems from drillhole assay and composite statistics,
variogram analysis, to Kriging and conditional simulation. This workbook
does not cover all the capabilities of MineSight
, but concentrates on a
typical metal open pit mine evaluation using a given set of data.
How This
Workbook Is
Organized
This workbook is divided into sections that follow the steps you would take
to complete a project evaluation. All sections contain a basic step, or series
of steps, for using MineSight
with a project. The sections include:

C A brief summary of what is to be done within the section
C An outline of the process using the menu system
C An example of the results of the process
How to Obtain
Help
MineSight
provides a large volume of programs with wide ranges of

options within each program. This may seem overwhelming at times, but
once you feel comfortable with the system, the volume of programs becomes
an asset because of the flexibility it affords. It is our intent to provide
everyone with a successful experience using MineSight
. If any portion of
your training is unclear, ask the consultant to repeat the steps or lesson until
you fully understand the idea. We have more concern for our users than for
an agenda.
This training course is intended to cover a wide number of topics rather than
a few topics in depth. For this reason, practice time to learn everything in
detail may not be sufficient. It will be to your advantage to use MineSight
as soon as possible after your return home while the ideas remain fresh.
For help after training, Mintec provides on-call support weekdays from 6:00
a.m. to 6:00 p.m. (MST). From the US, call 800-533-MEDS (6337); from
Canada call 800-548-MEDS (6337); from Mexico call 95 (800) 548-MEDS
(6337); from Chile call 123-0020-2154; from Peru call 001 (800) 533-MEDS
(6337); from South Africa call 0800-996052; or from other countries call
520-795-3891.
The Mintec website provides the latest in program updates and other useful
files. See the Quick Reference Guide for details on how to use the service,
and read the newsletter for updates on what is available.
Page I2 MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook Jan 2001

Section 1&Statistics
MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook Jan 2001 Page 1&1

Section 1Statistics
Prior to this section you must have loaded the drillhole data to MineSight
.
If you are calculating statistics on the composites, you must have calculated
the composites. In this section you can compute classical statistics on the
assays and composites. This is not required for later work.
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to produce a histogram of assay values
How to produce a histogram of composite values
Classical
Statistics
Statistical operations available within MineSight
:
Mean and standard deviation
Histograms
Cumulative frequency plots
Correlations
Cumulative probability plots
Use classical statistics to:
Analyze data to determine descriptive parameters
Make inferences about an entire population based on samples
Some difficulties involved with the application of classical statistics to
mineral projects are:
Mineral deposit data is generally not independent. It is for this reason
that geostatistics was developed.
Different geologic zones may have different statistical populations.
Mixing zones may produce incorrect statistics.
Different types of samples have different volumes and should be kept
separate for analysis, e.g., drillhole assays and bulk samples.
Although samples may be equal in size, they may not have an equal
volume of influence. Drilling tends to be closer spaced in higher grade
areas so the statistics may be indicating a higher proportion of ore than
exists.
Page 1&2 MineSight

Statistics for
Assay Values
Select Group Name = STATISTICS
Operations Type = Calculation
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (assays) p40101.dat
Panel 1 Assay Data Statistical Analysis
Enter Cu as the base assay for cutoffs and also report the MO values. Weight
the statistics by the assay length.
A frequency interval of .1 will be used and all values below .0 will be
ignored.
MineSight

Panel 3 Optional Data Selection
You have the option of limiting the area of data selection.
Page 1&4 MineSight

Panel 5 Histogram Plot Attributes
This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display.
Files Used RUN401.CU RPT401.CU,
DAT401.CU HIS401.CU,
PLT401.CU RUN122.FRQ
Programs Used M401V1 M122V1
Run File as it appears
in the report file
MineSight

The report file shows a summary of the statistics calculated.
Another page of the report file showing that 66 of the assays were below the minimum Cu.
Page 1&6 MineSight

Second report showing summary statistics and histogram
MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select V to view the histogram on the screen.
(From Viewer, Click on X to Exit & go back to MPLOT Panel.)
Select X to Exit MPLOT Panel.
Plot Reference
RUN122.FRQ
Page 1&8 MineSight

Statistics for
Composite Values
Select Group Name = Statistics
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (comps) p40201.dat
Panel 1 3-D Composite Data Statistical Analysis
Enter Cu as the base assay for analysis and histogram generation. Also report
the Mo values..
A frequency interval of .1 will be used and all values below .0 will be
ignored.
MineSight

Panel 4 3-D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection
Page 1&10 MineSight

Files Used RUN402.CU RPT402.CU
DAT402.CU HIS402.CU
MineSight

Run File as it
appears in the
report file
The report file shows a
summary of the statistics
calculated.
Page 1&12 MineSight

summary by bench for the
distribution of Cu Grades.
Second report with
summary statistics
and histogram
MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.FRQ
Exercise 1
Generate composite statistics for those composites that have ALTR = 1 and
2 only.
(Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3)
Exercise 2
Repeat the exercise for those composites that have ROCK = 1 and 2 only.

Exercise 3
Generate lognormal composite data statistics for those composites that have
ROCK = 1.
Page 1&14 MineSight

Statistics within
Geology Types
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (comps) - P40201.dat
Enter ROCK ad the first item. This item will be used to determine the
cutoffs. Enter CU as the second item. This item will be used for statistical
analysis.
A frequency interval of 1 will be used because the CU statistics will be
reported at cutoffs of ROCK item. Also check the box Dont report the
first item and dont accumulate ints?
MineSight

Page 1&16 MineSight

Files Used RUN402.RCK RPT402.RCK
DAT402.RCK HIS402.RCK
PLT402.RCK RUN122.FRQ
MineSight

The report file shows a summary of the Cu Grades at ROCK Cutoffs.
Exercise
Generate Cu statistics within ALTR codes.
Page 1&18 MineSight

Probability Plots
Operations Type = Plot
Procedure Desc. = Probability Plotp41201.dat
Panel 1 Select File or Drillholes to Use
Select File 11 Assays to do the cumulative probability plot.
Panel 2 Parameters for Probability Plot
Enter Cu for the item to be plotted. Generate the first plot with log
transformation.
MineSight

Select Rock Types 1 and 2 for plotting.
Panel 4 Optional Plot Files
Page 1&20 MineSight

Panel 5 Optional Plot Parameters
This panel provides options for setting up your probability plot features. You
can try out different parameters until you get a display you like.
Files Used RUN412.CU RPT412.CU
PLT412.CU RUN122.PRB
MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select V to view the probability plot on the screen.
(From the Viewer, Click on X to exit & go back to MPLOT Panel.)
Plot Reference
RUN122.PRB
Page 1&22 MineSight

Exercise 1
Generate probability plots for those assays that have ALTR = 1 and 2 only.
(Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3.)
Exercise 2
Repeat the exercises using the composites.
Exercise 3
Overlay the composite probability plot on the assay probability plot and
compare. (Hint: Output only the cumulative probability curve for composites
and overlay it on the full assay probability plot.)
Exercise 4
Generate probability plots without using log transformation.
MineSight

In situ Data
Statistics
Procedure Desc. = In Situ Statistics p40301.dat
Panel 1 Select the File for Statistical Analysis
Enter 9 for the file selection.
Panel 2 Select the item for Statistical Analysis
Enter Cu for the composite grade to analyze. Also specify the file extensions.
Page 1&24 MineSight

Use ROCK Types 1 and 2 only.
Panel 4 Parameters for Grid Selection
Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify
plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted.
PLT403.CU RUN122.STU
Programs Used M403V1
M122V1
MineSight

Run file as it appears in the
report file
The report file
shows a summary
of the statistics
calculated in
each grid cell.
Page 1&26 MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select V to view the plot on the screen.
Plot Reference
RUN122.STU
Exercise
Generate In situ statistics for assays in elevation range 2500 to 3000.
MineSight

Correlation and
Scatter Plots
Procedure Desc. = Correlationsp41101.dat
Panel 1 File and Data Selection
We will use File 11 assays and all the drillholes
Panel 2 Scatter Plot Parameters
Enter Cu for the y-axis, and Mo for the x-axis of the plot.
Page 1&28 MineSight

Limit the correlation statistics to Rock Types 1 and 2 only.
PLT411.CU RUN122.SG
M122V1
MineSight

Run File as it
appears in the
report file
summary of correlation
statistics for Cu and Mo
grades.
Page 1&30 MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select V to view the scatter plot on the screen.
(From Viewer, Click on X to Exit and go back to MPLOT Panel.)
Plot Reference
RUN122.SG
MineSight

Plot Proportional
Effect
Procedure Desc. = In Situ Statistics p40301.dat
Panel 1 Select the File for Statistical Analysis
Enter 9 for the file selection.
Panel 2 Select the item for Statistical Analysis
Enter Cu for the composite grade to analyze. Also specify the file extensions.
Page 1&32 MineSight

Use ROCK Types 1 and 2 only.
Panel 4 Parameters for Grid Selection
Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify
plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted.
MineSight

Panel 5 Parameters for plotting
Files Used RUN403.CU RPT403.CU DAT403.CU
PLT403.CU RUN122.STU
M122V1
M607V4
Page 1&34 MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select X to exit MPLOT Panel.
Operation Type = Calculations
Procedure Desc. = Correlation using ASCII data p41102.dat
Panel 1 Select file for statistical analysis. Use output from previous procedure.
Panel 2
MineSight

Panel 3
Files Used RUN403.CU RUN122.SG rpt411.CU
plt411.CU DAT403.cu
M122V1
Page 1&36 MineSight

Section 2Variograms
MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook Jan 2001 Page 21

Section 2&Variograms
Prior to this section you must have calculated the composites. In this section
you can develop variograms of the composites. Following this, you can
initialize the mine model and do Kriging.
Learning Outcome
Definition of geostatistics
How to make an h-scatterplot
Types of variograms within MineSight
Procedure for creating variograms

Geostatistics
Geostatistics recognizes the fact that geologic samples such as assays or
thickness values are not independent samples.
Samples in proximity to one another are usually correlated to some degree.
As the distance between samples increases this degree of correlation declines
until the samples are far enough apart where they can be considered to be
independent of one another.
The Variogram
The variogram is a graph that quantifies the spatial correlation between
geologic samples. It is a plot with the average squared assay difference
between all pairs of samples h distance apart plotted along the y-axis
( (h)), and the distance h plotted along the x-axis.
Logically you would expect this squared difference (h) to increase as the
distance h between the sample pairs increases. Once you reach a distance
where the sample pairs are independent, the average squared differnece is
not related to the distance h anymore and the curve levels off.
This distance where the samples are no longer correlated is called the range
of the variogram and the value of (h) where it levels off is called the sill.
Theoretically the sill is equal to the variance of samples.
The distance over which the samples are correlated can be and usually is
different in different directions. This is called Anisotropy and simply states
that mineralization may be more continuous in one direction than another.
Therefore, variograms are computed in different directions.
At DISTANCE h=0 (i.e., 2 samples at the same location) the sample values
should be identical. In reality they usually are not. This is described in
geostatistics as the Nugget effect. Its value should be small if correct
sampling and assaying procedures are used.
Section 2Variograms
Page 22 MineSight

Variogram Models
The variogram model is the equation of a curve that best fits the variogram
generated with your data. Variogram models available in MineSight
are:
Spherical
Exponential
Linear
Nested
Exercise
Operations Type = Plots
Procedure Desc. = H-Scatter plots p31101.dat
Panel 1 File and Data Selection
We will use File 8 composites and select Cu as the item.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Use Rock Type 1 data only.
Panel 4 Coordinate Limits
Section 2Variograms
Page 24 MineSight

Run File as it appears in
the report file
Panel 5 Parameters for Data Pair Selection
Select all pairs 15m apart vertically (-90 dip.)
PLT311.CU RUN122.HSP
M122V1
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

This section of the report file shows summary statistics of correlations between head and tail
of pairs.
This section of the report file shows summary statistics for all the samples in pair data.
Section 2Variograms
Page 26 MineSight

MPLOT Panel Select V to view the h-scatterplot on the screen
(From Viewer, Click on to Exit and go back to MPLOT panel.)
Plot Reference
Run122.HSP
Exercise Generate h-scatter plots for pairs 0-50m apart in different horizontal
directions.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Calculating
Variograms and
Modeling
Operations Type = Calculations
Procedures Desc. = Variograms (comps) p30302.dat
Panel 1 Compute Experimental Variograms for 3-D Composites
Use File 8 and normal variogram type to compute the initial variograms.
Panel 2 Optional Variogram Parameters
Section 2Variograms
Page 28 MineSight

Limit the data input to Rock Type 1 only.
Panel 4 Optional Coordinate Limits
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Composite Variograms
Compute 4 normal variograms (4x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 45
degree increments and at a vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 120m lag
distance.
Files Used RUN303.A
RPT303.001
DAT303.001
Program Used M303V2
Run file as listed in
the report file
Section 2Variograms
Page 210 MineSight

In the report file, a
summary appears for
each variogram
calculated.
The variogram value is
under the column V(H).
It is plotted along the y-
axis on the graph. The
distance h is under
the column DISTANCE.
It is plotted along the x-
axis on the graph.
This is the plot of the
variogram points listed
above.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Modeling
Variograms
Procedures Desc. = Variogram Modeling p30002.dat
Panel 1 Variogram File Input
Section 2Variograms
Page 212 MineSight

Program M300V1 will display on the screen a list of the 4 directional
variograms plus the 2-D Global variogram and the 3-D Global variogram.
Click on 3-D Global and then on Exit Panel.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Exercise 1
Interactively fit a spherical variogram model to the experimental variogram
by following these steps:
1. Select New Model from menu.
2. Using the mouse, select Nugget location on y axis (Point 1).
3. Using the mouse, select Sill & Range Values which are defined by the
second point that you specify.
4. Click right to display Model Parameter Values based on your selection.
Exercise 2
Interactively modify the spherical variogram model you just created by
following these steps:
1. Select Edit Model from the menu
2. Click on your Nugget Value (Point 1) and move it around with the
mouse to a new location. Click right to store the new location.
3. Select Edit Model again. Click on your Sill/Range Value (Point 2) and
move it around with the mouse to a new location. Click right to store the
new location.
4. Select Edit Model and Fix Range
5. Point to the desired value for range on the X-axis (e.g., 500) and click.
6. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Sill Value is
changing.) Click right to store the new Sill.
7. Select Edit Model and Fix Sill (Make sure Fix Range is off)
8. Point to the desired value for Sill on the y-axis (e.g., .1) and click.
9. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Range is
changing.) Click right to store the new Range
10. Click on X to exit Variogram Modeling Program.
Exercise 3
Try an exponential model and compare the fit (visually) with the spherical.
Exercise 4
Try to model the directional variogram at 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees.
Exercise 5
If the directional variograms are difficult to model, add an absolute lag
tolerance of 25. Dont use composite values above 3. Use extension 002.
Exercise 6
Try a different horizontal angle increment (30E). Use extension 003.
Section 2Variograms
Page 214 MineSight

Exercise 7
Try to compute variograms using different vertical angle orientations.
Compare horizontal variograms to the vertical ones. Use extension 004.
Exercise 8
Compute variograms using different variogram type options, such as
correlogram. Use extension 005.
Exercise 9
Run variograms (as in Exercise 5) for rock type 2. Use extension 006.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Calculating Down-
hole Variograms
Procedure Desc. = Down-hole Variogramsp30101.dat
Panel 1 File and Variogram Type Selection
You have the option to use the assay or composite files.
Panel 2 Input Parameters
Use Cu for variogram analysis.
Section 2Variograms
Page 216 MineSight

Panel 4 Optional Data Selections
Limit input data to Rock Type 1 and 2 only.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Panel 6 Parameters for Down-hole Variograms
Compute variograms for each hole. Use 20 intervals with 5m lag distance.
Files Used RUN301.A
RPT301.CU
DAT301.CU
Section 2Variograms
Page 218 MineSight

Run File as listed in
the report file
In the report file, a
summary appears for each
variogram calculated, as
well as a summary for a
combined variogram.
The variogram value is
under the column V(H). It
is plotted along the y-axis
on the graph. The distance
h is under the column
DISTANCE. It is plotted
along the x-axis on the
graph.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

This is the plot of the
variogram points listed on
the previous page.
Exercise 1
Model the combined down-hole variogram. Pick up a nugget value.
Exercise 2
Calculate and model a down-hole variogram for rock type 2. Pick up a
nugget value.
Exercise 3
Generate down-hole variograms using composite data.
Section 2Variograms
Page 220 MineSight

Variogram Data
Contouring
Procedure Desc. = Contour variogram data - pvgctr.dat
Panel 1 File Data Selection
Use the variogram data file generated for ROCK1.
Panel 2 Plot Parameters
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Panel 3 Variogram Contour Parameters
Panel 4 Optional User Plot Files
Section 2Variograms
Page 222 MineSight

Panel 5 Standard Title Box Set up
Files Used RUN607.A RPT607.TMP
PLT607.PAA RUN122.CON
Programs Used GNV2CN
M607V4
MPLOT Panel Select V to view the contours on the screen
(From Viewer, click on X to Exit to go back to MPLOT panel.)
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN 122.CON
Exercise 1 Overlay an ellipse to the variogram contours using 200m major axis and
125m minor axis. What is the major axis orientation? Adjust lengths until
the ellipse fits the contours. If you find an orientation that you dont have
variograms for, rerun the variograms programs for a new orientation.
Section 2Variograms
Page 224 MineSight

Exercise 2
Repeat for rock type 2.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Variogram
Parameter File
Operations Type = Edit
Procedure Desc. = Variogram Parameter File pvgpar.dat
Having studied the individual variograms, down-the-hole variograms, and
the contour maps for each rock type, decide on one set of variograms.
For example:
Rock
type
Nugget Sill Range
(major)
Range
(minor)
Model
type
1 0.014 0.240 70 (10
o
) 40 (100
o
) Exponentia
l
2 0.007 0.085 80 (45
o
) 60 (135
o
) Exponentia
l
Assume for the vertical axis the same ranges as the minor axis.
If you use an exponential model, use three times the range as search
distances.
Panel 1 Output and Description File
Variogram parameters will be written to the output file specified.
Section 2Variograms
Page 226 MineSight

Panel 2 Variogram Parameters
The variogram file will be printed on the screen.
Section 2Variograms
MineSight

Exercise 1
Set up variogram parameter file for Rock Type 2.
Exercise 2
Set up variogram parameters for both Rock Types 1 and 2 in the same file.
(Hint: specify the geology label as ROCK in the first panel.)
Section 2Variograms
Page 228 MineSight

MineSight

Section 3&Point Validation/Cross Validation (for variogram
evaluation)
Prior to this section, you must have calculated the variograms and modeled
them. In this section you can use the Kriging method to determine the error
between the estimated and the actual known value of composite data at
selected locations, using different variograms. The theoretical variogram that
produces the smallest error can be assumed as the better fit.
Learning Outcome
How to use point validation for variogram evaluation
Interpolation
Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation
3-D ellipsoidal search
Minimum and maximum number of composites to use
Maximum distance to the nearest composite
Use or omit geologic control
Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite
used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS
and the statistical summaries are output to the report file.
In this case we will assume search parameters as indicated by the
variograms. If a specific search scenario has been determined for the model
interpolation, it should be used instead.
Page 32 MineSight

Point Validation
Procedure Desc. = Point Validation &p52401.dat
Panel 1 File and Area Selection
Panel 2 Search Parameters for Interpolation
MineSight

Panel 3 Ellipsoidal Search Parameters
Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional.
Panel 4 Angle definition for Ellipsoidal Search
Page 34 MineSight

Panel 5 Optional Parameters
If the variogram parameter file name is not entered in this panel, you will be
asked to enter the variogram parameters.
Panel 6 Optional Geologic Codes
Include Rock Type 1 data only.
MineSight

Panel 7 Optional IDW powers and Other Parameters
Use the default IDW powers.
Files Used RUN524.CU1 RUN525.CU1
RPT524.CU1 RPT525.CU1
M525TS
Page 36 MineSight

This report shows
summary statistics for
actual composite grades
versus the results from
different interpolations.
This section of the report
shows the statistics of the
differences between actual
and kriging values The
histogram is the
histogram of the errors.
MineSight

file shows correlation
statistics between the
actual and kriging values.
Exercise
Modify the variogram parameter file. Use nugget of 0.02. Rerun the point
validation procedure. Compare results (you should get a lower correlation
and a higher standard error).
Page 38 MineSight

MineSight

Section 4&Declustering
Prior to this section you must have calculated the composites and sorted
statistics.
In this section you will use cell declustering technique to decluster the
composite data. This is not required for later work.
Learning Outcome
How to decluster composite values
How to produce a histogram of declustered composite values
Declustering
There are two declustering methods that are generally applicable to any
sample data set. These methods are the polygonal method and the cell
declustering method. In both methods, a weighted linear combination of all
available sample values are used to estimate the global mean. By assigning
different weights to the available samples, one can effectively decluster the
data set.
In this section you will be using the cell declustering method which divides
the entire area into rectangular regions called cells. Each sample received a
weight inversely proportional to the number of samples that fall within the
same cell. Clustered samples will tend to receive lower weights with this
method because the cells in which they are located will also contain several
other samples.
The estimate one gets from the cell declustering method will depend on the
size of the cells specified, If the cells are very small, then most samples will
fall into a cell of its own and will therefore receive equal weights of 1. If the
cells are too large, many samples will fall into the same cell, thereby causing
artificial declustering of samples.
Page 42 MineSight

Statistics for
Assay Values
Procedure Desc. = Decluster Data & p52301.dat
Panel 1 Composite Data Selection
Enter Cu as the composite data item to be used.
Use all the values of Cu.
MineSight

Run File as it
appears in the
report file
Panel 3 Area limits and Cell Size
Files Used RUN523.50 RPT523.50
Page 44 MineSight

The report file shows
summary statistics for the
original and the
declustered samples.
Exercise 1
Obtain declustered data using cell sizes 45 x 45 and 40 x 40.
Exercise 2
Create a graph of the cell sizes vs mean values. The cell size that gives the
lowest value should be the best choice.
Exercise 3
Try declustering using Rock Type 1 only.
MineSight

Histogram of
Declustered Data
Operation Type= Calculations
Procedure Description= ASCII Data Stats p40204.dat
Panel 1 ASCII Data Statistical Analysis
Enter ASCII output (for cell size equal to 45) from the previous procedure.
Enter column number for item to analyze from ascii file.
Page 46 MineSight

Use a frequency interval of .1
Panel 4 Histogram plot attributes
Files used RUN122.FRQ RUN402.45
DAT402.45 RPT122.LA
RPT402.45 HIS402.45
DAT523.45 PLT402.45

Programs used M402V1 M122V1
Mplot Panel Select V to view the histogram on the screen.
(From viewer, click on X to Exit & go back to MPLOT Panel)
Select X to Exit MPLOT panel.
MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.FRQ
Page 48 MineSight

MineSight

Section 5&Model Interpolation
Prior to this section you must have calculated the composites and sorted them. You
must have initialized the mine model and added any necessary geology to it. In this
section you can use inverse distance weighting to add grades to the mine model. This
is required before displaying the model, calculating reserves or creating pit designs.
Learning Outcome
The types of interpolations available
The use of controls on the interpolation
How to interpolate grades with MineSight
Types of
Interpolations
There are several methods of interpolation provided to you.
Polygonal assignment
Inverse distance weighting
Relative elevations
Trend plane
Gradients
Kriging
Interpolation
Controls
There is a large range of methods for controlling the interpolation available.
Minimum and maximum number of composites to use for a block
In the following example, inverse distance weighting is used without the octant
search.
Page 52 MineSight

IDW Interpolation
Select Group Name = 3D DEPOSIT MODELING
Procedure Desc. = IDW Interpolation &p62001.dat
Panel 1 M620V1 File and Model Area Specifications
Panel 2 M620V1 Input Search Parameters
Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 210m (based on variograms)
horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. A weighting power of 2 is used.
MineSight

Panel 3 Interpolation Control Items
Interpolate the Cu and Mo grades.
Panel 4 Store Local Error
Page 54 MineSight

Panel 5 Optional Search Parameters
Panel 6 Optional Rotation Angles
These angles need to be specified when ellipsoidal search is used for composite
selection
MineSight

Use only Rock Type 1.
Include Rock Type 1 and 2 data only.
Page 56 MineSight

Files Used RUN620.id1
RPT620.id1
Exercise
Rerun for Rock Type 2. Change search distances and use option omit.
Change the following panels:
MineSight

Page 58 MineSight

Section 6Kriging
MineSight

Section 6&Kriging
Prior to this section you must have calculated the composites and sorted
them. You must have also initialized the mine model and added any
necessary geology to it. In this section you can use kriging to add grades to
the mine model.
Learning Outcome
C How to set up and run a Kriging interpolation
Ordinary Kriging
Ordinary kriging is an estimator designed primarily for the local estimation
of block grades as a linear combination of the available data in or near the
block, such that the estimate is unbiased and has minimum variance. It is a
method that is often associated with the acronym B.L.U.E. for best linear
unbiased estimator. Ordinary kriging is linear because its estimates are
weighted linear combinations of the available data; it is unbiased since the
sum of the weights add up to 1; it is best because it aims at minimizing the
variance of errors.
The conventional estimation methods, such as inverse distance weighting
method, are also linear and theoretically unbiased. Therefore, the
distinguishing feature of ordinary kriging from the conventional linear
estimation methods is its aim of minimizing the error variance.
Kriging with
MineSight
Before producing an interpolation using kriging, you must have developed a

variogram. Three types of variograms are allowed:
C Spherical
C Linear
C Exponential
Section 6Kriging
Page 62 MineSight

Procedure Desc. = Ordinary Kriging p62401.dat
Panel 1 M624V1 File and Model Area Specifications
Panel 2 M624V1 Krige Search Parameters
Specify a 3-D search to find all composites within 210m horizontally and
50m vertically of a block. Use a maximum of 16 composites.
Section 6Kriging
MineSight

Krige the Cu grades on each bench.
Panel 4 Optional Input Parameters.
Leave blank if not used.
Section 6Kriging
Page 64 MineSight

Enter the variogram parameters used in Kriging.
Panel 6 Optional Sear Parameters
Section 6Kriging
MineSight

Panel 7 Optional Rotation Angles
These angles need to be specified when ellipsoidal search is used for
composite selection.
Use Rock Type 1.
Section 6Kriging
Page 66 MineSight

Include Rock Type 1 and 2 data only.
Files Used RUN624.KRG
RPT624.KRG
Exercise
Repeat calculations for Rock Type 2. Use variograms calculated in Section
2. Change search distances as you did for IDW.
Section 7Point Validation/Cross Validation
MineSight

Section 7&Point Validation/Cross Validation of Estimation Methods
and/or Search Parameters
In this section you can use inverse distance weighting and Kriging methods
to determine the error between the estimated and the actual known value of
composite data at selected locations. Then, you can decide which method is
more appropriate. You can also validate search parameters.
Learning Outcome
The types of interpolations available in point validation
The use of controls on the interpolation
How to interpolate point grades with MineSight
Types of Point
Interpolations
Each composite is interpolated using different powers of inverse distance
weighting method and Kriging. The results are then summarized showing
the differences between the estimated and actual known data values. The
following interpolations are done by default by the program.
Inverse distance weighting (IDW) of power 1.0
IDW of power 1.5
IDW of power 2.0
IDW of power 2.5
IDW of power 3.0
Kriging
Interpolation
Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
3-D ellipsoidal search
Minimum and maximum number of composites to use
Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite
used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS
and the statistical summaries are output to the report file.
Page 72 MineSight

Point Validation
Procedure Desc. = Point Validation p52401.dat
Panel 1 File and Area Selection
Panel 2 Search Parameters for Interpolation
MineSight

Panel 3 Ellipsoidal Search Parameters
Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. Use the
distances we used for Rock Type 1.
Panel 4 Angle definition for Ellipsoidal Search
Page 74 MineSight

MineSight

Panel 7 Optional IDW powers and Other Parameters
Use the default IDW powers.
Files Used RUN524.CU1 RUN525.CU1
RPT524.CU1 RPT525.CU1
M525TS
Page 76 MineSight

shows the statistics of the
differences between actual
and kriging values The
histogram is the
histogram of the errors.
This report shows
summary statistics for
actual composite grades
versus the results from
different interpolations.
MineSight

actual and Kriging values.
actual and inverse
distance
values.

Exercise
Change some of the search parameters and rerun the above procedure. What
do you observe?
Page 78 MineSight

MineSight

Section 8&Model Statistics/Geologic Resources
Prior to this section you must have added the grades, topography, and
necessary geology into the mine model. In this section you can summarize
the mine model data with frequency distributions and calculated the geologic
resources.
Learning Outcome
C How to calculate grade and tonnages above different cutoffs
C How to calculate grade and tonnages between cutoffs
C How to produce a histogram plot of model values
C How to generate reserves by bench or geological resources
C How to generate probability plots from the model
Reserve
Calculations
To calculate initial reserves from the block model, use M608V1 (i.e.,
STATISTICS Calculations Statistics (Model). Refer to the STRIPPER
reserves section for a method of developing a more detailed reserve report.
The reserves calculated in this section are the tons and grade above a cutoff.
The topographic values you added to the mine model are used to give you an
accurate reserve report. For different specific gravities, use the run file
created and run each rock type separately.
The menu system has been set to give you the quickest level of reserves.
With the run files, you can customize the run to give reserves by bench, rock
type or any other subset you want. For example, in the menu system, 40
intervals are selected (for plotting purposes). The interval size you choose
will be based on the cutoff grades you wish to show. If you choose 0.1, for
example, you will get a report for blocks above 0.0, above 0.1, above 0.2,
etc. up to 40 cutoffs. If special cutoff values are wanted (such as 0.13 or
0.52) you can use another procedure (P60802.DAT) to calculate reserves at
user specified cutoffs.
Page 82 MineSight

Model Statistics
Procedures Desc. = Statistics (Model) p60801.dat
Panel 1 File Selection
Panel 2 Item Selection
Panel 3 Cutoff Grades and Frequency Parameters
MineSight

Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation. This is the Ktonnage/block
for our project.
Page 84 MineSight

Panel 5 Selection of Mine Model Limits
You may optionally select a portion of the model to calculate the reserves.
MineSight

file shows the grade and
tonnage of CUID,
CUKRG, CUPLY and
MOID values at specified
cutoffs.
This section of the report file
shows the tonnage and grade
of CUID values at each bench.
The grade is reported at
whatever the minimum value
specified on Panel 3
Files Used RUN608.CUI RPT608.CUI
DAT608.CUI HIS608.CUI
PLT608.CUI RUN122.MFR
A statistical summary and histogram can be found in the report file.
Page 86 MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.MFR
Exercise
Generate model statistics for items from IDW, polygonal and Kriging
methods separately. Use the same cutoff intervals. We will use the data
output files from each run to make grade tonnage plots. Use extension cui,
cup, and cuk respectively.
MineSight

Grade/Tonnage
Plots
Procedure Desc. = Grade/Tonnage Plots pgtplt
Panel 1 Select Files or Parameters
We will plot grade/tonnage curves from polygonal, IDW and kriging
methods on the same graph. Identify each curve by the symbol, linetype or
color specified.
MPLOT Panel Select V to view the curves on the screen.
(From Viewer, Click on X to Exit and go back to MPLOT Panel)
Page 88 MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.MSG
MineSight

Plot IDW and
Kriging
Histograms
Together
Select Group Name = Adv Plotting/VBM
Procedures Desc. = Plot any USERF/DATAF anyplt.dat
Panel 1 Plotting panel
Enter scale and x,y limits (plotting units, not project). Plotting files are
USERF. Use appropriate shift command.
Page 810 MineSight

Model Statistics At
and Between
Cutoffs
Procedures Desc. = Statistics at User Cutoffs (Model)
p60802.dat
MineSight

Panel 3 Cutoff Specification
Check the box not to accumulate intervals.
Select blocks with Rock code 1 only. Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource
calculation. This is the Ktonnage/block for our project.
Page 812 MineSight

Panel 5 Mine Model Statistical Analysis
Calculate the statistics for benches 21-40.
Files Used RUN608.Ci2 RPT608.Ci2
DAT608.Ci2 HIS608.Ci2
PLT608.Ci2 RUN122.MFR
MineSight

file shows the grade and
tonnage of CUID values
at user specified cutoffs.
Note that the figures are
for between the cutoffs.
Page 814 MineSight

Model
Correlations
Procedure Desc. = Correlations (Model)p61801.dat
We will use File 15 model file.
Panel 2 Scatter Plot Parameters
Enter CUID for the y-axis and CUKRG for the x-axis of the plot.
MineSight

Panel 3 Optional Plot Parameters and Data Selection
Select benches 21-40.
Limit the correlation statistics to Rock Types 1 only.
PLT618.CU RUN122.MSG
M122V1
Page 816 MineSight

file shows the summary of
correlation statistics
between CUID and
CUKGR values.
(From Viewer, Click on X to Exit and go back to MPLOT Panel)
MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.MSG
Exercise
Calculate the correlations between polygonal and Kriging grades. What do
you observe?
Page 818 MineSight

Probability Plots
Operation Type= Plot
Procedure Description= Probability Plots (model)-p61901.dat
Select item CUKRG.
MineSight

Panel 4 Optional Plot Files
Page 820 MineSight

Files used RUN619.A RPT619.LA
RUN122.MCP RPT122.LA
PLT619.LA
Programs used M619V1 M122V1
Mplot Panel Select V to view the probability plot on the screen.
(From viewer, click on X to Exit & go back to MPLOT Panel)
Select X to Exit MPLOT panel.
MineSight

Plot Reference
RUN122.MCP
Exercise
Create separate probability plots for Rock Types 1 and 2. Compare results.
Page 822 MineSight

MineSight

Section 9&Model Calculations
In this section you will calculate block values for item EQCU and store them
in the model.
Learning Outcome
How to perform calculations using information stored in the model
Model
Calculations
Select Group Name = 3-D DEPOSIT MODELING
Procedure Desc. = User-Calcs (Model)p61201.dat
Panel 1 Mine Model/Surface File Data Items
Specify number of levels, rows, and columns.
Page 92 MineSight

Panel 2 Mine Model/Surface File Data Items
We will calculate EQCU values from values stored for CUID and MOID.
Restrict EQCU calculations to blocks in Rock Types 1 and 2 only.
MineSight

Panel 4 Define Special Project Calculations
In this panel the EQCU calculation is defined and the item in the model
(EQCU) where the result is to be stored is specified.
Panel 5 Store Item Back to Model
Page 94 MineSight

MineSight


Prior to this section you should have calculated the distance to the closest
composite and the Kriging variance.
Learning Outcome
In this section, you will learn how to quantify your confidence in the results
of the block model calculations.
We will use different approaches:
Distance to the closest composite,
Kriging variance,
Combined Kriging variance
Relative Variability Index
Distance to the
Closest
Composites
Calculations
Assign the value of 1 to model item ZONE, when DISTP = 0 to 39 (since we
used the same search distances for IDW and Kriging, item DISTP represents
the distance to the closest composite for both methods).
Distance of 39m corresponds more or less to 25% of the model. Fifty
percent of the model was assigned distances up to 57m, and 75% up to 77m.
Distances are not true (they are anisotropic).
Select Group Name = 3-D DEPOSIT MODELING
Operation types= Calculations
Procedure Desc. = User-Cals (Model) p61201.dat
Panel 1 Mine Model/Surface File
Page 102 MineSight

Panel 2 Undefined values
Do not substitute undefined values
MineSight

Panel 4 Define calculation
Panel 5 Store item back to model
Page 104 MineSight

Repeat the procedure for:
Zone = 2 when DISTP = 40 to 57
Zone = 3 when DISTP = 57 to 77
Zone = 4 when DISTP >77
These values for ZONE will be used to define proven ore (ZONE =1 or 2),
probable ore (ZONE =3) and possible ore (ZONE =4).
Exercise
Make a model view of item ZONE.
MineSight

Kriging Variance
Make a model view of the item CUKVR as it was calculated by running
procedure P62401.DAT. Use cutoffs of 0.039, 0.055 and 0.087 (quartiles).
Combined Kriging
Variance
Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate combined
variance instead of Kriging variance. Store in item CUKCV. Make a model
view. Use cutoffs of 0.005, 0.010, and 0.021 (quartiles).
Page 106 MineSight

Relative Variability
Index
Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate RVI instead of
Combined variance. Store in item RVI. Make a model view. Use cutoffs of
0.22, 0.34, and 0.65 (quartiles). What do you notice?
MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook January 2001 Page 111

Prior to this section you must have the composite and 3-D model files
initialized and loaded. You must also have calculated the classical statistics
and the grade variograms of the composites.
Learning Outcome
C What change of support means
C How to determine indicator cutoffs
C How to calculate block variance for different size blocks
C What is Kriges relationship of variance
C How to determine change of support correction factor
C How to do global change of support correction
C Change of support methods
Change of Support
The term support at the sampling stage refers to the characteristics of the
sampling unit, such as the size, shape and orientation of the sample. For
example, channel samples and diamond drillcore samples have different
supports. At the modeling and mine planning stage, the term support refers
to the volume of the blocks used for estimation and production.
It is important to account for the effect of the support in our estimation
procedures, since increasing the support has the effect of reducing the spread
of data values. As the support increases, the distribution of data gradually
becomes more symmetrical. The only parameter that is not affected by the
support of the data is the mean. The mean of the data should stay the same
even if we change the support.
Global Correction
There are some methods available for adjusting an estimated distribution to
account for the support effect. The most popular ones are affine correction
and indirect lognormal correction. All of these methods have two features
in common:
1. They leave the mean of the distribution unchanged.
2. They change the variance of the distribution by some adjustment
factor.
Kriges
Relationship of
Variance
This is the special complement to the partioning of variances, which simply
says that the variance of point values is equal to the variance of block values
plus the variance of points within blocks. The equation is given below:
p
2
=
b
2
+
2
p b
Page 112 MineSight
Geostatistics Training Workbook January 2001

Calculation of
Block Variance
Procedure Desc. = Block variance - psblkv.dat
Panel 1 Block Variance Calculation
The output report file summarizes the following:
MineSight

Files Used VARIO.RK1
MSBLKV.PAR
MSBLKV.RPT
Programs Used MSBLKV
Exercise 1
Change block size to 10x10 and re-run the procedure. What change do you
see in the block variance?
Exercise 2
Change block discretization to 10x10x5 and see the effect on the block
variances of 20x20 blocks.
Exercise 3
If you have another variogram parameter file, try running the procedure with
it. What do you observe?
Page 114 MineSight

Change of Support
on Composite
Values
Select Group Name = Statistics
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (comps) p40201.dat
Enter Cu as the base assay for analysis and histogram generation.
Make sure to check the change of support option.
MineSight

Panel 3 Change of Support Parameters
Select Rock Type 1.
Page 116 MineSight

Files Used RUN402.CU RPT402.CU BLOCK.DAT
DAT402.CU HIS402.CU
MineSight

Look into BLOCK.DAT using Notepad or another editor. The first column
in this file is the theoretical block grades after the change of support
correction is made. The second column is the original data as input.
Page 118 MineSight

Distribution of
Theoretical Blocks
Procedure Desc. = Statistics - ASCII - p40204.dat
Use Block.dat as the input file with free format.
Panel 2 Free Format Specs
Select Column #1 to read.
MineSight

Files Used RUN402.D RPT402.BLK
DAT402.BLK HIS402.BLK
PIT402.BLK RUN122.FRQ
BLOCK.DAT
Page 1110 MineSight

MPLOT Panel Click on the Preview/Create Metafile (M122MF) Button.
Plot Reference
RUN122.FRQ
MineSight

Volume-Variance
Correction on
Composite Data
Procedure Desc. = Volume-variance (comps) - pcmpvc.dat
Panel 1 Select the File to Use
Panel 2 Volume-Variance Correction in Composite grades
Store the results in item CUBLK. Select the affine correction option
(default).
Page 1112 MineSight

Select Rock Type 1.
Panel 4 Volume-Variance Correction Parameters
The Volume-variance Correction factor will be block to point variance
ratios: 0.17699/0.247 = 0.716
Files Used RUN508.A
RPT508.LVC
MineSight

RPT508.LVC A summary of the results from Volume-variance Correction is displayed.
Exercise 1
Run stats on item CUBLK to look at the new distribution. Use extension
AFF.
Exercise 2
Run the Volume-Variance Correction using the indirect lognormal method.
Then compare the results with affine correction. (Store back to CUBLK, run
statistics, use extension ILM.)
Exercise 3
Combine all histograms in one plot:
original data (plt402.cu)
hermite polynomials transformation (plt404.blk)
affine correction (plt402.aff), and
indirect lognormal method (plt402.ilm)
Page 1114 MineSight

Select Group Name = Adv Plotting/VBM
Procedure Desc. = Plot any USERF/DATAF - anyplt.dat
Plotting Panel Enter scale and x,y limits (plotting units, not project). Plotting files are
USERF. Use appropriate shift command.
MineSight

Volume Variance
Correction on
Model Data
Procedure Desc. = Volume-variance - pmodvc.dat
Panel 1 Select the File to Use
Enter benches 21-30.
Panel 2 Select Items to be Used
Select indirect lognormal correction option.
Page 1116 MineSight

Select Rock Type 1.
Panel 4 Volume-Variance Correction Parameters
Files Used RUN612.A
RPT612.LVC
MineSight

RPT612.LVC Summary of the results from Volume-Variance correction is displayed.
Exercise 1
Run stats on item CUKGG to look at the new distribution.
Exercise 2
Plot grade-tonnage curves of CUKRG and CUKGG items to compare the
original and corrected grade distributions.
Page 1118 MineSight

Section 12Indicator Kriging
MineSight

Section 12Indicator Kriging to Define Geologic Boundary above a
Cutoff
Prior to this section you should have the composite and 3-D model initialized
and loaded.
Learning Outcome
C How to calculate the indicator function (0 or 1) based on a grade cutoff
C How to calculate the probability of a block having a grade value above the
cutoff
C How to view the probabilities (from block model) in MineSight
IK
The basis of the technique is transforming the composite grades to a (0 or 1)
function. All composite grades above cutoff can be assigned a code of 1
whereas all the composites below can be assigned a code of 0. Then a
variogram can be formed from the indicators which can be used for Kriging the
indicators. The resulting Kriging estimate represents the probability of each
block having a grade value above the cutoff.
Assign Indicators
Select Group Name = COMPOSITES
Procedure Desc. = User-Calcs (comps) - p50801.dat
Panel 1 Labels of Composite Items to use
Use item altrx as the item to store the indicators.
Page 122 MineSight

Use RANGE for the calculation on rock type and cu grade.
Panel 3 Limits for Data Selection
MineSight

Panel 4 Special Project Calculations
Assign an initial code of 0 to item altrx.
Files Used RUN508.A
RPT508.LA
Program used M508RP
Repeat the procedure, but this time enter a range for cu from 0.3 to 99, and use
altrx =1.
Page 124 MineSight

Variogram of
Indicators
Select Group = COMPOSITES
Operation types = Calculation
Procedure Desc. = Variograms (comp)- p30302.dat
Panel 1 Experimental Variograms for 3-D Composites
Enter ALTRX as the item to use.
MineSight

Use both rock types.
Page 126 MineSight

Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Variograms
Files used RUN303.ALT
DAT303.ALT
RPT303.ALT
Programs used M303V2
Model the
Indicator
Variogram
Select Group = COMPOSITES
Procedure Desc. = Variogram Modeling - p30002.dat
Enter output from previous exercise.
MineSight

Pick the 3-D global variogram from the list and exit panel. Make a new model.
(nugget = .068, sill = .234, range = 370).
Files used RUN300.A
DAT303.ALT
Page 128 MineSight

Krige Indicators
Select Group = 3D DEPOSIT MODELING
Procedure Desc. = Ordinary Kriging - p62401.dat
Panel 1 Files and Model Specification Area
Panel 2 Krige Search Parameters
MineSight

Use composite item ALTRX to interpolate item CUIND.
Panel 4 Optional Input Parameters
Page 1210 MineSight

Use figures from previous exercise.
Leave the rest of the panels blank.
Files used RUN624.ALT
RPT624.ALT
MineSight

View Results in
MineSight
Create a view of item CUIND.

Set up intervals of 0 to 1 with an increment of 0.1. Black out all cutoffs except
0.5. What you will see is a probabilistic boundary of model values above 0.3.
Page 1212 MineSight

MineSight

Prior to this section, you must have the composite and 3-D model files
initialized and loaded. You must also have calculated the classical statistics
and the grade variograms of the composites.
Learning Outcome
C How to determine indicator cutoffs
C How to calculate indicator variograms
C How to model indicator variograms
C How to determine indicator class means
C How to assign indicators to composite data
C How to setup indicator variogram parameter files
C How to calculate affine correction
C How to do multiple indicator Kriging run
C How to calculate indicator Kriging reserves
M.I.K.
Multiple Indicator Kriging (M.I.K.) is a technique developed to overcome
the problems with estimating local recoverable reserves. The basis of the
technique is the indicator function which transforms the grades at each
sampled location into a [0,1] random variable. The indicator variograms of
these variables are estimated at various cutoff grades. The technique consists
of estimating the distribution of composite data. The distribution is then
corrected to account for the actual selective mining unit (SMU) size. This
yields the distribution of SMU grades within each block. From that
distribution, recoverable reserves within the block can be retrieved.
Accumulation of recoverable reserves for these blocks over a volume gives
the global recoverable reserves for that volume.
Uses of Indicators
Indicators can be used to:
C deal with outliers
C model multiple populations
C estimate categories (descriptive or qualitative variables)
C estimate distributions
C estimate confidence intervals
Page 132 MineSight

Incremental
Statistics
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (Composites) - p40201.dat
Panel 1 Composite Data Statistical Analysis
Enter CU as both the first and the second item. This is because we will use
an option in the second panel for not accumulating the intervals.
Enter a frequency interval of 0.02 and set the number of frequency intervals
to 100 (maximum). Here you need to check the option not to report the first
item and not to accumulate the intervals.
MineSight

Limit the data to Rock Types 1.
Panel 4 Coordinate Limits for Data Selection
Page 134 MineSight

The report file shows this
summary for each
indicator class.
Files Used RUN402.IK1 RPT402.IK1
DAT402.IK1 HIS402.IK1
PLT402.IK1 RUN122.FRQ
M122V1
MineSight

(From Viewer, click on X to Exit & go back to MPLOT Panel.)
Plot Reference
RUN122.FRQ
Page 136 MineSight

Determine M.I.K.
Cutoffs
Select Group Name = MIK
Procedure Desc. = MIK Cutoff Analysis - pikcut.dat
This procedure is used to analyze where the M.I.K. cutoffs should be for a
given grade distribution and the number of M.I.K. cutoffs specified. The
basis of analysis is the metal contained in each indicator class. It is possible
that the user may try this procedure several times until he or she is satisfied
with the results.
Panel 1 M.I.K. Cutoff Grade Determination
Enter the histogram file output from M402V1 for composites. This file must
have been generated using statistics within cutoff option. Enter 10 as the
number of M.I.K. cutoffs desired.
Files Used MIKCUT.INP MIKCUT.RPT MIKCUT.PAR
DAT402.IK1 MIKCUT.OUT
Programs Used MIKCUT
MineSight

The report file shows a summary of the statistics calculated at specified increments.
Page 138 MineSight

Statistics for
M.I.K.
Procedure Desc. = Statistics for IK p40202.dat
Enter Cu as the base assay for cutoffs.
Enter the indicator cutoffs.
MineSight

Select Rock Type 1 composites.
Panel 4 Coordinate Limits
Page 1310 MineSight

Files Used RUN402.MIK RPT402.MIK
DAT402.MIK HIS402.MIK
PLT402.MIK RUN122.FRQ
M122V1
MineSight

This report file (DAT402.MIK) summarizes the indicator class statistics
Page 1312 MineSight

Calculating
Indicator
Variograms
Procedures Desc = Indicator Variograms p30303.dat
Panel 1 Compute Indicator Variograms
Use Composite item CU to compute the variograms.
Specify the cutoffs at which indicator variograms are to be computed.
MineSight

Limit the data input to Rock Type 1 only.
Page 1314 MineSight

Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Composite Variograms
Compute 2 indicator variograms (2x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with
90 degree increments and a t vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50m
lag distance. There will be a set of indicator variograms for each of the 10
cutoffs. There will also be a set of variograms for the grade item. This is the
last set.
Files Used RUN303.B
RPT303.MIK
DAT303.MIK
MineSight

In the report file, a summary appears for each variogram calculated.
This is a 3-D omni-directional variogram for the first indicator cutoff (IND1).
Page 1316 MineSight

Modeling Indicator
Variograms
Procedures Desc. = Variogram Modeling p30002.dat
Program M300V1 will display on the screen a list of the 2 directional
variograms plus the 2-D Global variogram and the 3-D Global variogram for
each indicator. Click on 3-D Global on each of the 10 indicators and then on
Exit Panel.
MineSight

Variogram
Parameter File
Operations Type = Edit
Procedure Desc. = MIK Variogram Parameter File
pvgmik.dat
Panel 1 Output and Description File
Variogram parameters will be written to the output file specified. Affine
correction factor must be equal to or greater than 1.
Enter the parameters for the first cutoff.
Page 1318 MineSight

Variogram parameter file
VARIO.MIK setup
Note Continue to set up the variogram parameters for the other indicator cutoffs.
You can use the figures from the table.
MineSight

Multiple Indicator
Kriging
Procedure Desc. = Multiple Indicator Kriging p62402.dat
Panel 1 Select Files / Area
Panel 2 M24IK Search Parameters
Specify a 3-D search to find all composites within 400m horizontally and
50m vertically of a block. Use a maximum of 16 composites.
Page 1320 MineSight

Panel 3 MIK Interpolation Control Items
The program computes the grade and the percent of ore above the specified
cutoff for each block and stores them into the 3-D block model.
Panel 4 MIK Input Parameters
MIK variogram parameters file must be specified.
MineSight

Panel 6 Optional Search Parameters
Page 1322 MineSight

Kriging will be done in Rock Type 1 blocks only.
Files Used RUN624.IK0
RUN624.IK0
VARIO.MIK
Programs Used M624IK
MineSight

MIK Reserves
Select Group = MIK
Operations = Calculation
Procedure Desc. = Statistics (model) p60801.dat
Panel 1 3-D Model Data Statistical Analysis
Panel 2 Model Data Statistical Analysis
Since MIK computes ore percent in each block, a second weighting item is
necessary for MIK cutoffs greater than 0.
Page 1324 MineSight

Panel 3 Model Data Statistical Analysis
Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation. This is the Ktonnage/block
for our project.
MineSight

Panel 5 Mine Model Statistical Analysis
Calculate the statistics for the specified benches.
Files Used RUN608.IK0 RPT608.IK0
DAT608.IK0 HIS608.IK0
PLT608.IK0 RUN122.MFR
Page 1326 MineSight

This report file summarizes the MIK reserves.

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Procedure for creating variograms

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