Social Work Magazine, Vol-4 April Issue-2, 2014

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu
Vol. IV, No-2, April 2014
SAMAJAKARYADA
HEJJEGALU
SOCIAL WORK FOOT-PRINTS
SAMAJAKARYADA HEJJEGALU
SOCIAL WORK FOOT-PRINTS
Chief Advisor :
Dr. H.M. Marulasiddaiah
Rtd. Prof. Dept. of Social Work, Bangalore University
Editorial Advisory Board :

M.A. Boratti
Rtd. Principal, Basaveshwara College, Bangalore
Dr. T.S. Chandrashekara

Faculty & Consultant Psychiatric
Counsellor, Spandana Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore
Dr. C.R. Gopal

Asst. General Manager (Rtd), SMIORE, Bangalore
Dr. B.T. Lawani

Director, Yashwanth Rao Chavan
Institute of Social Science, Studies and Research, Pune
Dr. T.K. Nair

Director, Institute of Social Work & Research, Chennai
M.R. Sharma
Sr. Manager, Compact India, Bangalore
Dr. R. Shivappa
Head of the Dept. Social Work, Mysore University, Mysore
N.V. Vasudeva Sharma

Director, Child Rights Trust. Bangalore
Editor :
Ramesha M.H.
Samajakaryada Hejjegalu (Social Work Foot-prints)
Niratanka, No.244, 3rd Main Road, MPM Layout, Bangalore - 560 056.
Ph : 9980066890, Email: socialwork.niratanka@gmail.com
DTP :
Niruta Publications
Copyright : SAMAJAKARYADA HEJJEGALU

Contents
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4. Issues and Concerns of Women Street

Vendors in Karnataka
- 35
Shashidhar Channappa
Veena K.N
V.J. Byra Reddy
5. Important Ethical Issues in Publishing a

Scientific Paper
- 54
V. Kannappa Setty
6. Book Review-India Grows Old

K.Prabakar
- 61
Editorial
Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu (Social Work -Foot Prints) has been
enjoying excellent patronage from our subscribers and other readers
since its inception . It became a popular social work magazine across
the country among the academics,professionals ,students, and other
sections. At that point it was converted into a professional quarterly
journal in English while the magazine was bi-lingual. Being a
specialised academic and research journal, the large number of readers and well-wishers of the bi-lingual magazine experienced a vacuum
,and requested us to revert to the former bi-lingual mode. We respected
the popular wish of our readers, and decided that from the April 2014
issue onwards Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu would be a Kannada- English social work magazine, besides our other initiatives like the UGCNET support to aspiring candidates.
The English section of the April 2014 issue contains three significant articles. "Issues and Concerns of Women Street Vendors in
Karnataka " by Sashidhar Channappa ,Veena and Byra Reddy is a
good article with a sound empirical base. The findings are of importance to the hard-working self - employed women of Karnataka, policy
makers and committed non-governmental organisations. Kannappa
Setty's article " Important Ethical Issues in Publishing " is helpful to
research scholars, students and others interested in writing articles
and papers. A book review article on "Old Age in an Indifferent Society " published by Niruta Publications recently by K.Prabakar, CEO of
Appollo Knowledge, is specially beneficial to the senior citizens and
their families.
The bi-lingual Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu social work magazine
from the April 2014 issue will have a pleasing format and readerfriendly contents. The Editorial Team invites you to offer suggestions, to write articles, and to help popularise the magazine.
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33
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pp. 33-51
35
Issues and Concerns of Women Street

Vendors in Karnataka
Shashidhar Channappa1
Veena K.N2
V.J. Byra Reddy3
Abstract
Ever growing urban amalgamations attract people
from other geographic al regions as an attrac tive
employment destination. Most of these migrants lack skill
or education or both in securing a job in formal / organized
sector. Also, in densely populated cities, many inmates
face the problem of unemployment due to various
reasons. Some of these reasons encourage men and
women to take up vending on streets. Historically, street
vending has been a part of our culture and tradition.
During the time of Krishna Deva Raya, in Vijayanagar
Empire, street vending included selling of gold and silver
articles. In the recent times, street vending includes
selling of eatables, vegetables and fruits, toys, cloth,
woolen carpets and even electronic goods. Street vendors
form an integral part of our socio cultural and economic
life. Reports indicate that,street vendors constitute
approximately 2 per cent of the population of a metropolis
and they contribute significantly to economy. But, it is
difficult to get a precise measure of population of street
vendors and their contribution to economy.
36
Shashidhar Channappa, Veena K.N., V.J. Byra Reddy
In the present paper, the results of data gathered

through interaction with more than 100 women street
vendors across various localities of Bangalore is
presented to identify some of the Issues and concerns of
women street vendors. A high percentage of women in
the age group of 25 to 40 years with low education level
working for more than 8 hours a day have explained their
plights during the study. These women bear the brunt of
what is termed as illegal and arbitrary eviction of street
vendors as a very high percentage of women depend on
their earnings.
1. Introduction:
Street Vending has been an integral part of the tradition and
culture of India, ever since the civilization in India grew up to
the nascent trading. Hence, Street vending in India is as old as
the trade itself. In the past, given very less pressure of population
on the geographies, Street Vending was either considered part
of normal trade or was accepted as one of the ways of trading.
In the early 1900s with the beginning of the monetization of land
c oupled with inc reasing pressure of population on the
geographies; out of necessity, vendors spilled over to streets
and found many people watching them and waiting for them to
sell their articles. In the recent past, particularly in the last 40
years, Street Vendorsare being noticed as aberrations on the
Streets partic ularly with monetization of land at its
unprecedented peak and excessive pressures of population on
the geographies.
Now, these people Street Vendors form a formidable
population, variously called but generally grouped as belonging
to Informal Sector of the Economy.

37
2. Historical and recent debates on informal economy:

Street vendors in Mexico City; push-cart vendors in New York
city; rickshaw pullers in Calcutta; jitney drivers in Manila;
garbage collectors in Bogot; and roadside barbers in Durban.
Those who work on the streets or in the open air are visible
informal workers. Other informal workers are engaged in small
shops and workshops that repair bicycles and motorcycles;
recycle scrap metal; make furniture and metal parts; tan leather
and stitch shoes; weave, dye, and print cloth; polish diamonds
and other gems; make and embroider garments; sort and sell
cloth, paper, and metal waste; and more.
The least visible informal workers, the majority of them
women, work from their homes. Home-based workers are to be
found around the world. They include: garment workers in
Toronto; embroiderers on the island of Madeira; shoemakers in
Madrid; and assemblers of electronic parts in Leeds. Other
categories of work that tend to be informal in both developed
and developing countries include: casual workers in restaurants
and hotels; subcontracted janitors and security guards; day
labourers in construction and agriculture; piece-rate workers in
sweatshops; and temporary offic e helpers or off-site data
processors. Conditions of work and the level of earnings differ
markedly among those who scavenge on the streets for rags and
paper, those who produce garments on a subcontract from their
homes, those who sell goods on the streets, and those who
work as temporary data processors. Even within countries, the
informal economy is highly segmented by sector of the economy,
place of work, and status of employment and, within these
segments, by social group and gender. But those who work
informally have one thing in common: they lack legal and social
protection.
Over the years, the debate on the large and heterogeneous
38
informal economy has crystallized into four dominant schools

of thought regarding its nature and composition, as follows:
The Dualist school sees the informal sector of the economy
as comprising marginal activitiesdistinct from and not
related to the formal sectorthat provide income for the
poor and a safety net in times of crisis (Hart 1973; ILO
1972; Sethuraman 1976; Tokman 1978).
The Structuralist school sees the informal economy as
subordinated economic units (micro-enterprises) and
workers that serve to reduce input and labour costs and,
thereby, increase the competitiveness of large capitalist
firms (Moser 1978; Castells and Portes 1989).
The Legalist school sees the informal sector as comprised
of plucky micro-entrepreneurs who choose to operate
informally in order to avoid the costs, time and effort of
formal registration and who need property rights to convert
their assets into legally recognized assets (de Soto 1989,
2000).
The Voluntarist sc hool also foc uses on informal
entrepreneurs who deliberately seek to avoid regulations
and taxation but, unlike the legalist school, does not blame
the cumbersome registration procedures.
Each school of thought subscribes to a different causal
theory of what gives rise to the informal economy.
The Dualistsargue that informal operators are excluded
from modern economic opportunities due to imbalances
between the growth rates of the population and of modern
industrial employment, and a mismatch between peoples
skills and the structure of modern economic opportunities.
The Structuralists argue that the nature of capitalism/
capitalist growth drives informality: specifically, the
attempts by formal firms to reduce labour costs and

39
increase competitiveness and the reaction of formal firms

to the power of organized labour, state regulation of the
economy (notably, taxes and social legislation); to global
c ompetition; and to the proc ess of industrialization
(notably, off-shore industries, subcontracting chains, and
flexible specialization).
The Legalistsargue that a hostile legal system leads the
self-employed to operate informally with their own informal
extra-legal norms.
The Voluntaristsargue that informal operators choose to
operate informallyafter weighing the costsbenefits of
informality relative to formality.
The dominant schools of thought have different perspectives
on this topic, although some do not explicitly distinguish
between the two or adequately deal with both.
The Dualistssubscribe to the notion that informal units and
activities have few (if any) linkages to the formal economy
but, rather, operate as a distinct separate sector of the
economy and that the informal workforceassumed to
be largely self-employed comprise the less advantaged
sector of a dualistic or segmented labour market. They
pay relatively little attention to the links between informal
enterprises and government regulations. But they
recommend that governments should create more jobs and
provide credit and business development services to
informal operators, as well as basic infrastructure and
social services to their families.
The Structuralists see the informal and formal economies
as intrinsically linked. They see both informal enterprises
and informal wage workers as subordinated to the interests
of capitalist development, providing cheap goods and
services. They argue that governments should address the
40
unequal relationship between big business and

subordinated producers and workers by regulating both
commercial and employment relationships.
The Legalists focus on informal enterprises and the formal
regulatory environment to the relative neglect of informal
wage workers and the formal economy per se. But they
acknowledge that formal firms what de Soto calls
mercantilist interestscollude with government to set
the bureaucratic rules of the game (de Soto 1989). They
argue that governments should introduce simplified
bureaucratic procedures to encourage informal enterprises
to register and extend legal property rights for the assets
held by informal operators in order to unleash their
productive potential and convert their assets into real
capital.
The Voluntarists pay relatively little attention to the
economic linkages between informal enterprises and
formal firms but subscribe to the notion that informal
enterprises create unfair competition for formal enterprises
because they avoid formal regulations, taxes, and other
costs of production. They argue that informal enterprises
should be brought under the formal regulatory environment
in order to increase the tax base and reduce the unfair
competition to formal businesses.
3. Definition of Street Vendors:

Street vendors are identified as self-employed workers in the
informal sector who offer their labor to sell goods and services
on the street without having any permanent built-up structure
(National Policy on Urban Street Vendors [NPUSV], 2006, p. 11).
Various studies have already confirmed the fact that street
vendors comprise one of the most marginalized sections of the
urban poor. Street Vendors play a very dynamic role in the urban
economy, providing necessary items, which are largely both

41
durable and c ost-effec tive, to average inc ome-earning

households at cheap and affordable rates. In addition, they help
many small-scale industries to flourish by marketing the products
that they manufacture (Bhowmik, 2001; Tiwari, 2000). Thus, they
help to sustain the urban economy to a great extent in terms of
generation of employment and income, and provision of services
to others.
The policy document on street vendors documents.Street
vendor is defined as a person who offers goods and services
for sale to the public in a street without having a permanent builtup structure. There are three basic categories of street vendors:
a. Stationary; b. peripatetic and c. mobile, Stationary vendors
are those who carry out vending on a regular basis at a specific
location, e.g. those occupying space on the pavements or other
public places and/or private areas either open/covered [with
implicit or explicit consent] of the authorities. Peripatetic
vendors are those use who carry our vending on foot and sell
their goods and services and includes those who sell their goods
on pushcarts. Mobile street vendors are those who move from
place to place vending their goods or services on bicycle or
mobile units on wheels, whether motorized or not, they also
include vendors selling their wares in moving buses, local trains
etc.
4. Women Street Vendors in India:

Women also, for some reason, take to vending on streets.
The reasons could be Lack of education, financial need, Family
pressure or a combination of all these and many more. Being in
an unorganized sector, lack of policies, law and regulations lead
to certain difficulties during working. Women in particular, might
face a set of consequences during work.
Associations like National Association of Street Vendors of
India [NASVI] and other local NGOs work towards the protection
of street vendors livelihood. In 2010, the Supreme Court of India,
42
recognized street vending as a source of livelihood, and directed

the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation to work
out on a central legislation [policy], and a draft of the same was
unveiled to the public on November 11, 2011. The key point of
the draft bill were, protection of legitimate street vendors from
harassment by police and civic authorities, and demarcation of
vending zones on the basis of traditional natural markets,
proper representation of vendors and women in decision making
bodies, and establishment of effective grievance redressal and
dispute resolution mechanism.
In essence the policy on Street Vendors, was drafted to
address their issues and concerns.As several of the issues and
concerns this policy aims to address, have not been effectively
addressed, this paper intends to evaluate some of the very
important issues and concerns the policy on Street Vendors has
attempted to address. These issues and concerns have been
evaluated vis a vis the vending conditions faced by Women Street
Vendors as it was found on a preliminary investigation that women
street vendors are doubly disadvantaged; firstly, as they are
women and secondly they are street vendors. For this purpose
235 women street vendors, vending in 3 districts of Karnataka
were extensively surveyed using a well-structured questionnaire.
Before, the results of the survey are discussed, for better
understanding, it is intended that the focus of the policy on street
vendors be provided. The major issues and concerns that
policy on street vendors are provided in the following pages
after providing the definition of street vendors by the policy
document.
5. Provision of Civic Facilities :

Municipal Authorities need to provide basic civic facilities in
Vending Zones / Vendors Markets which would include:
i)
Provisions for solid waste disposal;
ii)
Public toilets to maintain cleanliness;

43
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts;

Provision for electricity;
Provision for drinking water;
Provision for protective covers to protect wares of street
vendors as well as themselves from heat, rain, dust etc;
vii) Storage facilities including cold storage for specific
goods like fish, meat and poultry;
and
viii) Parking areas.
The Vendors Markets should, to the extent possible, also
provide for crches, toilets and restrooms for female and male
members.
5.1 Public Health & Hygiene
Every street vendor shall pay due attention to public health
and hygiene in the vending zone/vendors market concerned
and the adjoining area. He/she shall keep a waste collection
basket in the place of vending. Further, he/she shall contribute
to/promote the collective disposal
5.2 Education & Skills Training
Street vendors, being micro entrepreneurs should be provided
with vocational education and training and entrepreneurial
development skills to upgrade their technical and business
potentials so as to increase their income levels as well as to
look for more remunerative alternatives.
5.3 Credit & Insurance
Credit is an important requirement in street vending, both to
sustain existing activity and to upscale it. Since vendors work
on a turnover basis, they often take recourse to high interest loans
from non-institutional lenders. Although they usually demonstrate
high re payment c apac ity, absenc e of c ollateral and firm
44
domiciliary status usually debars them from institutional credit.

State Governments and the Municipal Authorities should enable
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and organizations of street vendors to
access credit from banks through mechanism like SHG-Bank
Linkage. The TVC should disseminate information pertaining to
availability of credit from various sources, especially microfinance and should take steps to link street vendors with formal
credit structures. Street vendors should also be assisted in
obtaining insurance through Micro-insurance and other agencies.
With respect to credit, the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for
Small Industries (CGFSI), designed by the Ministry of Micro,
Small & Medium Enterprises, Government of India and the Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) may be extended
to the street vendors. This scheme aims at resolving the problem
of collaterals, and inducing banks to gradually move away from
a completely risk-averse stance toward small scale industries.
The registration process undertaken by the TVC based on
field surveys through professional institutions/agencies and the
domiciliary status confirmed by them on the Identity Card as
also in their records should make it possible to cover a large
number of street vendors under institutional credit.
6. Results of the Survey on Street Vendors in Karnataka:

In the bac kdrop of this polic y on Street Vendors and
particularly, its implicit expression on Women Street Vendors it
is intended to discuss the results of the survey carried out to
assess the issues and concerns of women street vendors in
Karnataka.
6.1 Discussion on the Demographic profile of the women
street vendor along with some of their basic issues and concerns:
A total of 235 women street vendors spread across three
districts of Karnataka viz., Bangalore, Bangalore Rural and

45
Shimoga were surveyed for their issues and Concerns in the

backdrop of the policy on Street Vendors by the Honorable
Supreme Court of India.
The tables provided as Annexures 1 and 2 provide data on
demographics of the surveyed population; it could be read from
the tables that 179[76.2%] of the women street vendors of the
total belong to Karnataka, 37[15.7%] of them belong to Tamil
nadu and 17[7.2%] others belong to Andra Pradesh, Whereas 2
out of these 235 women street vendors belong to other states of
India. One interesting aspect that could be noted from this data
is that almost 23% of these vendors are from Tamil nadu and
Andhra Pradesh, who are part of the larger migrated populations
from these states into Karnataka. The age profile of the
respondents show that 81.7% of the respondents are in the age
group of 25 to 50 years, further this data shows a progressive
decline of the number of street vendors as the age advances, a
possible indicator that street vending is a job capable for the
people of the lower ages and not so for those who are older.
The education profiles of the respondents show that out of the
235 street vendors, 177[75.2%] of them has education equivalent
or lower than the 7th standard and the rest of the 28 of them have
education up to matriculation; none of the street vendors
surveyed had education above matriculation; a possible inference
is that people in the informal sec tor with educ ational
qualification above matriculation would not take to street vending
and may take up other better employment within this sector.
The family size of the respondents is surprisingly lower than
what is normally expected of the lower income families; with
almost 62% of the women street vendors living in family size up
to 4 and up to 96% of them living in family size up to 7. One
possible attribute to such lower size of the families is that the
street vendors surveyed for this study are from slightly better off
districts of Karnataka including the capital itself. The data on
46
the number of earning members in the family indicate that about

55 of the surveyed 235 women street vendors are the sole bread
winners of the family as against the popular belief that men are
the bread winners of the family; the reason for these women to
take up street vending is to earn a source of livelihood for the
family. Another 150 women street vendor are accompanied by
another earning member in the family; the very fact that in spite
of another earning member of the family these women have taken
to vending in the streets indicate that the quantum of earning of
the other earning member needs supplement and /or the other
family member has taken to another occupation that supplements
the income of the women street vendor.
The annexure-2 of this paper provides data on other
demographics and Descriptives about a few of the important
variables considered for the study in the backdrop of the policy
on street vendors. From the data on the duration work, a very
disturbing trend could be noted; that number of women street
vendors who have been vending for more than 10 years is
71[30.2%] and the number of women who have been vending in
the streets for 5 to 10 years is 51[21.7%] whereas the women
who have been vending in the streets for less than two years is
77[32.8%]. If one observes this trend in the table, it is quite clear
that these 77 women who have got into vending for the last 2
years are the addition to the existing women street vendors, hence
this clearly indicates that the number of women who have taken
to street vending is higher in proportion to those who were
existing in last 10 years or more. Or this data might actually be
indicating that though higher number of women take to street
vending they may not continue to do so; if this is true, the reasons
for this would be well worth knowing. As regard the duration of
time that these women vend in the streets; an interesting
phenomena such as 65[27.8%] of the total of 235 women street
vendors vend for 6 hours or less in a day; making vending almost

47
a part-time employment. On the other side of the spectrum; the

toil of street vending expressed in terms of 66[28.1%] of the 235
women street vendors vending for more than 10 hours in a day.
The rest of the women street vendors that is, 104[44.3%] of them
vend for anywhere between 6-10 hours in a day. The frequency
with which these women street vendors need to replenish their
stocks vary from Daily, Weekly and Monthly; while most of the
women, 174[74.0%] out of the total 235 replenish their stocks
daily, inferring that they deal with perishable goods, 52[22.1%]
replenish their stocks on a weekly basis, whereas another 9[3.8%]
women replenish their stocks monthly. So far these women doing
another additional job to street vending is concerned; 214[91.5%]
of the women street vendors out of the total 235 do not do another
additional job, but exclusively engage themselves in Street
vending, whereas 20[8.5%] of these, do an additional job to Street
vending to supplement their incomes. One among the important
provisions for these street vendors in the policy on Street vendors
is the provision of public toilet for them; as regards this provision,
in the survey it was asked whether they have access to a public
toilet nearby, if not an exclusive access to the same; 56[24.7%]
of these women reported that they do have
access to some kind of public toilet facility, whereas a the
majority of 179[76.2%] of them reported as having no access to
the public toilet facility near the place of vending.
6.2 Additional following-up discussion based on the results
on major issues and concerns of the women street vendors:
The data from these 235 women street vendors across the
four districts of Karnataka was subjected to simple statistical
test of cross tabulation to further understand their issues and
concerns with particular reference to the policy on Street vending
by the honorable Supreme Court.
48
Table 1: Cross tabulation between the Place of Vending and

Member of any Organisation
Member of any
Organisation
Variables
Ye s
No
Total
Place of Bangalore
Count
9
36
45
Vending South
% of Total 3.8%
15.3% 19.1%
Bangalore
Count
5
53
58
North
% of Total 2.1%
22.6% 24.7%
Shimoga
Count
30
39
69
District
% of Total 12.8% 16.6% 29.4%
Nelamangala Count
1
62
63
% of Total .4%
26.4% 26.8%
Total
Count
45
190
235
% of Total 19.1% 80.9% 100.0%
The first of the cross tabulations to which the data was
subjected was to evaluate if the place of vending has any bearing
on these women street vendors being members of any of the
street vending organisations. Table 1 representing this cross
tabulation clearly shows that 190[80.9%] of these women are
not members of any of the organisations representing the street
vendors; whereas 45[19.1%] of them are members of one of the
organisations representing the street vendors.
Analyzing the data in the table further, indicates that among
the four districts, in the district, Shimoga the women street vendors
are far more organized than the remaining 3 districts; with about
45% of the women street vendors affiliating with one or the other
organisations that represents them. It is rather surprising to
find that the women street vendors from the capital Bangalore
are not as organized as those of the district- Shimoga.
The Pearson Chi-Square value of this cross tabulation 43.101at
3 degrees of freedom is significant at 5% level of significance
with p-value =0.000

49
Table 2: Cross tabulation between Member of any

Organisation and Awareness of Right to Roadside Vending
Aware of Right to
Roadside Vending
Variable
Ye s
No
Total
Member of
Ye s Count
14
31
45
any
% of Total
6.0%
13.2% 19.1%
Organisation
No Count
32
158
190
% of Total
13.6% 67.2% 80.9%
Total
Count
46
189
235
% of Total
19.6% 80.4% 100.0%
Further, it was intended to see if being members of any of the
organisations help these women street vendors to be aware of
their right to roadside vending. The table 2 shows the cross
tabulation between the membership with the any of the street
vendors organisations with that of the awareness to roadside
vending. The table clearly shows that general awareness about
roadside vending is abysmally low among the total of 235
surveyed women street vendors with as many as 189[80.4%] not
being aware of their right to roadside vending while only
45[19.1%] of them being aware of this right.
When this data is further analyzed, it is found that though the
awareness of their right to vend at the roadside is low among
both members of the organisations and non-members; about 30%
of the members of street vending organisations are aware of
this right whereas the same awareness among the non-members
is about 17%. Such analysis lends to the thesis that being members
of the street vendors Organisation help them on this awareness.
The Pearson Chi-Square value for the cross tabulation between
the membership with the any of the street vendors organisations
with that of the awareness to roadside vending is 4.705 at 1
degrees of freedom and the same is significant at 5% level of
significance with p-value =0.030
50
Table 3: Cross tabulation between Place of Vending and

provision of Public toilet facility
Public toilet
facility
Variable
Ye s
No
Total
Place of Bangalore
Count
23
22
45
Vending South
% of Total 9.8%
9.4%
19.1%
Bangalore
Count
10
48
58
North
% of Total 4.3%
20.4% 24.7%
Shimoga
Count
21
48
69
District
% of Total 8.9%
20.4% 29.4%
Nelamangala Count
2
61
63
% of Total .9%
26.0% 26.8%
Total
Count
56
179
235
% of Total 23.8% 76.2% 100.0%
Besides awareness of road side vending and membership
among street vendors organisations; the data among the street
vendors from these four districts of Karnataka was cross tabulated
for understanding the access to public toilets to these women
with the place of vending. Table 3 shows the cross tabulation
between access to public toilets to these women with the place
of vending. On the lines of Descriptives observed with reference
to the provision of public toilet facility to the women street
vendors the cross tabulation in table 3 clear shows that 179[76.2%]
of these women from all the four districts do not have access to
public toilet facility; the Pearson Chi-Square value for cross
tabulation between access to public toilets to these women with
the place of vending is 36.305at 3 degrees of freedom and the
same is significant at 5% level of significance with p-value
=0.000
7. Conclusions:
It is quite evident from the analysis above that these women
street vendors still face a lot of issues and concerns particularly
with respect to; working hours, public toilet facility, awareness

51
about organisations that work for them and partic ularly

membership to these organisations and about their rights on street
vending. Further from the foregoing discussion it could be
concluded that these women are generally illiterate and take to
street vending mostly to supplement and /or compliment incomes
for livelihood of their families. Some of them [as many as over
20% of these] are the single workers in the family and street
vending is the means for them to subsist their families and also
that they are the breadwinners of the family. Quit a few of these
women[as many as 8%] do take up additional employment as
street vending alone does not provide enough incomes to take
care of their families requirements.
The most important conclusion that could be derived from
this study is that the policy on street vending is a non-starter in
making lives of the street vendors a little comfortable than
however cruel-some it is now as it has been for many years.
Particularly women street vendors are doubly disadvantaged as
it is natural for them to not only earn livelihood for their families
but also rear their families to a meaningful existence.
References:
1. Bhowmik, Sharit, K. 2001. Hawkers in the Urban Informal Sector: A
Study of Street Vendors in Seven Cities. Patna, India: NASVI.
2. Bromley, Ray. 2000. Street Vending and Public Policy: A Global
Review. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , Vol.
20, No. 1, pp. 17.
3. Chen, Martha Alter. 2004. Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages
with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment.EGDIWIDER Conference, September 17-18, Helsinki, Finland.
4. Chowdhury, Subhanil. 2011. Employment in India: What Does the
Latest Data Show? Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. XLVI, No.
32 (August 6), pp. 23-26.
5. McKinsey Global Institute. 2010. Indias Urban Awakening: Building
Inclusive Cities, Sustaining Economic Growth.
6. Krishnamurthy, J. and G. Raveendran. 2009. Measures of Labour Force
Participation and Utilization. New Delhi: National Commission for
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector.
52
Annexure 1: Demographics of the Surveyed population

Variables
Descriptors
Bangalore North
Location of Bangalore South
Vending
Shimoga/Shikaripura
Nelamangala
Total
Native State Karnataka
Tamilnadu
Andra Pradesh
others
Total
Age [Years] 18 to 25
25 to 32
32 to 40
40 to 50
50 and above
Total
Education
Illiterate
Up to 7th standard
Metric/up to 10th
standard
Total
Number of Up to 2
individuals 3 to 4
in family
5 to 7
More than 7
Total
Number of Me alone
earning
2
members
3
in family
More than 3
Total
Frequency
45
58
69
63
235
179
37
17
2
235
6
65
71
56
37
235
98
79
58
Percent
19.1
24.7
29.4
26.8
100.0
76.2
15.7
7.2
.9
100.0
2.6
27.7
30.2
23.8
15.7
100.0
41.7
33.6
24.7
235
23
122
79
11
235
55
150
29
1
235
100.0
9.8
51.9
33.6
4.7
100.0
23.4
63.8
12.3
.4
100.0

53
Annexure 2: Demographics and Descriptives on few

important variable of the Surveyed population
Variables
Duration of present
work [years]
Descriptors
Less than 2
2 to 5
5 to 10
More than 10
Total
Working hours
Up to 3
per day
3 to 6
6 to 10
More than 10
Total
Frequency of
Daily
replenishment
Weekly
Monthly
Total
Storage place for
House
remaining goods
Place of
business
Total
Doing additional job Ye s
No
Total
Public toilet facility
Ye s
No
Total
Frequency
36
77
51
71
235
10
55
104
66
235
174
52
9
235
162
73
Percent
15.3
32.8
21.7
30.2
100.0
4.3
23.4
44.3
28.1
100.0
74.0
22.1
3.8
100.0
68.9
31.1
235
20
215
235
56
179
235
100.0
8.5
91.5
100.0
23.8
76.2
100.0
1. Prof. Shashidhar Channappa- Head, Department of Social work, The Oxford

College of Arts, Bangalore.
2. Dr.Veena K.N Associate Professor, Indus Business Academy, Bangalore.
3. Dr. V.J.Byra Reddy Professor, University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun.
54
V. Kannappa Setty
Important Ethical Issues in Publishing a

Scientific Paper
V. Kannappa Setty*
Abstract:
The word ethics means to rules of conduct, norms
of behaviour, and theories of moral philosophy used for
examining, guiding or understanding moral Issues.
Researchers are more responsible for conducting their
research work ethically and in agreement with the
approved protocol. There are many ethical issues which
are important to all types of researcher. Each one is briefly
mentioned in the article.
Introduction:
Objective of the present paper is to provide brief note on
important ethical issues in publishing a scientific paper.
Scientific paper means a paper is an organized description of
hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to educate the reader.
If your research does not generate papers, it is just like not having
done the study [1]. Some of the important issues of ethics in
publishing a scientific paper are discussed below.
Authorship Issues:
Authorship issues always surface in all professions. Even if
people are exposed to publication process, they are expected
to have observed such situations with colleagues. Many Issues

55
tend to take place when writing a manuscript with several authors.

Authorship disagreements can lead to embarrassment, anger,
hostility, unpleasantness, broken down relationship and finally,
can harm careers. [2,3] .
Major Author Responsibilities:

Everyone must estimate some responsibility for accurateness
of their written material, but level of responsibility is reasonable.
Some of the general rules for preparation and submission of
manuscripts are listed below [4]:
Make sure that the authors research work is reliable

All Authors must be aware about the submission and agree
with the content
Should agree for the examination of their manuscript by

anonymous reviewers.
Provide copies of related work submitted or published

elsewhere
Obtain copyright permission if figures, tables or graphs

need to be reproduced
Include proper affiliation etc...

Authorship of the Paper:
Authorship must be limited to those who have made a
considerable contribution in the reported research work. The
people, who have participated in certain substantive aspects of
the research study, must be acknowledged. The corresponding
authors have to make sure that all appropriate co-authors and
no inappropriate co-authors are incorporated in the research
paper designed for publish. All co-authors are required to have
made sure and standardise the final version of the research paper
and have approved for its submission for publication [5].
56
V. Kannappa Setty
Potential Causes of Authorship Issues:

Two common causes of authorship problems which occur
are failure to reach the agreement at the commencement of the
project and discussions that are unclear and undocumented.
Another cause relates to the contribution of authors either to the
paper itself or to the entire project over time. If an apprentice
writer, make assumptions about whether authorship is deserve.
As a result, author may be either omitted or be included when
he do not meet the authorship criteria. He also thinks that
inclusion of well-connected people may improve the reliability
of his work. He also may feel that he should take an account of
teachers who mentored him. Finally, in a long-term project, he
or other authors height of activity or contributions may get
modified [6 ].
Research Misconduct:
Research misconduct means Fabrication, Falsification and
Plagiarism (FFP) in reviewing the research [7,4].
Fabrication is making up data and reporting them.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, processes,
or changing data
Plagiarism means the stealing of another persons ideas,
processes, and results without giving appropriate credit.
Plagiarism:
Plagiarism is a major violation of truthfulness and involves
theft of intellectual property [8, 19]. As we start writing for
publication, should be careful to keep away from plagiarism, it
may not be an intentional act but an error. The responsibility for
plagiarism lies ultimately with the writer. The important thing is,
each manuscript should be copyrighted when it get published
[9, 15]. Majority of editors and reviewers would argue that selfplagiarism is immoral. However, he can copy his material if he
owns the copyrights [10].

57
Some of commonly asked questions related to plagiarism

include [11].
Should all levels of plagiarism, ranging from paraphrasing
without any citation about copying verbatim, be treated
the same?
What due course of action is needed to validate plagiarism?
Should the intentional plagiarist be treated differently than
the unintentional plagiarist?
With regard to the all above mentioned questions, we can
find out exact answers from expert authors. Following are the
recommendations which help to avoid plagiarism [12].
Use of quotation marks around the words taken from a
verbatim source.
Use ellipses (a space and three periods) for a part of the
quotation omitted.
Use brackets around added words.
Attempt to paraphrase the information, or summarize the
information derived from a variety of sources using ones
own words etc...
Fundamental errors in published works:

When an author discovers important mistakes in his/her own
published work, it is the authors responsibility to promptly inform
the journal editor and cooperate with the editor to correct the
research paper. If the publisher learns from a third party that a
published research work contains a major error, it is the obligation
of the writer of the paper to promptly correct the paper [13].
Duplicate Publication:
Duplic ate public ation involves publishing the same
information, in the similar layout, in more than one journal,
Internet, or any other form of resources [6].
All the authors need to be practiced of one submission (single
submission of single manuscript to one journal at a time and no
58
V. Kannappa Setty
resubmission to another journal until a written rejection has been

received from that particular journal) which is essential to guard
the writer and publisher.
The Editors must have exclusive rights to the manuscript. The
principle of one submission does not remove consideration for
publication of any writing paper previously rejected by another
journal. The main accountability for preventing duplicate of
publication remains with the author. The Following lists of
prominent criteria which are necessary to consider the article
as duplicate [14] are
Identical content
Highly similar articles with minimal modifications
Several articles when one is enough
Sequential articles about the development of work
Similar articles for various disciplines
Ramifications:
Majority of the time multiple ramifications result from
duplic ate submissions and public ations, ranging from
consumption of valuable resources to further encouraging the
publish [15]. Rarely, editors will say yes to duplicate publications
under certain conditions, including agreement by editors of both
journals, a subsequent version that precisely reflects the first
article in the second article informing the reader of the primary
paper [16].
Data Manipulation:
Few researchers who manipulate their data in ways that
mislead others are violating both the basic values and broadly
accepted professional standards of science and always fail to
fulfil all three obligations. (Misleading data can also take place
from poor experimental design or careless assessments as well
as from inappropriate manipulation) [17].

59
Acknowledgement of Source:
The most important thing in paper writing are, author or
researcher must give proper acknowledgment for the work of
others. Writer must cite publications that have been significant
in determining the nature of the reported researc h work.
Information obtained privately, through c onversation,
correspondence should not be reported without consent [18].
Conclusion:
As researchers, everyone needs to uphold high standards of
scholarly work and stress the significance of integrity in spreading
the knowledge. Intellectual work must be conducted responsibly
and ethically. Researchers must always keep in mind to carry
own things rather than others.
References:
1. Whitesides, G .A. M., 2004, http://www.ee.ucr.edu/~rlake/
Whitesides_writing_res_paper.pdf
2. King, C.R., McGuire, D.B., Longman, A.J., & Carroll-Johnson, R.M.
(1997). Peer review, authorship, ethics, and conflict of interest.
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29, 163 167.
3. Fain, J.A. (1997). Maintaining scientific integrity in publications
[Editorial]. Diabetes Educator, 23(3), 232.
4. On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research; 2009,
National Academy Press, Wash. D.C.
5. Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A Guidance
Document for Editors, 2000, Office of Research Integrity, Office
of Public Health and Science, U.S
6. Berk, R.N. (1991). Is plagiarism ever insignificant?American Journal
of Roentgenology, 157, 614.
7. Ethics in Publishing, www.arvo.org/eweb/arvo/pdf/EthicsPoster.pdf
8. Malone, R.E. (1998). Ethical issues in publication of research.Journal
of Emergency Nursing, 24, 281-283.
9. Blancett, S.S. (1993). Who is entitled to authorship? [Editorial].Journal
of Nursing Administration, 23(1), 3.
10. King, C.R., McGuire, D.B., Longman, A.J., & Carroll-Johnson, R.M.
(1997). Peer review, authorship, ethics, and conflict of interest.
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29, 163-167.
60
V. Kannappa Setty
11. Rogers, B. (1993). Using the words and works of others. A

commentary.AAOHN Journal, 41(1), 46-49.
12. Sly, R.M. (1997). Ethical writing and responsible me dic al
practice.Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 79, 489-494.
13. Copp, L.A. (1993). Ethics and scholarly writing. Journal of
Professional Nursing, 9, 67-68
14. Yarbro, C.H. (1995). Duplicate publication: Guidelines for nurse
authors and, editors.Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(1),
57.
15. Blancett, S.S., Flanagin, A., & Young, R.L. (1995). Duplicate
publication in the nursing literature.Image: Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 27(1), 51-56
16. Guidelines of The Optical Society (OSA) Concerning Ethical
Practice s in the Publication of Rese arc h, http://
www.opticsinfobase.org/submit/review/ethical_guidelines.pdf
17. Ethics in Publishing, www.arvo.org/eweb/arvo/pdf/EthicsPoster.pdf
18. Chris Graf et al ., Best Practice Guidelines on Publication Ethics: a
Publishers Perspective,international journal of clinical practice, 2007,
61 (Suppl. 152), 126
19. Publishing Ethic s Elsevier,
http://www.elsevier.com/
framework_products/ promis_misc/ethicalguidelinesforauthors.pdf
*
V. Kannappa Setty, Ph.D Scholar and psychiatric social worker Adult

psychiatry, Unit-5 Psychiatric social work department, National Institute
of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru - 560029.

61
pp. 59-65
Book Review
India Grows Old

K.Prabakar
Old Age in an Indifferent Society

T.K.Nair (Ed.)
Niruta Publications,
Bangalore, 2013
146 Pages; Price Rs. 200/The declining fertility and mortality rates and the increasing
life expectancy at birth as well as at older ages lead to increase
in the global population of persons aged 60 years and above.
The 60+ population in India was more than 100 million in 2012
and that is estimated to be more than 323 million in 2050. As a
proportion, one in five Indians will be 60 or over in 2050. Further,
44 million people are estimated to be in their eighties. The
phenomenal increase in the number and proportion of elderly
people will pose serious social, economic, health care, political
and other challenges to the central and state governments as
well as to the Indian Society at large. In this book, edited by the
well-known social gerontologist Prof.T.K.Nair, the twelve articles
examine some of the issues concerning the Indian elderly in
depth. More specifically the definition of old age, situation of
older people in the villages, abuse and neglect of the elderly,
the health care challenges and the role of traditional Indian
medicine, life satisfaction in old age, national policy on senior
c itizens, soc ial sec urity, elder c are legislation, researc h
priorities in the field of ageing, elder care services in India, two
models of community - based services for the elderly, and
62
Dr. K. Prabakar
indifferent attitude of society towards old age are analysed in

the articles.
The c onc ept of old age is explained from different
perspectives by Prof.Nair. He says Old age is a relative concept
which varies from soc iety to soc iety. De pending on the
expectation of life, the definition of old age is found to vary
from about 40 in some developing countries to 70 and beyond in
some developed countries. Ayurveda, the traditional system
of Indian medicine, divides human life span into ten stages and
categorizes the aging persons into two broad groups: Vriddha
(60 to 80 years) and Jaratha (above 80 years). In ancient China,
the calendar year was named with the combination of two sets
of Chinese characters one consisted of twelve characters and
the other five characters. Therefore, on becoming sixty-one years
old, the name of that year becomes same as that of the year of
birth. Hence the sixty-first year after birth is called Kanreki (return
of the calendar) which is often regarded as the beginning of old
age or second childhood.
Dr.Nair refers to an integrated concept of age proposed by
Psychologist James Birren. He differentiates the concepts of
biological, psychological and social age. Biological age refers
to the position of an organism with respect to its remaining
potential longevity. Psychological age refers to an organisms
level of adaptability, that is, the state of those capacities which
permit the individual to adapt to external and internal
environmental demands. Social age is the individuals position
in expected age-graded social roles and social habits. A persons
functional age is viewed as a composite index of his/her
potential biological, psychological and social capacities.
Dr.Nair concludes that old age defies any specific definition.
It is not a mere statistical categorization or fact. The social
definition of old age depends on the norms of a particular society.

63
Aging and being an older person are essentially social and

cultural phenomena.
The first research study on the elderly in India, perhaps, was
that of Dr.H.M.Marulasiddaiah. Old People of Makunti,
published in 1969, was based on a village study conducted five
decades ago by him. The declining authority of the aged was
empirically observed in the village. Professor K.Visweswara
Raos article on the rural elderly in India analyses the situation
of the older people in Indian villages. He also reviews the
relevant policies and programmes.
Professor Devi Prasads artic le Str uggle for Survival:
Narratives of Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly in Indian
Families presents heartrending case studies of the elderly who
are victims of abuse and neglect. Dr.Devi Prasad says that studies
have indicated that more than 95 percent of the abuse of elderly
take place at home. A majority of the elderly live with their
spouses, children, and grand children, and other relatives. That
is why son, daughter-in-law, spouse and the daughter are
frequently reported to be the abusers. While the typical profile
of an elderly victim of abuse, whatever be the form of abuse, is
found to be a woman, widowed, of advanced age, poor and
assetless; a typical abuser is middle aged, a principal caregiver,
and usually the offspring of the older person.
The case studies presented by Dr.Devi Prasad reveal different
angles of the abuse of the elderly. One angle is that the patterns
of elder abuse and neglect reflect and reinforce the prevailing
negative stereotypes toward the elderly and their roles in society.
The other angle is how we are constructing and explaining the
phenomenon of maltreatment of the elderly in the larger context
of socio-economic realities.
In the article Research Priorities in the Field of Ageing,
Dr.Siva Raju says the research on ageing in India was primarily
focused on socio-economic and demographic profiles, living
64
Dr. K. Prabakar
arrangements, problems of and services to the aged, interpersonal

relationships especially of the urban elderly. A combination of
qualitative and quantitative approaches are required for a more
comprehensive understanding of ageing issues. Also wide
variation in levels of development and socio-economic status
of people living in different geographical regions make national
level studies on elderly essential. Analysis of both secondary
and primary data needs to be attempted, wherever necessary,
which in turn will help to focus on ageing issues, both at macro
and micro levels.
According to WHO (2002) between 60-80% of the population
in developing countries and a growing percentage in developed
countries continue to avail services of traditional medical
systems. In the article Ageing Population in India: the Health
System Role of Traditional Medicine, Dr.P.M.UnniKrishnan of
UN University observes that the approach to universal health
c overage and health system development in India is
predominantly based on modern medical approach. In the
National Health Mission programmes traditional medicine is
integrated marginally and mainly in the form of dispensable
medicines and not as a holistic health care approach. Why are
Ayurveda and other traditional medical systems not called for
to address the health-care challenges of the elderly? There is a
lot that these can offer in terms of preventive care, healthy
lifestyles, early detection of likely manifestation through
methods such as prakriti analysis, treatment methods such as
panchakarma particularly in the case of chronic, debilitating
conditions.
K.N.Ajith presents a case study of CEWA, the first communitybased elder care project, while Dr.Kalpana Sampaths case
study is on a health care initiative, NMT. At a time when home
for the aged was the form of elder care service for the elderly
in India., Centre for the Welfare of the Aged (CEWA), formed in
1979, pioneered community-based elder care services in India.

65
CEWAs Convictions:
The best place for the wellbeing of the elderly is the
family.
Services to the elderly should be provided where they live

or as near as possible.
Elderly are resources of the community. Their talents and
resources are unlimited whic h should be identified,
recognized, developed and utilised.
The elderly themselves will be able to manage
programmes for their wellbeing with proper
enc ouragement from soc ial welfare personnel as
facilitators and with necessary financial support.
The Chairman of the Tamilnadu Social Welfare Advisory
Board, who led a Committee of the Centre Social Welfare
Board in January 1985, made the following observations:
The members very much appreciated the day centres
run by CEWA. They wanted to run such centres all over
the country and I am very happy that this programme of
yours is very much appreciated.
Nightingales Medical Trust (NMT) is a voluntary organization
working for the well-being of the elderly in and around Bangalore
through various innovative, family-based support systems for the
senior citizens of different socio-economic groups. Some of
Nightingaless projec ts have emerged as models and are
replicated in other parts of the country, NMTs Centre for
Alzheimers has a team of psychiatrists, physiotherapists and
psychologists who take care of the elders along with educating
the family on the support required from them while dealing with
Dementia or Alzheimers patients. NMT also provides short term
or respite care for the family having dementia person with them.
This service is a boon for the family members when they have to
go out of station or just want a break from caring for a short
period.
66
Dr. K. Prabakar
Prof.Nair examines in detail the schemes and laws initiated

by the government in the article The State and the Elderly.
He also analyses the Elder Care Services in India in another
article. The Government of India formulated the National Policy
on Older Persons in 1999 giving rise to hopes to millions of elderly
in the country. But it remained almost a paper policy. So a revised
one called the National Policy on Senior Citizens was framed in
March 2011. But that policy is not yet notified by the government.
The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens
Act was a major legislation. But its implementation is far from
satisfactory. The National Programme for Health Care of Elderly
(NPHCE) in India, launched in 2010, to be introduced in 100
districts in 21 states has not been put in place. In the developed
nations, economic development preceded populations ageing.
But in India the reverse trend has been seen. The government
does not appear to be serious about the implications of this
demographic shift.
Life Satisfaction in Old Age has been assessed by Dr.Nair
based on a field study in Chennai City and in two nearby villages.
The mean life satisfaction score of the elderly studied is low,
that is, 7.89 while the range of the life satisfaction scores is from
0 to 18. Life satisfaction score of the urban elderly is double that
of the rural elderly. Life satisfaction is found to be associated
with health status, economic condition and belief in re-birth.
In the concluding article Old Age in an Indifferent Society,
Dr.Nair discusses Indian familys changing role in caring for the
elderly, issues relating to income security, age-ism, apathy
of governments, and the growing indifference in Indian society
towards the older people. The pejorative image of a person
who is old simply because of his or her age is seen as a growing
phenomenon in India too. Older persons are portrayed as sick,
helpless and useless in television programmes in India. All over
the world there is a growing demand for a state-funded, universal,

67
non-means-related non-contributing pension scheme for the

elderly. Dr.Nair advocates for a universal pension of Rs.2, 000
per month which should be indexed to inflation. On the whole,
the book Old Age in an Indifferent Society is a very good
contribution to the field of ageing.
Dr. K. Prabakar
CEO, Apollo Knowledge
Inviting NGO details

Please send your NGOs details to update
in the forthcoming 2nd edition of
'Karnataka NGOs Directory' (1st impression 2011, pages 366), by Niruta publications.
AiA AU iw PrAi 2Ai

zt gvgUwz. zAiir v
AAi iwAi PPr.
Niratanka, #244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra
Road, MPM Layout, Mallathahalli,
Bangalore-560056
Ph : 080-23212309, 9980066890
e-mail : nirutapublications@gmail.com
socialwork.niratanka@gmail.com
Visit : http://trainingniratanka.blogspot.in
70
STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER

PARTICULARS ABOUT NEWSPAPER
FORM IV
1. Place of Publication
2. Periodicity of its publication
3. Printers Name
Nationality
Address
:
:
:
:
:
4. Publishers Name
Nationality
Address
:
:
:
5. Editors Name
Nationality
Address
:
:
:
6. Name and address of

individual who own the
newspaper and partners
and shareholders holding
more than one percent of
the total capital
Bangalore
Monthly
Ramesha M.H.
Indian
Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra
Bangalore-560056
Ramesha M.H.
Indian
Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main, Poornachandra
Bangalore-560056
Ramesha M.H.
Indian
Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main,Poornachandra
Bangalore-560056
Ramesha M.H.
Niruta, No. 244, 3rd Main,Poornachandra
Bangalore-560056
I, Ramesha M.H., hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the
best of my knowledge and belief.
Date :
Sd/Ramesha M.H.
Publisher
74
Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu (SKH)

Social Work Foot-prints
A bi-lingual (kannada English) Social Work Magazine
published 4 times a year: January, April, July and October.
Founded in 2,000 by M.H.Ramesha, a social work and human
resources professional, SKHs primary focus is to popularize
social work and social development issues among social
workers, soc ial work educators, soc ial development
professionals, students and the Kannada-speaking people.
Guidelines for Authors

Basic Requirements
Title of the article should be relevant to the objectives
of SKH.
An abstract of about 100 words.
Length of article upto 2,000 words.
References to be as per SKH style.
If an article does not meet these requirements, the article
will be rejected.
Declaration
Each article should be accompanied by a declaration by
the author(s) that:
He/she is the author of the article.
The article is original
The article has not been published, and has not been sent
for publication elsewhere.
A copy of permission from the copyright holder, if the
author has copied more than 500 words or tables or figures
from a published work.

75
Article Submission
The article should be submitted as soft copy, and hard
copy in duplicate
Hard copy should be typed in double space on one side
of A4 paper
The title page of the article should include the title and
the name of the author (without Dr, Mr, Ms, etc.) Then the
abstract should be typed in small font.
Authors degrees and other details should be at the end of
the article.
Communication regarding articles should be sent to
ramesha.mh@gmail.com, nirutapublications@gmail.com
Copyright
Once the article is accepted, the copy right of the article
will be owned by SKH magazine. It should not be reproduced
elsewhere without the written permission of the Editor, SKH
Magazine.
References
Citation in the text briefly identifies the source. The last name
of the author and the year of publication are cited in the text.
For example, (Pathak, 2012).
The Reference List, given at the end of the typescript, should
provide complete information necessary to identify and retrieve
each source cited in the article: text, table or figure. Arrange
entries in the References in the alphabetical order by the last
name of the author and then by his/her initials.
1. References should be listed in two columns, separated by
a colon. The left hand column contains the detail of the
author(s) and the year of publication. The right hand
column contains the title of the publication and other data
related to that publication.
76
2. An article published in a journal should contain the

following details: Authors last name, initials, year of
publication, name of the article, name of the journal
(italicised), volume number, issue number in brackets, and
page numbers of the article.
For example:
Mohan, K. : Social Change, Indian Journal of Social
1998
Change, 23(2): 33-43.
3. An article published in an edited book should contain the
following details: Authors last name, initials, year of
publication, title of the article, initials and last name of
editors, Ed(s) in brackets, title of the book (italicised),
place of publication, name of the publisher and page
numbers of the article.
For example:
Nair, T.K. : Old Age In K.V.Rao (Ed), Older People
2013
in India, Bangalore: Niruta Publications,
3-13.
4. A book should be listed in the following format: Authors
last name, initials, year of publication, title of the book
(italicised), place of publication and name of the publisher.
For example:
Pathak, S.H : Social Work and Soc ial Welfare,
2012
Bangalore: Niruta Publications.
5. When source is the internet, all the details of the
referenc es should be given as desc ribed earlier. In
addition, mention as below:
Retrieved on 11.12.2013.
Book Review
Book review should follow the same requirements of
Article Submission like an article.
Copy right of book review will be owned by SKH
Magazine.
Book review would need the concurrence of the Editor,
SKH Magazine.

Social Work Magazine, Vol-4 April Issue-2, 2014

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Vol. IV, No-2, April 2014

Editorial Advisory Board :

Dr. T.S. Chandrashekara

Dr. C.R. Gopal

Dr. B.T. Lawani

Dr. T.K. Nair

N.V. Vasudeva Sharma

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu

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4. Issues and Concerns of Women Street

5. Important Ethical Issues in Publishing a

6. Book Review-India Grows Old

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu

Samaja Karyada Hejjegalu

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Issues and Concerns of Women Street

Shashidhar Channappa, Veena K.N., V.J. Byra Reddy