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used to – szokott
Rules:
1. You cannot use two modals in a clause : NO will may
BUT He may go home tomorrow.
2. They cannot get endings: NO he mays
BUT He may go.
3. The verb that follows the modal is always in short infinitive: may go, should try
4. They usually form their past tense with ‘modal+have+verb 3 rd form’: We might have
done our homework.
Exception: can – tud / could – tudott
To express future or perfect tenses, we use the verbs that are used instead of modals: I
have been able to play the guitar for a year.
USE
1. Present possibility
a. We use must/may/might and could in affirmative sentences depending on how certain
we are:
There is a knock on the door. It must be Jim. = Kopognak. Bizonyára Jim az.
It may/might be Jim. Talán Jim az.
It may/might as well be Jim. Akár Jim is lehet/ne.
It could be Jim. Lehetne Jim. (de
valószínűleg nem ő.
b. ‘Can’ usually refers to general truth in the present, otherwise it is not used in
affirmative sentences:
Summers can be really hot here. = Nyáron nagyon meleg tud lenni itt.
c. We refer to actions in the moment of speaking by using ‘modal + be + verb + ing’:
John must be learning. = John bizonyára éppen tanul.
John may/might learning. = Lehet, hogy John éppen tanul.
John could be learning. = John éppen tanulhatna. (Van rá lehetősége, de valószínűleg
nem teszi.)
d. In questions we use ‘can/could’:
Can/Could he be learning? = Lehet, hogy épp tanul?
We only use ‘may/might’ in structures like: Do you think she may/might be learning
now? = Gondolod, hogy épp tanul?
2. Past possibility
c. Negative sentences are formed using ‘can, may, might + past participle’
It can’t have been John who you saw last night. He has green hair, not red. = Ki van
zárva, hogy John-nal találkoztál tegnap este. Neki zöld haja van, nem piros.
He may/might not have heard the bell. = Lehet, hogy nem hallotta a csöngőt.
3. Future possibility
a. For expressing future possibility, we use ‘will, may, might, could’. ‘Shall’ and
‘should/ought to’ are also possible:
It will certainly be a storm tomorrow. = Holnap biztosan vihar lesz.
It may/might/could be a storm tomorrow. = Lehet, hogy holnap vihar lesz.
I shall/should be at home tomorrow. = Holnap valószínűleg itthon leszek.
The test ought not to be too difficult. = Nem kellene túl nehéznek lenni a tesztnek.
(Valószínűleg nem lesz az.)
b. ‘Can’ is not normally used to talk about future possibilities. However, we use it when
we want to refer to a choice of different possibilities in the future:
‘Where shall we go next week?’ ‘We can either go to Balaton or to the mountains.’
We can also use ‘be not allowed to’ (nem engedik), ‘mustn’t’ (tilos), ‘shouldn’t’ (nem
kellene), ‘oughtn’t to’ (nem kellene), ‘had better not’ (jobb lenne, ha nem) to refuse
permission.
You shouldn’t/had better not go there. = Jobb lenne, ha nem mennél oda.
2.
a. We use ‘could’, ‘was/were allowed/permitted to’ to express past permission:
b. To express unreal permission in the past, we use ‘should not/ought not to + have +
verb 3rd form’:
You shouldn’t have/oughtn’t have to come here. = Nem lett volna szabad
idejönnöd.
We can/will be able to stay here for the whole week. = Itt maradhatunk egész héten.
V. OBLIGATION – KÉNYSZER
1. To express obligation in the present, we usually use ‘must’ and ‘have to’. Must is
usually used to express inner obligation, namely that the person wants to do
something. However, we also use ‘must to express very strong obligation independent
from the person’s wishes, and we use it to talk about signs. ‘Will’ is also used to
express strong orders.
When we talk about something that the person is obliged to do from the outside, such
as rules, laws, etc, we use ‘have to’:
I must go now, I have a lot of work to do. = Mennem kell, egy csomó dolgom van.
Students in Britain have to wear uniforms. = Nagybritanniában a diákoknak
egyenruhát kell hordani.
You mustn’t step on grass! = Fűre lépni tilos!
You must do it! = Meg kell tenned! (Mert én így akarom!)
You will do it! = Megteszed! (Parancsolom!)
When I was a student I had to wear uniform. = Amikor diák voltam, egyenruhát kellett
hordanom.