ASSIGNMENT

Student ID No. 0988832

MBA in Public Service (International)
International Developent Departent
Module: Managing People
Module !onvener" Annie #ubien$%a
&ord count" 3''3
Date o( $ubi$$ion" 29.0).2009

ASSI*NM+N, -.+S,I/N
0our or1ani2ation i$ under1oin1 c3an1e and certain cate1orie$ o( $ta(( need
to develop ne4 copetencie$ to eet t3e deand$ o( t3e c3an1in1
environent.
i) Brie(l5 de$cribe t3e c3an1e and it$ iplication$ (or t3e $ta((6$%ill i7
ii) Identi(5 t3e ne4 copetencie$ t3at 4ill be re8uired
iii) De$i1n a trainin1 and developent pro1rae to 3elp $ta(( to develop
t3e$e ne4 copetencie$

2
1. Introduction
1.1. ,3e or1ani2ation under e7aination i$ Indian /rdnance 9actorie$
(unctionin1 under Mini$tr5 o( De(ence (M/D): *overnent o( India. &it3
it$ uni8ue di$tinction o( ore t3an 200 5ear$ e7perience in de(ence
production: it boa$t$ o( bein1 one o( t3e olde$t 1overnent departent$ in
t3e countr5. It i$ ainl5 concerned 4it3 e8uippin1 t3e ared (orce$ to 3elp
t3e t34art an5 a11re$$ion. It (or$ an inte1rated ba$e (or indi1enou$
production o( de(ence 3ard4are and e8uipent 4it3 t3e priar5 ob;ective o(
$el(<reliance in e8uippin1 t3e ared (orce$ 4it3 t3e $tate o( t3e art
battle(ield e8uipent$ (/9B: 200').
1.2. It i$ departentall5 run e$tabli$3ent o( )0 /rdnance 9actorie$
(unctionin1 under t3e ae1i$ o( it$ corporate 3ead8uarter %no4n a$ /rdnance
9actor5 Board. It 3a$ a lar1e anpo4er (Appro7. =20:000 a$ on 0=<0=<200>)
po$$e$$in1 diver$e $%ill$. 9or re$earc3 and developent (#?D) activitie$: it
ainl5 depend$ on De(ence #e$earc3 and Developent /r1ani2ation
(D#D/): 43ic3 al$o (unction$ under M/D (Standin1 !oittee /n
De(ence: 200>).
1.3. It (aced ne1li1ible copetition till t3e 5ear 200>: t3ou13 private $ector
participation in de(ence production 4a$ allo4ed in 200=: 5et it did not
pic% up. But 4it3 t3e partial acceptance o( @el%ar !oittee #eport
on De(ence in 200': particularl5 t3e (illip 1iven to private enterpri$e$
t3rou13 t3e concept o( #a%$3a .tpadan #atna (de(ence production
;e4el$): t3e copetition i$ real: (oridable and at t3e door$tep$
(.nnit3an: 200A).
1.4. ,3e product$ are $old to de(ence (orce$ on no pro(it no lo$$ ba$i$: to
ot3er 1overnent or1ani2ation$ on a price >B 3i13er t3an t3e price (i7ed (or
de(ence (orce$. ,3e or1ani2ation decide$ t3e price o( ite$ $upplied to civil
$ector on t3e ba$i$ o( ar%et $ituation (Standin1 !oittee /n De(ence:
200>).
3
2. Change and its implications for the staff/skill mix
2.1. An anal5$i$ ba$ed on P+S,+C (rae4or% i$ attepted belo4: a$ it a5
be u$e(ul in t3ree 4a5$ (#apidBI: n.d.). 9ir$tl5: it a5 loo% at c3an1e not a$
$oet3in1 to be oppo$ed: but $oet3in1 t3at $3ould be ta%en advanta1e o(.
Secondl5: it inii2e$ t3e ri$% o( (ailure$ t3ou13 t3e rea$on$ nece$$itatin1
action$ are ta%en in re$pon$e to c3an1e t3at i$ be5ond t3e control o( t3e
or1ani2ation$. ,3irdl5: it di$coura1e$ t3e tendencie$ to a%e a$$uption$
and 3elp$ in adoptin1 8uic%l5 to c3an1e.
2.1.1. Political
,3ere i$ no iediate t3reat o( 4arD 3o4ever: $trained relation$ 4it3
Pa%i$tan and not $o 3aroniou$ relation$ 4it3 ot3er nei13bourin1 countrie$
re8uire a 3i13 level o( de(ence preparedne$$ all t3e tie. Additionall5: t3e
$ituation becoe$ volatile in ca$e o( terrori$t attac%$. So t3e deand (or
ar$ and aunition$ i$ not li%el5 to diini$3 in (uture. *overnent polic5
o( encoura1in1 private $ector in t3e production o( 4ar aterial 3a$ been
accentuated b5 a de$ire to reduce dependence on iport$ o( $en$itive
de(ence e8uipent$: iprovin1 t3e 8ualit5 o( product$ b5 introducin1
copetition and broadenin1 t3e production ran1e in t3e lon1 run.
2.1.2. +conoic
9inanciall5 $tron1 private $ector 4it3 ien$e po4er o( lobb5in1 $ee$ an
opportunit5 in de(ence production. ,3ere i$ perception in $oe 8uarter$ o(
ared (orce$ t3at t3e5 are not 1ettin1 t3e be$t value (or one5: $o ar%et
(orce$ $3ould decide t3e price. In t3i$ $ituation e7i$tin1 pricin1 polic5 need$
recon$ideration. At t3e oent t3e rece$$ion $4eepin1 acro$$ t3e countrie$
re$trict$ t3e capacit5 o( private $ector to a%e 3u1e inve$tent: but it al$o
a((ect$ t3e e7port potential o( our or1ani2ation.
2.1.3. Social
*overnent 3a$ been 1rapplin1 4it3 t3e proble o( uneplo5ent 4it3out
uc3 $ucce$$ and t3e e7perient o( $ettin1 up ne4 anu(acturin1 unit$ in
t3e public $ector 3a$ not been (ruit(ul: $o no4 t3e ep3a$i$ i$ on
eplo5ent<1eneration t3rou13 private $ector. ,3e countr5 abound$ in
entrepreneurial $pirit: $o t3e 1overnent intend$ to e7ploit it$ (ull potential:
but it al$o ean$ $eriou$ copetition (or our or1ani2ation. !u$toer
be3avior a5 al$o alter in t3e c3an1ed circu$tance$. A atter o( concern
)
(or our or1ani2ation i$ t3at it$ virtual onopol5 in de(ence production 3a$
developed an attitude o( coplacenc5.
2.1.4. ,ec3nolo1ical
,reendou$ tec3nolo1ical advanceent$ are di$cernible in t3e anu(acture
o( de(ence ite$ 4orld4ide: 43erea$ t3e tec3nolo1ical land$cape o( t3e
or1ani2ation $3o4$ a pattern o( predoinance o( lo4 tec3nolo15 4it3
i$land$ o( $op3i$ticated noveltie$. It doe$ not po$$e$$ t3e electronic 4ar(are
%no4<3o4. Bureaucratic $et up appear$ to be 3aperin1 t3e e((ort$ ade (or
$4i(t oderni2ation. Polic5 a%er$ (eel t3at private $ector 4ould build it$
tec3nolo1ical ba$e 4it3 $op3i$ticated tec3nolo15.
2.1.. +nvironental
A$ t3e 1eneral perception 1oe$ t3e 4or%in1 environent 4it3in t3e
or1ani2ation i$ c3aracteri2ed b5 bureaucratic culture t3at rein(orce$ ri$%
aver$ion: $tandardi2ation: vertical counication: unioni$ and Ec3alta 3aiF
attitude (43ic3 ean$ ever5t3in1 i$ acceptable becau$e t3e5 3appen li%e t3at
onl5). Private $ector 4or%er$ are con$idered ore productive: pro(e$$ional
and di$ciplined.
2.1.!. Ce1al
,3e countr5 3a$ elaborate labour le1i$lation and t3e or1ani2ation coplie$
4it3 t3e relevant $tatute$. Go4ever: it 3a$ bred labour union$: 43ic3 are
bac%4ard loo%in1: iperviou$ to c3an1e: $el(<centred: intran$i1ent at tie$:
and rabble<rou$in1 on a (e4 occa$ion$. *eneral perception i$ t3at private
indu$trie$ are not inclined to (ollo4 labour la4$ in letter and $pirit.
2.2. Interpretation o( c3an1e iplication 4it3 t3e 3elp o( (ollo4in1 odel:
4ould ean t3at it need$ to ove (ro it$ pre$ent location in t3e lo4er le(t
8uadrant (c3aracteri2ed b5 anu(acture o( product$ a$ per t3e de$i1n
provided b5 D#D/ t3at i$ $tandardi2ation and lo4 tec3nolo15 ite$
produced t3rou13 $iple proce$$in1 t3at i$ lo4 cople7it5) to upper ri13t
8uadrant (c3aracteri2ed b5 ad;u$tent to ever c3an1in1 cu$toer need$ t3at
i$ cu$toi2ed product$ and initiation o( o4n #?D involvin1 innovation:
creative t3in%in1 t3at i$ 3i13 cople7it5 product$).
>

2.3. ,3u$ t3e c3an1e i$ potentiall5 1oin1 to $eriou$l5 ipact t3e
or1ani2ation. Go4ever: t3e c3allen1e doe$ not end 3ere. ,3e e7perience
4orld4ide i$ t3at indu$tr5 cannot (louri$3 4it3in t3e re$trictive bureaucratic
(rae4or% o( 1overnent departent. Stron1 4ind$ o( liberali2ation and
di$inve$tent 3ave uprooted an5 1overnent run enterpri$e$: $o our
or1ani2ation cannot 3ope to reain una((ected (or lon1. It i$ e$$ential (or t3e
or1ani2ation to (ore$ee it$ (uture (ir$t a$ a (ull<(led1ed corporation in t3e
coin1 > to =0 5ear$ and t3erea(ter a$ a private or1ani2ation at lea$t in lo4
tec3nolo15 product$. Gence: it need$ to prepare not onl5 to eet iediate
c3an1e: but al$o t3e t3reat t3at i$ looin1 lar1e.
'
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2.4. ,3e iplication$ o( t3e$e c3an1e$ are t3at t3e or1ani2ation need$ to i)
ove (ro anu(acturin1 to anu(acturin1 plu$ ar%etin1: ii) develop a
pricin1 $trate15: %eepin1 in vie4 input: proce$$in1 and ar%etin1 co$t$: and
t3e price li%el5 to be o((ered b5 t3e copetitor$: iii) develop $tate o( t3e art
tec3nolo15 4it3 particular ep3a$i$ on electronic 4ar(are alon1 4it3 o4n
#?D ba$e: iv) c3an1e or1ani2ational culture: v) enter into collaboration and
co<production arran1eent$ 4it3 private $ector or1ani2ation$: and vi) (ocu$
on 3uan re$ource developent to accopli$3 t3e de$ired outcoe$.
2.. Sta((6$%ill i7 can be de$cribed a$ t3e i7 o( po$t$: 1rade$ or
occupation$ in an or1ani2ation and it re(er$ to t3e cobination o( activitie$
or $%ill$ needed (or eac3 ;ob (Buc3an and Mario: 2002). It i$ aied at
a7ii2in1 t3e contribution (ro all $ta((. In vie4 o( t3e c3an1e: t3e
iplication$ (or $%ill i7 4ould include tec3nolo1ical innovation$:
$3o4ca$in1 abilitie$: 8ualit5 iproveent (ocu$: cu$toer oriented
be3avioural c3an1e$: ar%et anal5$i$ abilitie$: copetition d5naic$
a4arene$$ and ne1otiation $%ill developent.

3. "e# competencies that #ill $e re%uired
3.1. In order to de(ine copetenc5 &oodru((e (=992) $tate$: Ea copetenc5
i$ a dien$ion o( overt: ani(e$t be3aviour t3at allo4$ a per$on to per(or
copetentl5. Be3ind it u$t be bot3 t3e abilit5 ad de$ire to be3ave in t3at
copetent 4a5F. Sit3 and #obert$on (=992) loo% at t3e copetencie$ a$
t3e underl5in1 8ualitie$ t3at provide t3e ba$i$ (or $ucce$$(ul ;ob
per(orance. Per3ap$ copetencie$ can be better under$tood a$ t3e
cobination$ o( $%ill$: %no4led1e and per$onal attribute$ t3at re$ult in
$uperior per(orance.
3.2. *iven belo4 are t3e ne4 copetencie$ a$ e7plored lar1el5 t3rou13 t3e
application o( Cuca$ Senior Mana1eent !opetencie$: 43ic3 identi(ie$ =2
copetencie$ 1rouped under ) clu$ter$.
A
!lu$ter !opetencie$ +7i$tin1 level o(
!opetencie$
#e8uired Cevel o(
!opetencie$
Per(orance
!opetencie$
!u$toer 9ocu$ J#eco1ni2e$ e7ternal
a$ 4ell a$ internal
cu$toer$: 3o4ever:
attac3e$ ore
iportance to e7ternal
cu$toer$F concern$
JSee%$ to $ati$(5 t3e
cu$toer$F $tated need$
al4a5$ but iplied
need$ rarel5
J.nder$tand$ t3at e7ternal
cu$toer$ are $upree:
but internal cu$toer$ are
al$o ver5 iportant a$
t3e5 contribute 1reatl5
to4ard$ iproveent o(
product$ and $ervice$
JSati$(ie$ not onl5 $tated
and iplied need$: but
al$o e7ceed$ t3e leadin1
to cu$toer$ deli13t
#e$ult$
/rientation
J#e8uire$ iniu
$upport and $upervi$ion
JPa5$ attention to
detail 43ere nece$$ar5
JMonitor$ pro1re$$
t3rou13 appropriate
ea$ure$ o(
per(orance
J&illin1l5 accept$ ne4
ta$%$ and c3allen1e$
JStrive$ to be near 4orld
cla$$ $tandard$
JSolicit$ (eedbac% in order
to rai$e per(orance to
3i13er level$
Deci$ion Ma%in1 J+7plore$ and
evaluate$ alternative$
be(ore ta%in1 deci$ion$
JDoe$ con$ultation$
43ic3 re$ult$ in dela5$
at tie$
JIntroduce$ correction$
i( deci$ion$ not on
trac%
JI$ prepared to ta%e
calculated ri$%$: ba$ed on
an accurate a$$e$$ent o(
t3e $ituation$
JMa%e$ t3e reall5 tou13
deci$ion$
J.$e$ intuition
appropriatel5
JGa$ contin1enc5 plan$
43en t3in1$ 1o 4ron1
,enacit5 and
Staina
JIndul1e$ in blae
1ae at tie$ i( $eriou$
proble$ ari$e
J#elie$ on traditional
et3od$ to overcoe
ob$tacle$
J+ndeavour$ to $3o4
brave (ace in adver$e
$ituation$
JI$ not deterred b5
ob$tacle$: di((icultie$ and
$etbac%$
J#eain$ rational and
e((ective in $tre$$(ul
circu$tance$
JDi$pla5$ con$tanc5 o(
purpo$e cobined 4it3 a
(le7ible approac3
8
Ceader$3ip
!opetencie$
Ceadin1 /t3er$ J Soetie$ ta%e$ into
con$ideration t3e
cultural bac%1round o(
t3e people be(ore
leadin1 t3e
JS3are$ in(oration
4it3 ot3er$ re1ardin1
t3e ta$% in 3and
JDeand$ lo5alt5 (ro
t3e people ba$ed on
ran%
J+p3a$i2e$ t3e
coonalitie$ o( cultural
ilieu to ac3ieve uni(ied
purpo$e
JS3are$ t3e vi$ion o( t3e
or1ani2ation (ir$t be(ore
pur$uin1 t3e ta$% in 3and
J+7ude$ ent3u$ia$tic
pa$$ion about t3e 1oal$
and act$ a$ a role odel
J+arn$ lo5alt5 t3rou13
ipartial and (air
approac3
,ea
Developent
J.nder$tand$ t3e
iportance o( tea
buildin1 to attain
$peci(ic ob;ective
J+ncoura1e$
ad;u$tent and
collaboration: 3o4ever:
act$ 4it3 a latent de$ire
t3at 3i$ vie4 $3ould
prevail
J#eco1ni2e$ t3at tea
developent i$ inte1ral to
$ound and e((ective
ana1eent practice$
JProote$ e7pre$$ion o(
diver1ent opinion$:
perception$ and
alternative$ and t3en
(acilitate$ deci$ion a%in1
b5 t3e tea
,3in%in1
!opetencie$
Strate1ic
,3in%in1
JPo$$e$$e$ 4ea%
$trate1ic t3in%in1
capabilitie$ a$ t3e pre<
copetition era 3ardl5
re8uired it
JMa%e$ little e((ort to
develop $trate1ic and
vi$ionar5 t3in%in1
becau$e o( t3e
ipre$$ion t3at it i$ t3e
;ob o( 3i13er up$.
JI$ $tatu$ 8uoi$t
J!opare$ and contra$t$
vi$ion 4it3 e7i$tin1
$ituation$ and t3en
develop$ $trate15 to
ac3ieve vi$ion
JAnticipate$ t3e c3allen1e
and evolve$ ulti<pron1ed
approac3 to e((ectivel5
counter it
J!alibrate$ $trate1ic
t3in%in1 4it3 t3e late$t
tec3ni8ue$
JI$ (uturi$tic
9
Proble Solvin1 J#eain$ occupied
4it3 routine proble$:
$o at tie$ doe$ not
reac3 to t3e root o( t3e
ain ailent$ cau$in1
$uc3 proble$
JNot able to $ee Ebi1
pictureF be5ond a
particular proble
JIn ca$e o( $eriou$
proble$ ru$3e$ to
iediate $uperior to
(ind a $olution
JI$ 4ell intentioned:
but avoid$ ta%in1
dra$tic $tep$ to $olve
t3e proble
JAnal5$e$ t3e proble: it$
cau$e$: pattern o(
occurrence: e((ectivene$$
o( previou$ $olution$: i(
an5 to (ind la$tin1
$olution$
JApart (ro rational
$olution$ o( t3e proble$:
encoura1e$ creative
$olution$
JDevelop$ an ato$p3ere
o( earl5 detection and
reportin1 o( proble$ to
(ind propt $olution$ and
t3u$ prevent$ t3eir
inter(erence 4it3 lar1er
or1ani2ational 1oal$
Per$onal
!opetencie$
!ounication
and In(luencin1
JPre(er$
counication alon1
3ierarc3ical line$
JA$pire$ to in(luence
(ro t3e po4er
a$$ociated 4it3 t3e
po$ition 3eld in t3e
3ierarc35 and not (ro
counication $%ill$
JPo$$e$$e$ 4ea%
counication $%ill$
and a%e$ 3ardl5 an5
e((ort to iprove
JGa$ e((ective li$tenin1
$%ill$ to clearl5 under$tand
ot3er vie4point
JDra4$ $u$tenance (ro
counication $%ill$
rat3er t3an po$ition to
in(luence ot3er$
JGa$ t3e coura1e to
e7pre$$ unplea$ant vie4$
43ile tr5in1 to in(luence
ot3er$
,ea Pla5er JPre(er$ to be in tea$
but 4it3 little
re$pon$ibilit5
JI$ not ob$tructive or
proble creator: but
pretend$ overarc3in1
$c3edule$ o( noral
dutie$ to avoid 4or%
J&ant$ to a%e po$itive
contribution to4ard$ tea
4or%
J,rie$ to under$tand t3e
intricacie$ o( ot3er$
concern$: opinion$ and
propo$al$
JPropo$e$ $olution$ in
ali1nent 4it3
or1ani2ational 1oal$
=0
Sel( Developent JI$ not ver5
ent3u$ia$tic in %eepin1
abrea$t 4it3 late$t
developent$ in t3e
(ield
JIndul1e$ in $el(
developent to t3e
e7tent it 3elp$ in career
pro1re$$ion
JAl4a5$ prepared to learn
(ro ot3er$ irre$pective o(
ran%
JStrive$ to reac3 t3e
coandin1 3ei13t$ in
t3e a$$i1ned ;ob
JAc8uire$ %no4led1e in
diver$e $p3ere$
J,rea$ure$ e7perience$ a$
a part o( $el( developent
Sel( !on(idence JI$ 1enerall5 con(ident
43ile dealin1 4it3
$ubordinate$: but
vacillate$ 43ile (acin1
$uperior$
JCac%$ con(idence in
(ront o( e7pert$ in t3e
$iilar (ield$
J,rie$ to loo%
con(ident be(ore
private $ector
counterpart$: but i$ not
co(ortable due to
t3eir pro(e$$ionali$
JNever lo$e$ con(idence
even in t3e (ace o(
e7treel5 adver$e
circu$tance$
J+n1a1e$ t3e e7pert$ in
(ruit(ul di$cu$$ion b5 t3e
dint o( %no4led1e and
e7perience a$$iduou$l5
ac8uired
JI$ in a po$ition to
c3allen1e$ copetitor$
becau$e o( a4arene$$ o(
t3eir $tren1t3$ and
4ea%ne$$e$
,3i$ anal5$i$ $3o4$ a di$tinct 1ap bet4een t3e e7i$tin1 copetencie$ and
t3e re8uired copetencie$ eanin1 t3ereb5 t3at ne4 copetencie$ need to
be developed.
3.3. ,3e copetin1 value$ (rae4or% propounded b5 -uinn et al (=990) i$
al$o 3elp(ul in t3e identi(ication o( copetencie$ a$ it point$ out $oe o( t3e
value$ and criteria o( e((ectivene$$ b5 43ic3 4or% unit$ and or1ani2ation$
are ;ud1ed. ,3i$ (rae4or% $peci(ie$ ei13t ana1erial6 leader$3ip role$ and
t3eir copetencie$: 43ic3 are 1iven belo4<
Director #ole =. ,a%in1 initiative
2. *oal $ettin1
3. Dele1atin1 e((ectivel5
Producer #ole =. Per$onal productivit5 and otivation
2. Motivatin1 ot3er$
3. ,ie and $tre$$ ana1eent
==
!oordinator role =. Plannin1
2. /r1ani2in1 and de$i1nin1
3. !ontrollin1
Monitor #ole =. #educin1 in(oration overload
2. Anal52in1 in(oration 4it3 critical t3in%in1
3. Pre$entin1 in(orationD 4ritin1 e((ectivel5
Mentor #ole =. .nder$tandin1 5our$el( and ot3er$
2. Interper$onal counication
3. Developin1 $ubordinate$
9acilitator role =. ,ea buildin1
2. Participative deci$ion<a%in1
3. !on(lict ana1eent
Innovator #ole =. Civin1 4it3 c3an1e
2. !reative t3in%in1
3. Mana1in1 c3an1e
Bro%er #ole =. Buildin1 and aintainin1 a po4er ba$e
2. Ne1otiatin1 a1reeent and coitent
3. Pre$entin1 idea$

,3e (i1ure 1iven belo4 i$ ta%en (ro -uinn (=988) (cited in -uinn et al:
=990) $3o4in1 t3e placeent o( (our odel$ and ei13t role$. ,3e current
$tatu$ o( t3e or1ani2ation in t3i$ (rae4or% 4ould be in t3e lo4er le(t
8uadrant repre$ented b5 internal proce$$ odel and t3e or1ani2ation
need$ to pro1re$$ into upper ri13t 8uadrant t3at i$ open $5$te$ odel:
43ic3 ean$ t3at t3e ana1er$6leader$ 3ave to ove (ro onitor and
coordinator role to innovator and bro%er role. ,3e ne4 copetencie$ t3at
4ould be re8uired no4 include livin1 4it3 c3an1e: creative t3in%in1 and
ana1in1 c3an1e a$ innovatorD and buildin1 and aintainin1 a po4er
ba$e: ne1otiatin1 a1reeent and coitent: and pre$entin1 idea$ a$
bro%er.
=2

9C+HIBICI,0
G.MAN #+CA,I/NS /P+N S0S,+MS
M/D+C M/D+C

IN,+#NAC +H,+#NAC
MM/NI,/#

IN,+#NAC #A,I/NAC
P#/!+SS M/D+C */AC M/D+C
!/N,/#C
Be5ond #ational Mana1eent
4. &raining and de'elopment programme
4.1. ,rainin1 3a$ been de(ined b5 Beran et al (200') a$ t3e e((ort to
increa$e t3e %no4led1e: $%ill$ and abilitie$ o( t3e eplo5ee$ in order to
enable t3e to per(or t3eir ;ob$ betterD and developent i$ de(ined a$ t3e
e((ort to iprove (uture per(orance b5 providin1 $%ill$ u$ed in a
$ub$e8uent a$$i1nent. ,3e$e aut3or$ ep3a$i2e t3at developent increa$e$
$ta(( potential and a$$i$t$ in $ucce$$ion plannin1: but add t3at t3e line
=3
M+N,/# INN/KA,/#


B#/@+#
9A!ICI,A,/#

M/NI,/#
P#/D.!+#
















!//#DINA,/# DI#+!,/#
bet4een trainin1 and developent i$ not di$tinct a$ an5 developent
activitie$ 3ave an iediate u$e li%e leader$3ip iproveent. ,3e
or1ani2ation under e7aination need$ bot3 becau$e trainin1 4ill cater to
iediate c3allen1e o( copetition and developent to (uture $cenario o(
conver$ion into a public $ector underta%in1 and privati2ation.
4.2. Mu(ord (=993) (cited b5 &ei13tan: =99)) t3in%$ t3at t3e u$e o(
copetencie$ underline$ a need (or $el( developent: or1ani2ation
developent and bo$$<driven developent t3at can be accopli$3ed b5
encoura1in1 u$e o( t3e learnin1 opportunitie$ eer1in1 (ro t3e noral
4or%in1 environent rat3er t3an b5 contrivin1 $pecial activitie$ (or
developent. Slo4 and increental c3an1e$ t3at t3i$ approac3 $ee$ to be
tar1etin1 a5 not be appropriate a$ t3e $ituation i$ cravin1 (or radical
iproveent$ and 43erein even t3e bo$$e$ need (ir$t do$e o( trainin1.
&ei13tan (=99)) 3a$ provided a 1lip$e o( ore t3an a $core o( trainin1
et3od$: o( 43ic3 t3e (ollo4in1 (e4 appear to be 8uite u$e(ul.
4.2.1. Action learnin1 L ,3i$ involve$ t3e lin%in1 o( a $tructured ta$% and
action 4it3in a learnin1 proce$$ t3rou13 an identi(ied (acilitator. Proble$
are di$cu$$ed b5 a 1roup o( people t3at a5 include a bo$$ al$o to %eep t3e
1roup on trac%. ,3e copetenc5 1ap pertainin1 to tea developent and
tea pla5er i$ li%el5 to be tac%led t3rou13 t3i$ et3od.
4.2.2. !a$e $tud5LIn t3i$ et3od t3e trainee$ are invited to anal52e t3e
cau$e$ o( a proble and provide $olution$ to t3e proble$ re1ardin1 $oe
pa$t event t3at too% place in $oe or1ani2ation. ,3i$ a5 be particularl5
3elp(ul in dealin1 4it3 copetencie$ related to proble $olvin1: deci$ion<
a%in1 and $trate1ic t3in%in1
4.2.3. *roup d5naic$L,3i$ (ocu$e$ on e7ainin1 t3e be3aviour o( t3e
individual$ and 1roup a$ a 43ole in a particular 1iven $ituation involvin1
ac3ieveent o( $oe ta$%. ,3i$ nece$$aril5 re8uire$ developent o( $oe
under$tandin1 and cooperation. Soe copetencie$ li%e leadin1 ot3er$:
re$ult<orientation: counication $%ill$: and tenacit5 and $taina a5 be
developed t3rou13 t3e ipleentation o( t3i$ tec3ni8ue.
4.2.4. SiulationL,3i$ et3od i$ ba$ed on oc% up e7erci$e o( a real li(e
$ituation to 1o t3rou13 it$ e7perience be(ore actuall5 encounterin1 it in
=)
realit5. ,3e tec3ni8ue learnt (ro t3i$ a5 be o( ien$e 3elp in dealin1
4it3 cu$toer (ocu$ t3at our or1ani2ation 3a$ not e((ectivel5 developed.
4.2.. S%ill in$tructionLIn t3i$ et3od $%ill$ are developed in t3e trainee$
t3rou13 a $e8uence o( oral in$truction: practical deon$tration and invitation
to actuall5 per(or under $upervi$ion. It a5 be 3elp(ul in dealin1 4it3 t3e
copetenc5 1ap pertainin1 to $el(<developent and $el(<con(idence.
4.3. Beran et al (200)) al$o provide $oe valuable in$i13t into t3e trainin1
proce$$ b5 entionin1 cro$$ trainin1: rule o( t3ree and rule o( $even. !ro$$<
trainin1 prepare$ t3e eplo5ee$ (or ultiple ;ob$ 4it3 an ai to allo4 t3e
to better $erve t3e cu$toer$. It i$ at t3e 3eart o( Eone $top $3oppin1F and
inii2e$ t3e nuber o( tie$ a ;ob i$ 3anded o(( to ot3er$: a coon
$ource o( dela5$: error$: and i$counication. Additionall5: it en3ance$
t3e tea4or% b5 increa$in1 t3e under$tandin1 o( t3e need$ and c3allen1e$
a$$ociated 4it3 di((erent ;ob$. #ule o( t3ree connote$ t3at people 3ear t3in1$
a(ter t3e5 3ave been $aid t3ree tie$ and rile o( $even ean$ t3at people
u$t practice $oet3in1 $even tie$ to a$ter it. A$ t3e adult$ learn at
di((erent $peed: repetition (acilitate$ t3e con$i$tenc5 and a %ind o( uni(orit5
in learnin1.
4.4. An e((ective trainin1 re8uire$ a (rae4or% to develop t3e ne4
copetencie$. ,3e ba$ic (rae4or% 3a$ been ta%en (ro &ri13t and Bolit3o
(200A): 43ic3 i$ $li13tl5 odi(ied ver$ion o( @olbF$ learnin1 c5cle (a$ per
t3e$e aut3or$F o4n adi$$ion).
4.4.1. In t3i$ (rae4or%: opportunitie$ are provided to t3e trainee$ t3rou13 a
$erie$ o( activitie$ to e7aine t3eir e7perience a$ 4or%in1 pro(e$$ional and
t3e belie( and idea$ t3at in(ored t3eir e7perience. ,3e$e activitie$ and
re$pon$e involve t3e participant$ in $3ared e7perience. ,3erea(ter t3e5 are
led to re(lection. t3at i$ $3arin1 t3e perception o( t3eir e7perience$ 4it3
collea1ue$ in t3e trainin1 1roup. ,3i$ tran$ition (ro activit5 to
intro$pection cobined 4it3 individual to collective tal% tend$ to rai$e
a4arene$$ about a 4ide ran1e o( p3enoena. In t3e ne7t p3a$e t3e
participant$ are led to a%e $en$e o( e7perience b5 articulatin1 a $et o(
principle$ or dra4in1 (ro a t3ee o( e7perience retro$pectivel5. Involved
in t3i$ proce$$ i$ e7ploration o( idea$. ,3e role o( t3e trainer i$ to 3elp to
$tructure t3e tal% and contribute to t3e proce$$ o( di$coverin1 eanin1:
4it3out providin1 t3e an$4er but enric3in1 t3e proce$$ al$o b5 $u11e$tin1 to
appropriate readin1 aterial$ to (urt3er e7plore t3e concept. ,3e advanta1e
=>
o( t3i$ et3od i$ t3at t3e participant$ $tart developin1 a $en$e o( o4ner$3ip
o( idea$: concept or $%ill. Since t3e individual$ are a4are t3at t3e5 3ave to
return to 4orld o( action: t3e5 $tart to lin% t3eir e7ploration o( idea$ to
deci$ion$ about t3eir (uture action b5 developin1 $oe doable plan$. ,3en
t3e participant$ are invited to decide 43at action t3e5 4i$3 to ta%e on t3e
ba$i$ o( trainin1 e7perience. And $upport i$ provided: i( t3e5 (ace an5
di((icultie$ in te$tin1 an5 c3an1e in t3eir t3in%in1 or practice. Startin1 (ro
a4arene$$ rai$in1 and endin1 in preparin1 (or action: t3e c5cle i$ t3u$
copleted. ,3e (i1ure 1iven belo4 repre$ent$ t3e learnin1 c5cle.

D/IN*

D/IN* ,GIN@IN* and
#+9C+!,I/N

4.4.2. ,3i$ (rae4or% can be applied in 4ide ran1e o( trainin1 pro1rae$.
Go4ever: it appear$ e7treel5 appropriate (or t3e people 4it3 $oe
e7perience. 9or our or1ani2ation: t3e $ta(( entru$ted 4it3 devi$in1 $trate1ie$
='
+HP+#I+N!+
Previou$ (e.1. teac3in1)
/#
S3ared trainin1 activit5
in a trainin1 $e$$ion
PCANNIN* 9/#
A!,I/N
Preparin1 and carr5in1
out
ne4 activitie$ in teac3in1
MA@IN* S+NS+
!reatin1 principle$ (e.1.
(or trainin1 procedure$)
conceptuali2in1
#+KI+&IN*
Coo%in1 bac% at pa$t
e7perience or $3ared
trainin1 e7perience$
+HPC/#IN
*
ID+AS
+HP+#IM+N,IN*
CIN@IN*
A&A#+N+SS
#AISIN*
#AS
N+&
+HP+#I+N!+
to tran$(or t3e or1ani2ation into learnin1 and a1ile or1ani2ation a5 be
trained t3rou13 t3i$ (rae4or%.
4.. Ne7t coe$ (eedbac%: 43ic3 &ei13tan (=99)) (ind$ critical to t3e
$ucce$$ o( learnin1. It 3elp$ in coparin1 t3e per(orance 4it3 t3e re8uired
$tandard: 3o4ever it 4ill be e((ective i( c3aracteri2ed b5 iediac5 and
preci$ion. 9or evaluation: one o( t3e approac3e$ entioned b5 Beran et al
(200)) appear$ to be appropriate in 43ic3 t3e ana1er$ a$$e$$ $%ill level
be(ore and a(ter trainin1 and t3en copare t3e$e pre< and po$t<evaluation$
a1ain$t a control 1roup o( eplo5ee$ 43o did not receive trainin1.
4.!. ,3e or1ani2ation i$ 3u1e eplo5in1 one 3undred and t4ent5 t3ou$and
eplo5ee$ Gence it i$ not po$$ible to train and develop o$t o( t3e
eplo5ee$ in one 1oD per3ap$ t3e be$t 4a5 4ould be to train one<(ourt3
eplo5ee$ ever5 5ear $o t3at 4it3in (our 5ear$ all t3e eplo5ee$ a5 3one
t3eir e7i$tin1 $%ill$ and learn ne4 one$. Apart (ro t3i$ certain crucial
(unction$ li%e tec3nolo1ical innovation$ a5 be done b5 developent o(
tea$: and $tud5 o( copetition d5naic$ a5 be ac3ieved t3rou13 ta$%
(orce. ,3i$ re8uire$ tea buildin1 e((ort (or 43ic3 t3e 4or% o( Belbin (=98=)
appear$ to be o$t appropriate: 43en 3e identi(ie$ ei13t tea t5pe$
individual$ divided into out4ard loo%in1 (!3airper$on: Plant: #e$ource
Inve$ti1ator: S3aper) and in4ard loo%in1 (!opan5 &or%er: Monitor<
+valuator: ,ea &or%er: 9ini$3er) 43o $3ould ideall5 (or a tea. ,3i$
identi(ication i$ done t3rou13 p$5c3oetric te$t$: 43ic3 can be $eparatel5
attepted.
. Conclusion
/ur old or1ani2ation i$ certainl5 not 1old at t3e oent: but undoubtedl5
3a$ t3e potential. &3o %no4$ a $tor5 titled E(ro old i$ not 1old to old i$
1oldF a5 be 4ritten b5 t3e copetencie$ developed to c3allen1e t3e
c3an1e.
=A
(eferences
=. Ar15ri$: !. (=990) )'ercoming )rgani*ational +efenses: ,acilitating
)rgani*ational -earning: .SA" All5n and Bacon
2. Belbin: M. #. (=98=) Management teams: #h. the. succeed and fail:
Condon" Geineann
3. Beran: +. M.: Bo4an: M. S.: &e$t: M. P. and &art M. K. (200') /uman
(esource Management in Pu$lic 0er'ice: Paradoxes1 Processes and
Pro$lems: Second +dition: !ali(ornia" Sa1e Publication$
). Boa: #. and Sparro4: P (ed.) (=992) +esigning and achie'ing
competenc.: 2 competenc.3$ased approach to de'eloping people and
organi*ations: Condon" Mc*ra4<Gill
>. Buc3an: M. and Mario: #. D. () S%ill i7 in t3e 3ealt3 care 4or%(orce"
revie4in1 t3e evidence: 4ulletin of the 5orld /ealth )rgani*ation: 80 (A)
Available 9ro 3ttp"66444.43o.int6bulletin6arc3ive$680(A)>A>.pd(
(Acce$$ed on =)<0)<2009)
'. Mu(ord: A. (=993) Go4 Mana1er$ !an Becoe Developer$: Personnel
Management: Mune: )2<>
A. @anun1o: #. N. and Mendonca: M. (ed.) (=99)) 5ork Moti'ation:
Models for +e'eloping countries: Ne4 Del3i" Sa1e Publication$
8. Niven: P. #. (200>) 4alanced 0corecard +iagnostics: Maintaining
Maximum Performance: Ne4 Mer$e5" &ile5
9. /9B (200') Indian )rdnance ,actories: Available 9ro
3ttp"66o(bindia.1ov.in6inde7.p3p (Acce$$ed on 09<0)<2009)
=8
=0. -uinn: #. +.: 9aeran: S. #.: ,3op$on: M. P. and Mc*rat3: M. #.
(=990) 4ecoming a Master Manager: 2 Competenc. ,rame#ork: Ne4
0or%" &ile5
==. #apidBI (n.d.) P60&/P60&-6 2nal.sis &ool and &emplate: Available
9ro 3ttp"66444.rapidbi.co6created6t3e<P+S,C+<anal5$i$<tool.3tl
(acce$$ed on =2<0)<2009)
=2. #ao: ,. K. (=99') /uman (esources +e'elopment: 6xperiences1
Inter'entions: Ne4 Del3i" Sa1e Publication$
=3. Standin1 !oittee /n De(ence (200>) Ministr. )f +efence: +efence
)rdnance ,actories 0e'enth (eport: Ne4 Del3i" Co% Sab3a Secretariat:
Available 9ro 3ttp"66=').=00.2).2086l$6!oittee#6De(ence6At3rep.pd(
(Acce$$ed on =0<0)<2009)
=). Sit3: M. and #obert$on: I. (=992) A$$e$$in1 copetencie$: In Boa:
#. and Sparro4: P (ed.) +esigning and achie'ing competenc.: 2
competenc.3$ased approach to de'eloping people and organi*ations:
Condon" Mc*ra4<Gill: pp >0<A>
=>. .nnit3an: S. (200A) +efence 0ector Pri'ate 2rms (ace: Ne4 Del3i"
India ,oda5: Available 9ro
3ttp"66444.indiatoda5.co6itoda56200A0A096de(ence.3tl
(Acce$$ed on 09<0)<2009)
='. &ei13tan: M. (=99)) Competencies in action: Condon" In$titute o(
Per$onnel and Developent
=A. &oodru((e: !. (=992) &3at i$ eant b5 a copetenc5N: In Boa: #. and
Sparro4: P (ed.) +esigning and achie'ing competenc.: 2 competenc.3
$ased approach to de'eloping people and organi*ations: Condon"
Mc*ra4<Gill: pp ='<30
=8. &ri13t: ,. and Bolit3o: #. (200A) &rainer +e'elopment: .nited
@in1do" Culu
=9