EnglishUEF- Real Education Quality!

READING SET 1
(International TOEFL 01-199!
Question 1-9
Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the
nineteenth-century, public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890s! "he acute,
growing public awareness of the social changes that had been ta#ing place for some time was tied to
tremendous growth in popular $ournalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in %uantity
and circulation of both maga&ines and newspapers! "hese developments, in addition to the continued
growth of cities, were significant factors in the transformation of society from one characteri&ed by
relatively isolated self-contained communities into an urban, industrial nation! "he decade of the
18'0s, for e"a#$le% was a period in which the sheer number of newspapers doubled, and by 1880
the &e' (or) *ra$hic had published the first photographic reproduction in a newspaper, portending
a dramatic rise in newspaper readership! (etween 188) and 188* alone, the price of daily
newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent, made possible in part by a great increase in
demand! +urther more, the introduction in 1890 of the first successful linotype machine promised
even further growth! ,n 18') only two daily newspapers could claim a circulation of over 100,000,
but by 189) seven more newspapers exceeded that figure! A world beyond the immediate
community was rapidly becoming visible!
(ut it was not newspapers alone that were bringing the new awareness to people ,n the United
States in the late nineteenth century! -aga&ines as they are #nown today began publication around
188), and, in fact, the circulation of wee#ly maga&ines e.ceeded that of newspapers in the period
which followed! (y 189), for e.ample, the circulation of the Ladies+ ,o#e -ournal had reached an
astounding '00,000! An increase in boo# readership also played a significant part in this general
trend! +or e.ample, /dward (ellamys utopian novel, Loo)ing .ac)'ard% sold over a million copies
in 1888, giving rise to the growth of organi&ations dedicated to the reali&ation of (ellamys vision of
the future! "he printed word, un%uestionably, was intruding on the insulation that had characteri&ed
United States society in an earlier period!
1/ The 'ord 0acute0 in line 1 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 useful
0(1 intense
021 genuine
031 controversial
1/ 2ccording to the $assage% the e"$ansion o3 $o$ular 4ournalis# 'as lin)ed to
0A1 changes in the distribution system
0(1 a larger supply of paper
021 an increase in peoples awareness of social changes
031 greater numbers of $ournalists
5/ 2ccording to the $assage % the &e' (or) *ra$hic+s inclusion o3 $hotogra$hs contri6uted to
0A1 the closing of newspapers that did not use photographs
0(1 newspapers becoming more e.pensive
021 an increase in the number of people reading newspapers
031 a reduction in the cost of advertising
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:/ ;hy 'as there a dro$ in the $rice o3 daily ne's$a$ers 6et'een 11 and 1<=
0A1 "here was a rise in demand!
0(1 4ewspapers had fewer pages!
021 4ewspapers contained photographic reproductions!
031 -aga&ines began to compete with newspapers!
>/ The 'ord ?exceeded in line 1: is closest in #eaning to
0A1 controlled
0(1 surpassed
021 affected
031 e%ualed
</ ;hat does the author #ean 6y the state#ent ? A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly
becoming visible in lines 1:-1> =
0A1 5hotographs made newspapers more interesting!
0(1 "he United Slates e.ported newspapers to other countries!
021 5eople were becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues!
031 2ommunities remained isolated despite the growth of popular $ournalism
@/ The 'ord 0 that0 in line 1 re3ers to
0A1 century
0(1 publication
021 circulation
031 period
/ The 'ord 0astounding0 in line 10 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 surprising
0(1 estimated
021 encouraging
031 sudden
9/ ;hy does the author #ention Ed'ard .ella#y+s noAel Loo)ing .ac)'ard=
0A1 "o illustrate how advanced the technology of printing had become
0(1 "o emphasi&e the influence of the printed word on a society undergoing rapid change
021 "o document its prediction about the popularity of newspapers
031 "o demonstrate that boo#s had replaced newspapers and maga&ines as the leading source of
information
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6uestion 10-19
7lass is a remar#able substance made from the simplest raw materials! ,t can be colored or
colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opa%ue! ,t is lightweight
impermeable to li%uids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful
7lass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are e.ceptional! ,n all its myriad
forms 8 as table ware, containers, in architecture and design 8 glass represents a ma$or achievement
in the history of technological developments!
Since the (ron&e Age about 9,000 (!2!, glass has been used for ma#ing various #inds of ob$ects! ,t
was first made from a mi.ture of silica, lime and an al#ali such as soda or potash, and these
remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth
century! :hen heated, the mi.ture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various
techni%ues into a vast array of shapes and si&es! "he homogeneous mass thus formed by melting
then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way 0metals, for instance1,
glass lac#s the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random
molecular structure of a li%uid! ,n effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid,
but does so without setting up a networ# of interloc#ing crystals customarily associated with that
process! "his is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow! :hy glass deteriorates over time,
especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly
cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling!
Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold
substance into a hot, ductile li%uid! Unli#e metals that flow or ;free&e; at specific temperatures,
glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability
until it flows li#e a thic# syrup! /ach stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into
various forms, by different techni%ues, and if suddenly cooled, the ob$ect retains the shape achieved
at that point! 7lass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techni%ues than most other
materials!
10/ ;hy does the author list the characteristics o3 glass in lines 1-:=
0A1 "o demonstrate how glass evolved
0(1 "o show the versatility of glass
021 "o e.plain glassma#ing technology
031 "o e.plain the purpose of each component of glass
11/ The 'ord 0dura6le0 in line 5 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 lasting
0(1 delicate
021 heavy
031 plain
11/ ;hat does the author i#$ly a6out the ra' #aterials used to #a)e glass=
0A1 "hey were the same for centuries!
0(1 "hey arc li%uid
021 "hey are transparent
031 "hey are very heavy!
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15/ 2ccording to the $assage% ho' is glass that has cooled and 6eco#e rigid di33erent 3ro# #ost other
rigid su6stances=
0A1 ,t has an interloc#ing crystal networ#!
0(1 ,t has an unusually low melting temperature!
021 ,t has varying physical properties!
031 ,t has a random molecular structure!

1:/ The 'ord 0customarily0 in line 1> is closest in #eaning to
0A1 naturally
0(1 necessarily
021 usually
031 certainly
1>/ The 'ords 0exposed to0 in line 1@ are closest in #eaning to
0A1 hardened by
0(1 chilled with
021 sub$ected to
031 deprived of
1</ ;hat #ust 6e done to release the internal stresses that 6uild u$ in glass $roducts during #anu3acture=
0A1 the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled!
0(1 the glass must be cooled %uic#ly!
021 the glass must be #ept moist until cooled!
031 the glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately
1@/ The 'ord 0induced0 in line 1 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 $oined
0(1 missed
021 caused
031 lost
1/ The 'ord 0it0 in line 11 re3ers to
0A1 feature
0(1 glass
021 manner
031 viscosity
19/ 2ccording to the $assage% 'hy can glass 6e #ore easily sha$ed into s$eci3ic 3or#s than can #etals
0A1 ,t resists brea#ing when heated
0(1 ,t has better optical properties!
021 ,t retains heat while its viscosity changes!
031 ,t gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises!
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6uestion )0-90
A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient human locomotion= the footprints of
early hominids! "he best-#nown specimens are the remarkable trac#s discovered at >actoli,
"an&ania, by -ary >ea#y! "hese were left by small hominids around 9!* to 9!'? million years ago,
according to potassium 8 argon dates of the volcanic roc#s above and below this level! "hese
hominids wal#ed across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subse%uently turned to mud by
rain, and which then set li#e concrete!
/.amination of the shape of the prints revealed to -ary >ea#ey that the feet had a raised arch, a
rounded heel, a pronounced ball, and a big toe that pointed forward! "hese features, together with
the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of upright-wal#ing modern humans! "he
pressures exerted along the foot, together with the length of stride, which averaged 8' centimeters,
indicated that the hominids had been wal#ing slowly! ,n short, all the detectable morphological
features implied that the feet that left the footprints were very little different from those of
contemporary humans!
A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a techni%ue for obtaining
measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of
the prints! "he result emphasi&ed that there were at least seven points of similarity with modern
bipedal prints, such as the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big toe! - 3ay
and /! :ic#ens also too# stereophotographs of the >actoli prints and compared them with modern
prints ma#e by men and women in similar soil conditions! @nce again, the results furnished possible
evidence of bipedalism! +ootprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft
tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than
can be obtained from the analysis of bones!
"he study of fossil footprints is not restricted to e.amples from such remote periods! Aundreds of
prints are #nown, for e.ample, in +rench caves dating from the end of the last ices age,
appro.imately 10,000 years ago! Besearch by >eon 5ales, using detailed silicon resin molds of
footprints mostly made by bare feet, has provided information about this period!
10/ ;hat does the $assage #ainly discuss=
0A1 "he analysis of footprint fossils
0(1 Accurate dating of hominid remains
021 the career of -ary >ea#ey
031 (ehavioral patterns of early humans
11/ The 'ord 0remarkable0 in line 1 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 e.traordinary
0(1 enormous
021 various
031 orderly
11/ The age o3 the Lactoli 3oot$rints 'as esti#ated 6y
0A1 testing the fossili&ed bones of the hominids
0(1 studying the shape of the footprints
021 analy&ing nearly roc# layers
031 comparison with footprints from other locations
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15/ It can 6e in3erred that the 3oot$rints in Aolcanic ash at Lactoli 'ere 'ell $reserAed 6ecause
0A1 they were buried by a second volcanic eruption
0(1 the ash contained potassium anti argon
021 the ash was still warm from the volcanic eruptions
031 suitable conditions caused the ash to harden
1:/ ;hich or the 3ollo'ing is &OT #entioned as a characteristic o3 the 3eet in Bary Lea)ey+s 3ossil 3ind=
0A1 "he shape or the heel
0(1 "he number of toes
021 A raised arch
031 A pronounced ball
1>/ The 'ord 0exerted0 in line 10 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 influenced
0(1 applied
021 returned
031 lessened
1</ The 3igure o3 @ centi#eters #entioned in line 10 re3ers to the siCe o3 the
0A1 ob$ects carried by the hominids
0(1 steps ta#en by the hominids
021 hominids bodies
031 hominids feet
1@/ ;hy does the author #ention the 0heel impression0 in line 1@=
0A1 "o emphasi&e the si&e of the hominids foot
0(1 "o speculate on a possible in$ury the hominid had suffered
021 "o give an e.ample of similarity to modern human footprints
031 "o indicate the weight of early hominids
1/ The 'ord 0restricted0 in line 15 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 limited
0(1 improved
021 continued
031 succeeded
19/ ;hat can 6e in3erred a6out the 3oot$rints 3ound in French caAes #entioned in the last $aragra$h=
0A1 "hey show more detail than the >actoli prints!
0(1 "hey are of more recent origin than the >actoli prints!
021 "hey are not as informative as the >actoli prints!
031 "hey are more difficult to study than the >actoli prints
50/ ;hich o3 the 3ollo'ing ter#s is de3ined in the $assage=
0A1 ;hominids; 0line 91
0(1 ;arch; 0line '1
021 ;photogrammetry; 0line 1<1
031 ;silicon resin molds;0line )?1
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Questions 51-:0
"he livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the
e.istences of other organisms! "his interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious!
5erhaps the most straight forward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites,
organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them! "he parasitic
way of life is widespread! A multitude of microorganisms0 including viruses and bacteria1 and an
army of invertebrates 8 or creatures lac#ing a spinal column 0including crustaceans, insects, and
many different types of worms 1 8 ma#e their livings directly at the e.pense of other creatures! ,n the
face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting
their bodies from invasion by other organisms!
2ertain fungi and even some #inds of bacteria secrete substances #nown as antibiotics into their
e.ternal environment! "hese substances are capable of #illing or inhibiting the growth of various
#inds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for
nutrients! "he same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms! +or
e.ample, when attac#ed by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many #inds of plants produce
chemicals that help to ward off the invaders!
-embers of the animal #ingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with
parasites! Although these mechanisms ary considerably, all ma$or groups of animals are capable of
detecting and reacting to the presence of ;foreign; cells! ,n fact, throughout the animal #ingdom,
from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates 0creatures possessing a spinal
column1, there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are
accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals!
"he ability to distinguish between ;self; and ;nonself;, while present in all animals, is most efficient
among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism! "he
immune system recogni&es and ta#es action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are
treated as foreign cells!
51/ ;hat does the $assage #ainly discuss=
0A1 how parasites reproduce
0(1 how organisms react to invaders
021 how antibiotics wor# to cure disease
031 how the immune systems of vertebrates developed
51/ The 'ord 0intricate0 in line 1 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 difficult
0(1 widespread
021 critical
031 comple.
55/ The e"$ression 0an army0 in line > - < is closest in #eaning to
0A1 an illness
0(1 an attac#
021 a large number
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031 a distinct type
5:/ 2ccording to the $assage% so#e organis#s $roduce anti6iotics in order to
0A1 prevent disease in humans
0(1 aid digestion
021 fight off other organisms
031 create new types of nutrients
5>/ The 'ord 0vary0 in line 1@ is closest in #eaning to
0A1 differ
0(1 endure
021 balance
031 contribute
5</ The 'ord 0they0 in line 11 re3ers to
0A1 sponges, worms and shellfish
0(1 vertebrates
021 individuals
031 transplants
5@/ 2ccording to the $assage% a trans$lant o3 tissue 6et'een genetically inco#$ati6le organis#s 'ill
result in the trans$lanted tissue
0A1 becoming a parasite
0(1 being treated as an invader
021 altering its genetic ma#eup
031 developing a new immune system
5/ 2ccording to the $assage% the a6ility to distinguish 6et'een 0sel30 and 0nonsel30 ena6les Aerte6rates
to
0A1 accept transplanted cells
0(1 detect and react to invasion
021 wea#en their immune system
031 get rid of antibiotics
59/ 2ll o3 the 3ollo'ing are de3ined in the $assage EDEEFT
0A1 parasites 0line 91
0(1 invertebrates 0line *1
021 nutrients 0line191
031 vertebrates0line 191
:0/ The $aragra$h 3ollo'ing the $assage #ost $ro6a6ly discusses
0A1 how the immune system in vertebrates fights off foreign cells
0(1 different types of bacteria and lung
021 how vertebrates and invertebrates differ
031 e.amples of different groups of organisms
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Questions :1 8 >0
"he development of $a&& can be seen as part of the larger continuum of American popular music,
especially dance music! ,n the twenties, $a&& became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as
ragtime had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues in the fifties, roc# in the fifties,
and disco in the seventies! (ut two characteristics distinguish $a&& from other dance music! "he first
is improvisation, the changing of a musical phrase according to the players inspiration! >i#e all
artists, $a&& musicians strive for an individual style, and the improvise or paraphrase is a $a&&
musicians main opportunity to display his or her individuality!
,n early $a&&, musicians often improvised melodies collectively, thus creating a #ind of polyphony!
"here was little soloing as such, although some 4ew @rleans players, particularly cornet player
(uddy (olden, achieved local fame for their ability to improvise a solo! >ater the idea of the chorus-
long or multichorus solo too# hold! >ouis Armstrongs instrumental brilliance, demonstrated through
e.tended solos, was a ma$or influence in this development! /ven in the early twenties, however,
some $a&& bands had featured soloists! Similarly, show orchestras and carnival bands often included
one or two such ;get-off; musicians! Unimproved, completely structured $a&& does e.ist, but the
ability of the best $a&& musicians to create music of great cohesion and beauty during performance
has been a hallmar# of the music and its ma$or source of inspiration and change!
"he second distinguishing characteristic of $a&& is a rhythmic drive that was initially called ;hot; and
later ;swing;! ,n playing hot, a musician consciously departs from strict meter to create a rela.ed
sense of phrasing that also emphasi&es the underlying rhythms! 0;Bough; tone and use of moderate
vibrato also contributed to a hot sound!1 4ot all $a&& is hot, however, many early bands played
unadorned published arrangements of popular songs! Still, the proclivity to play hot distinguished
the $a&& musician from other instrumentalists!
:1/ The $assage ans'ers 'hich o3 the 3ollo'ing Guestions=
0A1 :hich early $a&& musicians most ,nfluenced rhythm and blues musicC
0(1 :hat are the differences between $a&& and other forms of musicC
021 :hy ,s dancing closely related to popular music in the United StatesC
031 :hat ,nstruments comprised a typical $a&& band of the 19)0sC
:1/ ;hich o3 the 3ollo'ing $receded 4aCC as a $o$ular #usic 3or dancing=
0A1 3isco
0(1 Boc#
021 Bhythm and blues
031 Bagtime
:5/ 2ccording to the $assage% 4aCC #usicians are a6le to de#onstrate their indiAidual artistry #ainly 6y=
0A1 creating musical variations while performing
0(1 preparing musical arrangements
021 reading music with great s#ill
031 being able to play all types of popular music
::/ ;hich o3 the 3ollo'ing 'as the 3unction o3 ?get-o33H #usicians (line 1:!=
0A1 Assist the other band members in pac#ing up after a performance
0(1 "each dance routines created for new music
021 >ead the band
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031 5rovide solo performances in a band or orchestra
:>/ The 'ord ?cohesionH in line 1> is closest in #eaning to
0A1 sorrow
0(1 fame
021 unity
031 vibration
:</ The 'ord ?initiallyH in line 1@ is closest in #eaning to
0A1 at first
0(1 shortly
021 alphabetically
031 in fact
:@/ The 'ord ?consciouslyH in line 1 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 carelessly
0(1 easily
021 periodically
031 purposely
:/ The 'ord ?unadornedH in line 11 is closest in #eaning to
0A1 lovely
0(1 plain
021 disorgani&ed
031 ine.pensive
:9/ ;hich o3 the 3ollo'ing ter#s is de3ined in the $assage=
0A1 DimprovisationE 0line ?1
0(1 DpolyphonyE 0line 81
021 Dcornet playerE 0line 91
031 DmultichorusE 0line 111
>0/ The to$ic o3 the $assage is deAelo$ed $ri#arily 6y #eans o3
0A1 dividing the discussion into two ma$or areas
0(1 presenting contrasting points of view
021 providing biographies of famous musician
031 describing historical events in se%uence
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