Process and Instrumentation Diagram

Development
In Water and Waste Water Treatment
Plants
Steven J. Marrano, P.E.
Instrumentation and Controls
Engineer
The process and instrumentation
diagram (P&ID as it often called)
represents a document that can take on
many different forms depending upon
the following factors:
) !ature of the process "eing depicted#
The more complicated the process$
or the more one process is
interconnected to other portions of
the P&ID$ the more comple% the
P&ID will "ecome#
&) The indi'idual or firm performing
the design work# (ome firms do not
feel the need to de'elop P&IDs#
This approach is used to achie'e
economies on system design#
)) Design philosophy# (ome design
philosophies include P&IDs as an
item issued with the instrumentation
or electrical design (de'eloped at the
middle or end of the pro*ect)# +ther
design philosophies allow the P&IDs
to "e used as the "asis for all other
design disciplines# In this
philosophy$ the electrical$
mechanical$ and piping engineers on
a pro*ect would start their work once
the P&IDs are complete#
,) Intended audience once the design is
complete#
-mong the se'eral design engineers I
ha'e spoken to$ these factors dominate
how detailed or general the process and
instrumentation diagram will "ecome#
Different industries tend to use different
terminology and presentation of
technical information# In the chemical
or pharmaceutical sectors of process
control$ it is common to ha'e
mechanical (or .ngineering /low)
diagrams to show ma*or pieces of
e0uipment and associated ratings$ and
separate process and instrumentation
diagrams that show how the instruments
connect to the process# The water and
wastewater industry tends to fa'or a
hy"rid presentation of mechanical and
instrumentation information on the same
drawing#
Process and Instrumentation
Diagrams
1e should "egin "y re'iewing the
P&ID2s purpose and what information it
depicts# +ne set of authors

descri"es
the P&ID as a roadmap to the
facility2s design# If we compare the main
flow through the plant as the highway
and the 'arious unit processes as
secondary roads$ we can see that a well
thought out P&ID con'eys a great deal
of information to the 'arious mem"ers of
the design and operations teams#
The engineering team de'eloping the
design of a new facility or an upgrade to
an e%isting plant selects unit processes
that "est suit the economic$ regulatory$
safety$ and con'enience criteria set forth
"y the plant owner and regulatory
agencies# This may "e done 'ia a
process pilot model and *ar testing#

3uckiewic4$ .#$ (andler 5: Practical Process

.ngineering: - 1orking -pproach to Plant
Design$ 6imi%$ Philadelphia$ P- 789$ pg# ):
The P&ID is a speciali4ed document that
is shown on a side 'iew# P&IDs are a
side 'iew representation of a side 'iew
of all e0uipment# P&IDs normally do
not attempt to pro'ide any form of scale
on their drawings "ecause this is handled
on the piping$ electrical$ mechanical$ etc#
plan drawings# It should "e noted that
P&IDs sometimes distinguish "etween
e0uipment located in different portions
of the plant# -n e%ample here would "e
a control panel located on the outside of
a "uilding and how it may "e interfaced
'ia instrumentation to a mechanical
component (such as a pump) inside the
"uilding# -s stated a"o'e$ P&IDs are
"roken out "y the unit process operation
to allow sufficient detail to "e presented
on drawings#
The P&ID will depict the following
items
&
# (!ote that this list cannot "e all;
inclusi'e as no two plants or processes
are alike):
a) <aterial flow; for a water or
wastewater facility$ this is normally
the fluid "eing treated#
") =nit process operations; when the
pro*ect has "een gi'en further
definition$ the plant is normally
"roken down into se'eral portions#
(ome typical portions of a plant may
include the influent>intake section$
initial treatment (sometimes called
pre;treatment)$ chemical additions$
settling$ filtration$ flocculation$
agitation$ mi%ing$ waste
treatment>recycle$ storage$ etc#
c) Piping "etween the 'arious sections
of the plant and process e0uipment#
Piping on a P&ID may include
instrument connections or heat
&
?oslo'$ @# (chwart4$ <: Piping and
Instrumentation Diagrams$ Ahemical
.ngineering <aga4ine$ pp# 8:;7B$ <c Craw;
5ill$ !ew Dork$ @uly 7$ 78,
tracing depending upon the si4e of
the pro*ect#
d) <a*or pieces of mechanical
e0uipment (pumps$ 'endor packages$
filters$ clarification e0uipment$ tanks$
etc#)# (ome designers will also show
installed spare e0uipment on the
P&ID#
e) Eal'es and directions of process flow
f) /ield <ounted Instruments;
Different designers show different
le'els of detail on their P&IDs# The
reader should re'iew the discussion
"elow for more information
g) .lectrical e0uipment; The P&ID
often shows ma*or pieces of
e0uipment that re0uire either signal
or power wiring# The reader should
see the discussion "elow for more
information#
h) Aommunications links; The P&ID
sometimes shows communications
links (software or hard;wired) to the
distri"uted control system depending
upon the le'el of detail and space
a'aila"le on the drawings#
P&IDs and the Design Process
1hat a P&ID shows depends on the
design process to "e followed and when
P&IDs are de'eloped# Two approaches
to P&ID layout will "e considered here#
In the first approach$ the P&ID is used
"y all of the disciplines to detail the
components needed to make the process
operate as intended# =nder this
approach$ the process designers de'elop
all of the routing for pipes$ pumps$
'al'es$ etc# The e0uipment (mechanical)
engineer then selects his>her e0uipment
in consultation with the process and
piping engineers to ensure that process
o"*ecti'es can "e met# +nce these items
ha'e "een de'eloped$ the
instrumentation engineer de'elops how
the process is to "e
monitored>controlled# This task re0uires
some o'erlap with the process engineer
and the piping designer# -s an e%ample$
chlorine residual data of water lea'ing a
filter is a state and national monitoring
re0uirement to ensure proper treatment#
In this situation$ the process engineer
normally determines that some form of
chlorine residual measurement is
needed$ while the instrumentation
engineer determines what method of
analy4er will "e used# The piping
designer will de'elop input for the
location of sample piping$ where the
sample will "e drained to after it is
taken$ the 'al'es on the analy4er for
isolation and maintenance and other
items (such as pressure regulators or
gages) to facilitate proper operation#
The electrical engineer is concerned with
power and process control wiring for the
'arious pieces of e0uipment in the
facility# In the chlorine residual
e%ample$ the electrical engineer would
want to know if the transmitter re0uires
&BE-A (or if it is a loop powered
de'ice) and he>she would want to know
where the signal is wired to (distri"uted
control system or a local control panel)#
-ll of this information is then depicted
on the P&ID#
This approach allows a great deal of
input from the 'arious design disciplines
"efore all of the details ha'e "een
worked out# It forces the mem"ers of
the design team to consider all of the
issues in'ol'ing successful
instrumentation operation# The principle
limitation to the detailed design of
P&IDs "efore detailed design is
complete is that the P&IDs must mirror
the electrical$ process$ instrumentation
and piping re0uirements as closely as
possi"le# If there are ma*or re'isions to
the pro*ect during detailed P&ID
de'elopment$ the P&IDs must "e
modified# This adds time and cost to a
design# +ne other limitation to this
approach is the pro*ect schedule and
coordination amongst the design team
mem"ers# If the P&IDs are not
synchroni4ed with the work of the
'arious disciplines$ design team
mem"ers may use inaccurate
information#
The second approach to P&ID
de'elopment allows the P&IDs to show
the instrumentation connections only#
This approach is used when P&IDs are
only used among the instrumentation
designers and engineers (and possi"ly
the electrical engineers to dou"le check
instrumentation wiring re0uirements)#
These diagrams do not illustrate the
same le'el of detail as the first approach#
They are intended to show how
instrumentation relates to the process
and possi"ly show the electrical
re0uirements#
The ad'antage to the second approach is
that the documents are less dependent on
the other disciplines for information#
This leads to simpler drawings that can
"e changed without impact to the other
mem"ers of the design team# The
principle limitation to this approach is
that the instrumentation$ piping$ and
electrical engineers tend to work more
independently of the process engineers#
This could lead to situations where
critical interfaces are not ade0uately
de'eloped# -n e%ample can "e seen if
one looks at 'endor furnished packages
(such as a chemical feed package for a
polymer of lime system)# If the P&ID
only shows instrumentation$ it is harder
to tell what piping$ electrical$ and
mechanical interfaces may "e re0uired#
Interface Aonsiderations
)
The detailed design approach re0uires
the instrumentation$ process$ electrical$
and mechanical (e0uipment engineers) to
supply each other with a great deal of
data# 3isted "elow is a partial interface
checklist for the instrumentation
engineer de'eloping a P&ID:
.n'ironmental (Process) .ngineers
- Define the types of unit process
operations in the facility throughout
the pro*ect#
- De'elop the process parameters
(normally pressures and flows)
- Define e0uipment scope ('endor
furnished package 'ersus indi'idual
components)
- De'elop a general control strategy
and components to "e measured$
interlocked$ or trended
- Define (with mechanical engineers)
configurations of chemical feed
systems and other systems related to
treatment
- De'elop the necessary utilities (with
the mechanical engineers) such as air
for 'al'es or water for samples$ etc#
Piping><echanical .ngineers
+nce the unit operations for the facility
ha'e "een decided$ the piping and
mechanical engineers can "egin their
work# This in'ol'es selection and layout
of all e0uipment and piping#
)
3uckiewic4$ .#$ (andler 5: Practical Process
.ngineering: - 1orking -pproach to Planrt
Design$ 6imi%$ Philadelphia$ P- 789$ pp# )9;9)
- De'elop the type of mechanical
e0uipment to "e used on the pro*ect
such as metering pumps$ distri"uti'e
pumps$ compressors$ 'al'es$
agitators$ mi%ers$ fans>"lowers$ etc#
- De'elop details associated with
chemical feed systems such as
tu"ing$ 'al'es for flow and isolation$
etc#
- (election and layout of piping#
Aritical parameters include the
materials of construction for the
pipe$ the location of
'al'es>tees>fittings$ heat trace
re0uirements$ insulation$ pipeline
si4es$ etc#
- De'elop mechanical e0uipment
num"ering system
- De'elop piping num"ering system
- De'elop material handling schemes
(for items such as cranes to allow
hoists to mo'e pumps$ etc#)
- De'elop special piping for analytical
instruments such as sample and
waste piping
- De'elop special piping for large
'al'es to allow for mechanical
isolation of the 'al'e from the line to
allow for maintenance#
.lectrical .ngineers
-fter the piping and mechanical groups
ha'e finali4ed most of their design$ the
electrical engineers and instrumentation
engineers can "egin their work# The
electrical engineer will ha'e to select
and de'elop power distri"ution schemes
for all e0uipment (when the P&ID shows
e0uipment horsepower or k1 ratings)#
Depending upon the design firm2s
philosophy$ the electrical engineer may
participate in the wiring of
instrumentation interlocks and may also
run control wiring from field e0uipment
to the distri"uted control system (DA()
or to the programma"le logic controller
(P3A)#
Fecause the electrical engineer2s work is
dependent upon the e0uipment "eing
specified$ it is important that the P&IDs
"e kept up to date to ensure that the
0uantity$ horsepower and control method
are ade0uately shown on these drawings#
In some cases$ P&IDs may also show the
following information:
- Type of control re0uired for a gi'en
piece of e0uipment (selector
switches$ start>stop push"uttons$
indicating lights for run>failure
conditions$ alarms$ etc)#
- Interlocks "etween mechanical
components
- Types of communications links
re0uired "etween components (the
electrical engineer will "e concerned
with the routing and possi"ly the
termination of this wiring)
Instrument .ngineers
Instrumentation and controls engineers
ha'e the difficult task of pulling together
all of the information de'eloped "y the
process$ piping>mechanical$ and
electrical into a cohesi'e representation
of the process#
+n any pro*ect$ it is recommended that
the process engineer get the
instrumentation and controls engineer
in'ol'ed in P&ID de'elopment as early
as possi"le to ensure that all of the
process goals can "e accomplished# The
critical interface points that would "e
shown on the detailed P&ID are:
- The location of the 'arious
measurements on e0uipment#
.%ample$ an ultrasonic le'el
transmitter may ha'e a le'el element
that is interfaced "y a ca"le to an
indicating transmitter# Foth items
should "e shown on the drawings#
- The method of signal transmission
('ia an electrical$ pneumatic$ or
digital interface)# -n e%ample of a
digital interface would "e G(;,8: or
the /ield"us protocol#
- The measured signal2s location (local
control panel$ distri"uted control
system$ 'endor furnished mechanical
package$ motor control center$ etc#)
- (tatus inputs from each measured
signal (analog input$ digital input)
- (ignals from 'endor mechanical
packages (such as running or failure
status signals)
- Digital and analog outputs to
e0uipment ('al'es$ pumps$
fans>"lowers$ mi%ers$ agitators$ etc#)
for control "y the P3A or DA(
(tructural>Ai'il .ngineers
- P&IDs (coupled with a mechanical
plan drawing) pro'ide a general
picture for structural re0uirements
associated with piping support$
e0uipment housekeeping pads
(0uantity)$ supports or pads for
'essels (such as chemical "ulk tanks
in large water>waste water treatment
facilities)# (ometimes$ P&IDs also
show items like containment areas
for chemicals# These types of details
are important for the ci'il>structural
engineer so that the engineer can
plan their concrete drawings#
-
Ahecklists for Piping and
Instrumentation Diagrams
) Ceneral Documentation Practices
a) -t the "eginning of the pro*ect$
some form of agreed to set of
a""re'iations should "e
de'eloped for e'ery piece of
process$ mechanical$ and
electrical de'ice
.%amples:
-; -gitator
P; Pump
<; <i%er (or motor)
/; /ilter
/3; /locculator
") -n agreed to pipe num"ering
scheme should "e de'eloped#
.%ample: some companies may
list a pipe2s uni0ue tag "y where
the pipe comes from$ where it
goes to$ the line si4e of the pipe$
and materials of construction#
This ensures that all parties know
where components are to "e
placed in the piping system#
c) (ome form of instrument
num"ering system should "e
employed on the pro*ect so that
engineers$ designers$ and
installers can understand where a
piece of e0uipment goes# It is
important to recogni4e that this
instrument tag num"er should "e
stamped on a tag when the
instrument is installed in the field
to allow for some form of record
keeping during construction and
installation#
.%amples (applica"le to a surface
water treatment plant):
-rea BB; Intake (tructure
-rea &BB; <i%ing
-rea )BB; /locculation
-rea ,BB; Pre; Treatment
-rea :BB; /iltration
-rea 9BB; Post Ahemical
Treatment
-rea HBB; Distri"uti'e Pumping
-rea 8BB; Alearwell>(torage
-rea 7BB; =tilities (such as
electrical e0uipment)
-fter these general num"ering
systems are esta"lished$ the
su"se0uent num"ers in the tag
can "e selected se0uentially$
"ased on an e0uipment num"er$
or "y any other scheme that the
mechanical$ electrical$ and
instrumentation design team
mem"ers decide to use#
1e note that there is really no
right or wrong way to num"er
instruments# Aonsistency
amongst the instrument tags is of
primary importance# +nce a
con'ention is selected$ the user
should ensure that e'eryone
understands and uses the
num"ering con'ention#
d) (ome form of standard sym"ols
should "e selected and presented
on the co'er page for:
i) Eal'es
ii) Piping
iii) /ittings on pipe
i') <otors
') Pumps
'i) Eendor furnished packaged
e0uipment
'ii) Tanks
e) The design team should pick
what le'el of detail will "e
shown on the P&ID as far as
interlocks$ connections to the
DA(>P3A system$ and other
items are concerned# This choice
can effect the le'el of detail to "e
shown on the P&IDs# 1hen a
design team places all the
interlocks "etween de'ices on the
P&ID$ the interconnection
"etween de'ices is clearly
defined# This approach has the
limitation that drawings can
0uickly "ecome crowded and
difficult to read# - drawing
showing all the interlocks also
has the tendency to "e difficult to
change once drafted# This leads
to increase drafting and design
time# The other approach
sometimes used "y design teams
in'ol'es showing the 0uantity
and type of I>+ that go from a
de'ice "ack to the DA( or P3A#
This approach simplifies the
drawing presentation# Its
principle limitation is that the
interconnection "etween de'ices
(for interlocking$ alarm
conditions$ etc#) is not defined#
-nother document (such as a
loop drawing or interconnection
diagram) must "e pro'ided to
illustrate how all of the
components are connected#
-nother limitation of this
approach stems from the large
amounts of coordination "etween
P&ID$ loop drawings$ electrical
drawings$ and mechanical
e0uipment specifications#
Fecause all of these drawings
in'ol'e different components of
the pro*ect team$ an
uncoordinated change "y any
group can lead to confusion and
e0uipment mismatch# Therefore
this approach re0uires more
coordination than the other form
of P&ID presentation#
f) (ome form of sym"ol for the
measurement and the associated
destination must "e shown# /or
e%ample$ if an instrument
consists of a transmitter that is
panel mounted$ a certain sym"ol
is used to denote this# /unctions
de'eloped in the distri"uted
control or P3A system are "ased
on whether or not the signal is
software generated and whether
or not a human operator can
ad*ust or display the 'alue#
g) (ome form of con'ention should
"e chosen as to the line types for
signal transmission# .%ample$
I(- has standards for pneumatic$
electric (discrete or analog)$ and
distri"uted control signal wiring#
These different line types ena"le
the reader to understand when a
signal is generated "y a physical
de'ice (transducer$ con'erter$
transmitter$ switch$ relay$
function module$ etc#) or is
generated "y the distri"uted
control or programma"le logic
control system ('ia a software
function)# - simple e%ample of
this representation can "e seen
when one e%amines a le'el
transmitter interfaced to an
analog input on a distri"uted
control system# The signal is
normally electrical (from the
field "ack to the analog input) in
the form of a twisted shielded
pair ca"le# 1e would then note
that we may use the distri"uted
control system to de'elop
calculations for high$ low$ high;
high$ or low;low alarm states#
This is normally accomplished in
software#
h) (ome form of con'ention should
"e de'eloped when a process
flow stream affects different
portions of the process appearing
on different P&IDs#
i) (ome way to ensure that
additional space is left "etween
the components must "e
addressed# It is common practice
to lea'e a minimum of )>8 of
space around pieces of
e0uipment
*) If drawings are done on some
form of A-D program$ some
form of layering system should
"e de'eloped to make the
drawings more IintelligentI "y
allowing different users to find
different pieces of information
0uickly# (ome su";classes of
layers may include$ "ut not "e
limited to:
I) .0uipment (distinguish
"etween process and non;
process e0uipment with
uni0ue layer num"ers)#
.%amples include tanks$
pumps$ mi%ers$ agitators$
etc#
II) - layer for all piping
III) - layer for all 'al'es;
care should "e taken to
ensure that electrically
operated 'al'es (motor
operated 'al'es) are
distinguished from
pneumatic 'al'es or
manual 'al'es#
IE) - layer for process te%t
E) - layer for field mounted
instrumentation# It is
often useful to segregate
input and output types "y
layer# /or e%ample$ a
separate layer for analog
inputs and outputs should
"e used to allow the
instrumentation engineer
an easy way to 'erify the
0uantity and type of I>+#
EI) - layer for signal type
(pneumatic$ software$
electrical$ etc#) to allow
the reader to distinguish
"etween the 'arious
signal types#
EII) - layer for items such as
control panels (if these
items are found on a
P&ID)# Aontrol panels
are commonly used on
items like chemical
systems where the
amount of product in a
tank must "e known "y
the plant maintenance
person and the signal is
sent to the distri"uted
control or P3A system for
in'entory control and
monitoring#
&) -fter documentation procedures
ha'e "een esta"lished$ a structured
presentation for information flow
must "e de'eloped# In this instance
information flow refers to data
associated with how one signal or
alarm affects another piece of
e0uipment in addition to data
associated with de'ice wiring (type
of I>+$ which P3A the de'ice is
wired to$ etc)# <any design teams
prefer to "reak out the wiring
information into a loop style
drawing# The term loop drawing
is somewhat misleading "ecause it
tends to imply the current loop found
in analog instrumentation# <any
loop drawings also show discrete
instrumentation (such as a switch or
contact closure) for completeness# -
complete loop drawing will illustrate
how 'arious de'ices are
interconnected# /or e%ample$ it is
possi"le that an analog transmitter
may "e gi'en an ad*usta"le contact
designed to open or close at some
alarm point# /or safety reasons$ we
may wish to connect this contact
directly from the transmitter to the
mechanical e0uipment it affects (say
a motor starter connected to a pump)#
In this instance$ the loop drawing
should not only show the twisted
shielded wiring from the ,;&Bm-
transmitter "ack to the analog input
in the DA($ "ut that a contact closure
is interfaced to a motor starter as
well# !ote that this same
information can "e shown on a P&ID
"y using some form of sym"ol
(typically a diamond) to denote an
interlock# Interlocks on a P&ID
should "e la"eled for additional
clarity and a "rief description should
"e gi'en#
)) +n larger pro*ects where a
distri"uted control or P3A system
performs a great deal of the
interlocks 'ia software generated
calculations$ it is sometimes helpful
to separate out the wiring
information shown on a loop
drawing from the functional software
manipulations done in a distri"uted
control system# The principle
limitation here stems from the
additional coordination "etween
wiring and interlock re0uirements#
,) Aritical pieces of e0uipment to show
on a P&ID: (assumes the P&ID will
"e used for other detailed design
work:
a) -gitators><i%ers>/locculators;
(how some form of start and stop
control$ some form of speed
control# (ome installations show
the a'aila"le local controls such
as start and stop plus speed
control# These should "e shown
on either the P&ID or the loop
drawing# In addition some form
of running status feed"ack should
"e shown#
") Distri"uti'e Pumps; (how some
form of start and stop control$
interlocks to other e0uipment or
instrumentation$ and some form
of speed control where the pump
is used in a 'aria"le speed
application# 1here multiple
sources of control are a'aila"le
(such as local start stop at the
e0uipment$ start>stop at a motor
control center or switch "oard$
and start stop from the
distri"uted control system)$ the
P&ID may illustrate all of these
functions# (ome design firms
prefer to use the loop drawing
with interconnection information#
The P&ID should also show
some form of running or failure
status (de'eloped at the local
pump controls or sent to the
distri"uted control system for
further action)# +n pumping
installations$ all of the suction
and discharge piping should "e
shown# If there are interlocks
"etween the pumps and the
'al'es$ the designer should
decide if the pump interlocks will
"e shown on the P&ID or will "e
shown on the loop drawings#
c) Tanks; (how some form of le'el
instrumentation$ all 'al'es
(electrically operated$ pneumatic$
and manual)# -gitators or mi%ers
should "e shown on a tank if this
is how they are to "e used in the
field#
d) Pipes; (how heat tracing$
pressure gages$ all 'al'es$ flow
meters$ direction of material flow
throughout the facility$ pipe line
si4e$ pipe line num"er (see
discussion a"o'e)$ and pipe
material (if applica"le)# If the
pipe continue on another P&ID
some form of connector should
"e used to tell the user where the
pipe is picked up elsewhere# It is
also important to show items like
spool pieces if they will effect
items such as flow
instrumentation for upstream and
downstream runs of pipe#
e) Eal'es; (how the 'arious types
of control a'aila"le from the
'al'e# This includes the hand
switches on the 'al'e allowing it
to "e opened and closed at the
'al'e and connections to a
distri"uted control or P3A
system to allow for remote
opening and closing# In some
plants$ the open>close status of
the 'al'e is shown "oth in the
field and in the distri"uted
control room# (ome P&ID
designs also incorporate items
such as an intermediate position
switch on the 'al'e to indicate
that the 'al'e is tra'elling# The
user should determine if 'al'e
interlocks to other e0uipment
will "e shown on the P&ID or
will "e shown on the loop
drawing# +n larger 'al'es (such
as an intake a"o'e 9 inches)$
some form of "ypass manifold
should "e pro'ided to allow the
'al'e to "e remo'ed from the
line for maintenance# If the
'al'e is of the modulating type$
some form of position status
should "e shown on the P&ID in
addition to the a"ility to control
the 'al'e position (either "y an
analog or digital signal ) from the
DA( or P3A#
f) /lowmeters; The P&ID should
show the si4e of the meter$ the
type of meter to "e used (such as
a magmeter$ 'enturi$ or tur"ine
meter)# The P&ID should
illustrate strainers to ensure that
de"ris cannot enter the
flowmeter# +n large flowmeters
(a"o'e 9 inches) it is common
practice to ha'e some sort of
"ypass piping around the meter
to allow it to "e remo'ed from
ser'ice without shutting the
station down# In many instances
the flow de'ice and the
transmitter are not mounted in
the same housing# - good
e%ample of this is the 'enturi
meter# The 'enturi should "e
treated as a flow element "ecause
a differential pressure is
de'eloped from the incoming
flow# This differential pressure is
supplied to a transmitter for
status$ remote monitoring$ and
remote control as re0uired# The
transmitter would "e treated as a
separate "u""le on the P&ID#
g) Pressure or Differential Pressure
Instruments; The P&ID should
show the location of these
instruments# /or deep "uried
wells where a pressure transducer
is used$ some form of pressure
element should "e shown on the
P&ID in addition to some form
of indicator# !ote that the
pressure element (also called the
pressure transducer) is treated as
a different instrument "u""le on
the P&ID (as descri"ed with the
flowmeter a"o'e)# Interlocks to
other items in the plant should "e
properly documented on the
P&ID or on the instrument loop
drawings# The P&ID should
illustrate some form of "lock and
"leed 'al'e to allow the
instrument to "e cali"rated or
remo'ed from ser'ice for
maintenance without distur"ing
the plant or the process# !ote
that a pressure gage should "e
shown with some form of
snu""er and some form of
isolating de'ice to allow it to "e
remo'ed from the line without
shutting down the process#
h) <etering Pumps; (ome form of
speed control should "e shown to
e'ery metering pump that is run
"ased on some other process
'aria"le (an analy4er or flow for
e%ample)# The P&ID should
show which forms of local and
remote control to allow the
metering pump to "e started$
stopped$ or remotely controlled
from a DA( or P3A# (ome
P&IDs also illustrate the
metering pump running status (if
a'aila"le from the metering
pump manufacturer)#
i) Packaged .0uipment; (how all
of the status points ("oth analog
and digital 'alues) connected to a
local control panel and sent "ack
to the distri"uted control system#
If there are special 'al'e
manifolds or interlocks to other
pieces of process e0uipment$ the
designer must decide what le'el
of detail is to "e shown on the
P&ID and what le'el of detail is
to "e shown on the loop drawing#
-n Illustrati'e .%ample
It is "est to start with some form of
e%ample to show one possi"le
representation of a P&ID and the
appropriate functions# /irst$ we will
use a simple well station design to
illustrate a case where all control
design information is shown on the
P&ID (useful for a small pro*ect)#
!e%t$ we will show a possi"le
interface "etween the P&ID and the
loop drawing for part of a process#
!ote that in this e%ample$ most of
the interlocking is shown# In some
cases$ this will not "e possi"le
"ecause of the num"er of process
units in'ol'ed$ the num"er of
interlocks re0uired$ or the drawing
legi"ility>pace constraints# Fecause
this in'ol'es only one well$ no
piping line num"ers were assigned#
-s an e%ample$ let us assume that
there are multiple chemical systems
in a plant and we wish to de'elop a
strategy for controlling the metering
pumps# It is decided that we will
make flow the primary 'aria"le for
control and use an analy4er to ItrimI
the amount of material that the
metering pump is allowed to
dispense#
Figure 1 T!pical P"ID #or Small Plant
!ote that the 'arious letters show
'arious functions performed "y
either the DA( or the field
instrument# I(- (tandard (;:#
allows each letter to ha'e a different
meaning depending upon its position
in the instrument tag# /or e%ample$
when the letter I(I is used in the first
position$ it is assumed that we are
measuring fre0uency or speed#
1hen the letter I(I is used in the
second position$ we are designating a
switch (such as /( for flow switch)#
The same for a letter like 3# 1hen
used in the first position of an
instrument tag$ it is understood we
are measuring le'el# In latter
positions of a tag$ such as /(3$ it is
understood that I3I is "eing used as
a modifier for the 3+1 state# In the
case of /(3$ we mean that the flow
switch will "ecome energi4ed when
flow is low#
$e#erences
-!(I>I(- (tandard (;:#B
Iinstrumentation (ym"ols and
IdentificationI