First of all, note that there is nothing to do with the Receiverbox of the wireless door bell.

Just insert
two AA (1.5V x2) cells in the battery compartment and keep it handy. Now carefully open the
transmitter box (ie doorbell switch), and remove the PCB from the enclosure. Now lift the push switch
from the PCB as it is not necessary for the project,and extend three wires from the suggested PCB points
as shown in Fig 2. Next, follow the schematic diagram to complete the security alarm. The transmitter
section uses a 12V (A23 type) battery as its power source. Fortunately, we can power the whole circuit
from this single battery.



After finishing up the construction,house it in a small tamper-proof box leaving a little window for the
LDR. Now fit the unit inside the cash box with the LDR pointing towards the door of the cash box.
Working of the circuit is simple. If the cash box is closed, the interior will be dark and transitor T1
(BC547) is disabled by the high resistance of the LDR (threshold determined by P1). If someone tries to
open the door of the cash box, light-most probably from the burglars pen torch falls on LDR fitted into
the cash box. As a result, LDR conducts and T1 is forward biased. This switches the next transistor T2
(SL100B) and +12V supply is extended to the transmitter through T2. Finally, an aural indication (a chime
with a fixed duration) is avaiable at the remotely located ( 10 to 100 metres) wireless receiver (doorbell)
box.


2.Touch the sensor of the alarm with your finger and it starts beeping, goes on for some time and then
stops. Touching it again, and it goes again! This little and flexible circuit consists of a touch sensor and a
directly coupled transistor amplifier with a small loudspeaker as the output load. Two sensor strips of
metal are mounted side by side on a 11 cm size micasheet and connected to the input of the circuit.





How the touch alarm works

Under normal conditions no current flows through switching transistors T1 and T2 and the potential
across capacitor C1 is almost 0V. If the two touch plates are touched together by a finger, the alarm
circuit is enabled by T1 and T2. Transistors T3and T4 form a complimentary pair amplifier, with positive
feedback (regeneration) provided to the base of first transistor T3 via R3 and C2.

The sound generator oscillates at a frequency determined by C2 and R3 and the bias voltage of T3. The
bias voltage of T3 can be changed by changing the values of R2 (and R1). The alarm will provide quite
loud audio output into an 8 Ohm speaker with a 9V battery at a current drain of less than 100mA.
Needless to say, this is an ultra simple hobby circuit. You can experiment with different component
values (R1,R2,C1,C2,R3 and R4, etc) to make your own special alarm!
Touch Alarm Circuit Schematic
3.This is an Infrared based Broken beam alarm to protect doors and entry passages. It gives a loud alarm
when somebody crosses the Invisible Infrared barrier. It can protect the doors both day and night and is
free from false triggering. The circuit is too simple and can be a good evening project for the hobbyists.

The circuit uses Infrared diodes to emit continuous IR rays which are not pulsed as in the case of remote
handsets. The NPN Darlington Photo transistor is used as a light sensor. L14F1 is the ultra sensitive
Darlington photo transistor with high gain. Its collector is connected to the positive rail through VR1 and
the Emitter has a Green LED to indicate standby mode. The base of T1 is left free without connecting
anywhere. This base junction is exposed through the window of T1 so that light photons will bias the
base.

The degree of biasing depends on the intensity of photons.T2 is the alarm driver and its base is
connected to the collector of T1.So that the base bias of T2 depends on the conduction of T1. When the
Infrared rays illuminate the photo transistor, it conducts pulling the base of T1 to ground level so that it
remains off. Red LED and Buzzer connected to the emitter of T2 remains off in this condition. When a
person crosses the IR beam, T1 turns off and its collector voltage becomes high. T2 then conducts and
activates Red LED and buzzer.


4. This circuit lights the Premises of House around 6 pm and turns off in the morning. Its working is fully
automatic and uses the light sensing property of LDR. Unlike other LDR based circuits, it will not cause
lamp flickering during the light transition so that CFL and fluorescent lamps can be used. It also exploits
the Schmitt trigger action of timer IC 555 for a clean switching.
LDR and timer IC 555 are used in the circuit for automatic switching. Light Dependent Resistor offers
very high resistance around 10 Meg ohms in dark but in light it has only 100 ohms or less resistance. So
it it is an ideal component to switch on lamps based on the presence or absence of sun light. Here it is
used to trigger the timer IC 555 which is designed as a Schmitt trigger.

Schmitt Trigger

The popular Timer IC 555 has two internal comparators. These are Threshold comparator and Trigger
comparator. The Set and Reset action of these comparators can be used for On/ Off actions. Here the IC
555 functions as a Bistable with Schmitt trigger action. The upper comparator (Threshold comparator) of
IC 555 trips at 2/3 of the supply voltage and the lower comparator(Trigger comparator) trips at 1/3 of
the supply voltage. In the circuit, the inputs (pin6 and pin2) of both the comparators are shorted and
connected to the junction of LDR and the Preset VR1.

In day light, LDR passes more current and the current into the upper comparator (pin6) is above 2/3 Vcc.
This resets the internal Flip-Flop of IC. At the same time, the current into the lower comparator (pin2) is
more than 1/3 Vcc. Both these condition causes low output from IC1.
Automatic Gate Lamp Circuit

When the light falling on the LDR decreases, its resistance increases, and the current flowing to the
upper and lower comparators of IC1 decreases. The input voltage of upper comparator decreases below
2/3 Vcc and that of lower comparator below 1/3 Vcc. This causes, high output from pin 3 of IC1. This
triggers T1 and the relay connected to its collector turns on. The lamp gets AC through the Common and
NO (Normally Open) contacts of the relay. Only the Phase line is connected through the relay contacts.
The neutral line goes as such.

VR1 adjusts the sensitivity of LDR at the particular light level at which the lamp turns on. Capacitor C2
maintains the base voltage of T1 for clean switching action and also avoids relay clicking. Diode D1
removes back e.m.f when T1 switches off.

Here is a Simple LED Voltmeter to Monitor the charge level in Lead Acid Battery or Tubular battery. The
terminal voltage of the battery is indicated through a four level LED indicators.

The nominal terminal voltage of a Lead Acid battery is 13.8 volts and that of a Tubular battery is 14.8
volts when fully charged. The LED voltmeter uses four Zener diodes to light the LEDs at the precise
breakdown voltage of the Zener diodes. Usually the Zener diode requires 1.6 volts in excess than its
prescribed value to reach the breakdown threshold level. When the battery holds 13.6 volts or more, all
the Zener breakdown and all LEDs light up. When the battery is discharged below 10.6 volts, all the LEDs
remain dark. So depending on the terminal voltage of the battery, LEDs light up one by one or turns off.
Schematic of the LED VoltMeter Circuit