3d Printing

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
ROADMAP TO BIOPRINTING
ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
AUTOMOTIVE AND AVIATION INDUSTRIES
ARCHITECTURE
FOOD INDUSTRY
MEDICAL INDUSTRY
JEWELRY AND FOOTWEAR
ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING SeminarsTopics.com

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INTRODUCTION
Bio-printing is a variant of 3D printing and can be defined as computer-aided, automatic, layer-
by-layer deposition, transfer, and patterning of biologically relevant materials. It is also known
by other names such as computer aided tissue engineering and bio fabrication. In simpler
words, bioprinting involves printing devices that deposit biological material.
Organ printing is a variant of bio-printing aiming at producing 3D organs. This is among the
most promising advances of regenerative medicine. The 3D- Bioprinter was listed among the
TIME magazines 50 best inventions of 2010. Most of the 3D printers use a modified version of
inkjet printers to deposit dots of bio ink (cell suspension with 10 to 30 thousand cells per drop)
that coalesce to form layers of organ interrupted by layers of biopaper (hydrogel mimicking the
microenvironment of tissue) which is water-soluble.

FIGURE XXII: Step-by-Step process of Organ Printing

Roadmap to Bioprinting
The 3D bioprinters currently in the market are produced by envisionTEC, Organovo, Tengion,
Sciperio, Neatco, etc.
The NovoGen MMX 3D Bioprinter, priced at $200,000, has been developed by Organovo, a
company in San Diego that specializes in regenerative medicine, and Invetech, engineering and
automation firm in Melbourne, Australia. One of the founders of Organovo, Gabor Forgacs from
the University of Missouri, Columbia, says the logic behind applying 3D printing for producing
biological organs is Although morphogenetic processes are under strict genetic control, genes
do not create shapes and forms: physical mechanisms and processes do. Organovo announced
the production of first fully bioprinted blood vessels in Dec 2010

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FIGURE XXIII: Roadmap to 3D printing
If successful, this technology will revolutionize our medical industry. It holds promise for the
development of more effective medicines targeted towards curing a specific disease. This
technology will assist people who need transplants. With the current situation of waiting lists for
organ donors, the technology holds the possibility of improving such situations. The commercial

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production of this technology will also cripple the illegal trade in human organs fueled by lack of
viable organ tissue.
6. ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
1. New Structures and Shapes
Traditional manufacturing methods depend on cutting and moulding technologies to create a
limited number of structures and shapes, with more intricate hollow ones having to be formed
from a number of parts and assembled together. However, 3D printing technology transforms
this processthe nozzle of the 3D printer can create many complex figures, being confined only
by a persons imagination. This method gives them higher structural integrity and more
durability. The use of 3D printing technology takes
virtual designs from animation modeling software or
computer-aided design (CAD), converts them into
thin, virtual, flat cross-sections and then produces
successive layers until the complete model is
produced. It is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What
You Get) method where the physical model and the
virtual model are almost the same. To create a model,
we can hire early adopter communities or enthusiasts,
with connections to both the hacker and academic
communities.
2. New Combinations of Materials
Combining different raw materials isnt always possible with mass production methods due to
the high costs involved and to their chemical and physical properties that make them tricky to
combine using traditional methods. 3D printing has eliminated many of these limitations not only
because of the initial dependence on plastic, but also because of a constant innovation made by
enthusiasts believing that 3D printings potential hasnt been reached yet. Thus, a lot of
companies now provide tens of different materials with unique finishes producing the feel and
look of glass, ceramics or metal with a variety of strengths and temperature resistance.
3. Less Waste
FIGURE XXIV: 3D Printed Geometric
Shape

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Manufacturing plastic and metal objects in particular is generally a wasteful process with a lot of
surplus materials and chunky parts. For some aircraft builders, up to 90 percent of the material is
usually wasted. Creating a similar object with the use of additive manufacturing not only utilizes
less energy, but also minimizes waste. Other objects that can be made with the use of additive
manufacturing include jewelry, footwear, automotive parts, and more. Sometimes, the finished
product of 3D printing can be up to 60 percent lighter than the machined part but still sturdy.
Large cost savings can be attained in this way and a smaller amount of waste also means a lesser
effect on the environment.
4. Cheap Manufacturing
3D printing helps companies save up to 70 percent of their manufacturing cost. This is attained
through lower packaging and shipping costs related to more reliable and cheaper raw materials
and lesser workforce needed, as well as overseas parts suppliers. In the end, this technology
makes progressive companies more profitable.

FIGURE XXV: Multiple copies which can be printed directly at consumers place
5. Quick Production
The speed of 3D printing is quicker as compared to the traditional method. Its similar to
comparing the top speed of a sports car to a horse cart. They both take us to our destination, but
the travel period differs significantly.
With industrial 3D printing technologies being able to create an object in a few hours, the
traditional manufacturing methods, taking up to two or more days (from prototype to finish
product), are gradually becoming obsolete. This leads to an on-demand manufacturing model and

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to considerable cost savings. Why should we
have stores filled up with stocks if we can
make them based on the demand? Even if
this scheme might not work with major
offline manufacturers because of their
independence on offline sellers that
commonly purchase in bulk, it can prove
very efficient for an online business.
6. Better quality
Avoiding most of the mass manufacturing
faults does not only make better products but it also extends their life as they will break less
often. This is not necessarily a great benefit for
manufacturers who need the product life cycle
to be profitable, but it is certainly a major benefit for the end consumer.
7. Sustainability
Less waste compared to traditional manufacturing methods is not only a cost saving feature of
3D printing but also a possible eco-friendly
attribute. Add to this the multi-purpose
characteristic of a 3D printer (can build
different objects without the need of using
specialised machines for each part) and their
digital ecosystem (all 3D models are
transmitted electronically so in theory they
can be printed out where they are needed,
minimizing therefore transport costs) and
we get a sustainable manufacturing process.
Integrating additive manufacturing with more
classic production methods as is the case with 3D printed textiles in the clothing industry
adds another layer (excuse the pun) to the sustainability case.
FIGURE XXVI: Industrial 3D Printer
FIGURE XXVII: 3D Printed Fabrics

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7. APPLICATIONS
AREAS OF APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTERS
Industrial design
Automotive and aviation industries
Architecture
FOOD INDUSTRY
Medical Industries
Jewelry
Footwear
Engineering and construction

1. Industrial design:
Designers use 3D printers to quickly create product models and prototypes.


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FIGURE XXVIII: Figure showing software being used in the industrial application

2. Automotive and aviation industries:
Auto giants and some aviation companies have found that nothing accelerates automotive design
and manufacturing like 3D printing and adopted in their manufacturing line. For Example: At the
BMW AG plant in Regensburg, Germany, FDM (fused deposition modeling) continues to be an
important component in vehicle design prototyping. But moving beyond prototyping, BMW is
extending the application of FDM to other areas and functions, including direct digital
manufacturing.

FIGURE XXVIII: First car and aero plane model made from 3D printing
3. Architecture:
Artists can create models of their projects. Also Quick, automated production of beautifully
complex architectural models is reality with 3D printing.

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FIGURE XXIX: Artistic model and architecture model
4. Food Industry:
Different food items have been printed and in the near future many other food items will be
tested for 3D printing.
For example, Burger has been printed by 3D systems.
Also 3D printers can be used to apply items in liquid or paste form such as cheese, icing and
chocolate.

FIGURE XXX: chocolate being applied on bread and first printed burger

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5. Medical industry:
This sector is a booming sector in 3D printing. Research is being done for different body parts to
be printed and can be used directly for human body. Many human body parts such as liver, heart,
and ear have been printed but they are of no use till now.
Except tooth jaws, no other bio product made can be used for human body.
Items like hearing aid printed via 3D printers are found very useful.

FIGURE XXXI: Dental jaw

FIGURE XXXII: Bionic ear
6. Jewelry and footwear:
3D printing being so versatile in making different shapes that it is being used in producing
different designs for jewelry and footwear.

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7. Engineering and construction:
3D printing is being used for different fields NASA is sending a 3D printer to space station
which will help in constructing the required parts for the space station. Similarly on earth
different engineering projects and construction material are being manufactured.

7. DISADVANTAGES
1. Fewer Manufacturing Jobs: As with all new technologies, manufacturing jobs will
decrease. This disadvantage can and will have a large impact to the economies of third
world countries, especially China, that depend on a large number of low skill jobs.
2. Limited Materials: Currently, 3D printers only manufacture products out of plastic,
resin, certain metals, and ceramics. 3D printing of products in mixed materials and
technology, such as circuit boards, are still under development.
3. Copyright: With 3D printing becoming more common, the printing of copyrighted
products to create counterfeit items will become more common and nearly impossible to
determine.
4. Dangerous Items: 3D printers can create dangerous items, such as guns and knives, with
very little or no oversight.
5. More Useless Stuff: One of the dangers of 3D printers is that they will be used to create
more useless stuff that is bad for the environment and wallets. Fortunately, there are new
methods of automatically recycling objects made by 3D printers that hold promise of
better recycling in the future.
6. Size: Currently, 3D printers are limited with the size of the products that they can create.
Ultimately, large items, such as houses and building, could be created using 3D printers.


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8. FUTURE SCOPE
3D printing has a vast future scope. It is still a developing field. Be it a basic 3d printer or a
versatile bio printer, there is a long journey ahead. We have come from time where 3D printers
were a dream to time where the printers are available for all but at a high cost.
In the year 2014 key patents of 3D printing technology will expire which will give a boom to 3D
manufacturing industry. Following are some of the hot topics for future:
1. COST: Cost of 3D printers will decrease to such an extent that every household will be
able to buy a 3D printer.
2. SOFTWARE UPDATE: Windows has announced to bring 3D printer support in its next
version of windows.
3. BIOPRINTERS: Human organs will be made through 3D printers and will finish the
shortage of organs.
4. FOOD: In few years our dinner will be printed.
5. INDUSTRY: Large 3D printers will be available for printing large parts and machinery.
6. ARMS: With advantages, disadvantages also come such as it will be possible for people
to print guns, bullets at their home place leading to insecurity.


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9. CONCLUSION
Nothing communicates ideas faster than a three-dimensional part or model. With a 3D printer we
can bring CAD files and design ideas to life right from the desktop. Test form, fit and function
and as many design variations as there can be with functional parts.
In an age in which the news, books, music, video and even our communities are all the subjects
of digital dematerialization, the development and application of 3D printing reminds humans that
human beings have both a physical and a psychological need to keep at least one foot in the real
world. 3D printing has a bright future, not least in rapid prototyping (where its impact is already
highly significant), but also in medicine the arts, and outer space. Desktop 3D printers for the
home are already a reality if people are prepared to pay for one and/or build one themselves. 3D
printers capable of outputting in color and multiple materials also exist and will continue to
improve to a point where functional products will be able to be output. As devices that will
provide a solid bridge between cyberspace and the physical world, and as an important
manifestation of the Second Digital Revolution, 3D printing is therefore likely to play some part
in near future.


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10. REFERENCES
1. http://www.explainingthefuture.com/3dprinting.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
3. http://www.mahalo.com/3d-printers/
4. http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/DEC0702.pdf
5. http://www.inventioncity.com/intro-to-3-d-printing.html
6. http://desktop3dprinters.net/773374/3d-printing-technologies
7. www.entrepreneur.com
8. 'Gadget printer' promises industrial revolution from NewScientist.com
9. www.stratasys.com
10. 3dprintingindustry.com
11. http://forgacslab.missouri.edu/bioprinter.html

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