The OSI Model

Topics

What are Protocols ?

Why we need Protocols and Standards

The OSI Reference Model

The Seven Layers of the Model

Responsibilities of Each Layer

The Application Layer

The Presentation Layer

The Session Layer

The Transport Layer

The etwor! Layer

The "ata Lin! Layer

The Physical Layer

What are Protocols ?

Let#s loo! at what happen$

Oh %y
&od' what
did he say
?
(h)n*
bi+t
th,n*
n-y .an*
n/i c0i *1
n2a ?
They do not 3nderstand each
other beca3se they are 3sin*
di4erent lan*3a*es5
What are Protocols ? 6cont7

ow' Let#s loo! at what happens

ne8t$
They can 3nderstand each other
beca3se they are 3sin* the sa%e
lan*3a*e5
What are Protocols ? 6cont7

So in order for two people to spea! to

each other' the 9rst thin* they sho3ld
to a*ree on is the lan*3a*e' or
protocols' to 3se5

:o%%3nication between hosts on the

networ! is the sa%e5 When hosts be*in
co%%3nicatin* with each other' they
9rst %3st a*ree on what protocols to
3se5
What are Protocols ? 6cont7
Ie5ico Ie5ico
What are Protocols ? 6cont7

A *ro3p of protocol is called a protocol s3ite

or a protocol stac!5

When co%bined with other protocols' the

protocol *ro3p that res3lt is called a
protocol suite5 T:P;IP' for e8a%ple' is a
protocol s3ite5
Why We eed Protocols and
Standards

R3les < or protocols and standards < are

i%portant to ens3re co%patibility between
di4erent !inds of thin*s

=owever' before a protocol is accepted

and widely i%ple%ented' it has to pass
ri*oro3s testin*5 So a standard fra%ewor!
is 3sed to help desi*n' co%pare' test' and
eval3ate protocols5
The Seven Layers of the OSI
Model

The *oal of the OSI %odel is to brea! down

the tas! of data co%%3nication into
si%ple steps5 These steps are called
layers5

The OSI %odel is %ade 3p of seven

distinct layers5 Each layer has certain
responsibilities5
The Seven Layers of the OSI
Model
Responsibilities of Each
Layer

The p3rpose of each layer in the OSI

%odel is to provide services to the layer
above it5

The hi*her layers do not need to what

happened at the lower layers5

>ollowin* is the process of %ovin* data

fro% one host to another$
IP Header
1 IP Header 1
IP Header 1
IP Header 1 IP Header 1 Frame Header I IP Header 1 Frame Header I
IP Header 1 Frame Header I
IP Header 1
IP Header 1
Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico
Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5i co Ie5ico Ie5ico
Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico
Ie5ico
Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5i co Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico
Ie5i co Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5i co Ie5ico Ie5ico
Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico Ie5ico
The Application Layer

Let#s loo! at what is happenin*$

You are surfng on the
Internet
You type an address of a
Website
The Website is delivered
to you
Web
ro!ser
Web "erver
Internet E8plorer5ln!
The Application Layer

The Application layer is the top layer

of the OSI %odel5

The p3rpose of the Application layer

is to %ana*e co%%3nications
between applications5
Web
ro!ser
Web "erver
Internet E8plorer5ln!
The Application Layer

E8a%ple of the Application layer$

>ile transfer

Electronic %ail

Ter%inal access

Word processin*

Web ?rowser
The Presentation Layer

Let#s loo! at what is happenin*$

The Presentation Layer

The Presentation layer is the layer

below the Application layer and
above the Session layer5

The Presentation ensures that the

information that the application
layer of one system sends out is
readable by the application layer of
another system.
The Presentation Layer

Actions of the Presentation layer$

>or%at of data

"ata str3ct3re

"ata conversion

"ata co%pression

"ata encryption

E8a%ples of the Presentation layer$

PI:T < This is pict3re for%at 3sed by Macintosh

MI"I < The M3sical Instr3%ent "i*ital Interface is 3sed for

di*iti@ed %3sic5

MPE& < The Movin* Pict3re E8perts &ro3p#s standard for the
co%pression and codin* of %otion video for :"s5

RT> < Rich Te8t >or%at is a 9le for%at that lets yo3 e8chan*e
te8t 9les between di4erent word processors' even in di4erent
operatin* syste%s5
The Session Layer

Let#s loo! at what is happenin*$

The Session Layer

The Session is below the

Presentation layer5

The Session layer establishes'

%ana*es' and ter%inates sessions
between two co%%3nicatin* hosts5
The session layer

Actions of the Session layer$

Sessions

"ialo*

:onversations

"ata e8chan*e

E8a%ples of the Session layer$

#et!or$ File "ystem %#F"& < "eveloped by S3n

Microsyste%s and 3sed with T:P;IP and Ani8
wor!station to allow transparent access to re%ote
reso3rces5

'ppleTal$ "ession Protocol %'"P& < client;server

%echanis%' which both establishes and %aintains sessions
between AppleTal! client and server %achines5
The Transport Layer

The Transport layer is below the Session

layer5

The Transport layer can *3arantee that

pac!ets are received5
The Transport Layer

The Transport layers se*%ents and reasse%bles

data into a data strea%
The Transport Layer

The pri%ary f3nction of the Transport layer

is to ens3re that the data pac!ets it
receives fro% the Session layer arrive
reliably5

The Transport layer does this by 3sin* two

types of trans%issions$ connectionless
and connection oriented5

The Transport layer also has the Bob of

%ana*in* the speed of co%%3nication
between devices5 This is !nown as (o!
control5
The Transport Layer
:onnectionless trans%issions
6cont7

Aser "ata*ra% Protocol 6A"P7 is an

e8a%ple of connectionless protocol

Applications that 3se A"P to send their

data infor%ation is "S' T>TPC5
The Transport Layer
:onnectionless trans%issions
6cont7

Trans%ission :ontrol Protocol 6T:P7 is an

e8a%ple of connectionDoriented protocol

Applications that 3se T:P to send their

data infor%ation is "S' >TP' =TTP' SMTP'
C
The Transport Layer
the threeDway handsha!e

In connectionDoriented trans%ission' both

the sender and receiver have to Boin to the
session5 The receiver %3st !now that the
sender is sendin* pac!ets in order to
answer 6ac!nowled*%ent7

So' the sender %3st 9rst establish a

connectionDoriented session with the
receiver' which is called a call set3p' or
three)!ay handsha$e
The Transport Layer
the threeDway handsha!e
6cont7

Let#s loo! at what happens$

In the three)!ay handsha$e process' when

=ost A 6sender7 want to establish a session
with =ost ? 6receiver7' it 9rst send to the
receiver a synchroni*e se*%ent5

=ost ? 6receiver7 after e8a%ine the

synchroni@e pac!et fro% =ost A' if a*ree' it
will send ac!nowled*e%ent synchroni@e
se*%ent to =ost A5
Synchroni@e 6:an I tal! to yo3 ?7
Ac! 6Ees7' Synchroni@e 6 :an I tal! to yo3 ?7

=ost A after receives the synchroni@e

se*%ent fro% =ost ?' it will send an
ac!nowled*e%ent se*%ent to =ost ? to
ac!nowled*e to connection5
Ac! 6Ees7
+onnection ,stablished
-ata Transfer
%send segments&
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol

Once data transfer is in pro*ress'

con*estion can occ3r for two reasons5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

>irst' the sendin* device %i*ht be able to

*enerate traFc faster than the networ! can
transfer it5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

The second reason is that %3ltiple devices

need to send data to the sa%e destination5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

When data*ra% arrive too G3ic!ly for a

device to process' it te%porarily stores the%
in %e%ory5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

If the data*ra%s are part of a s%all b3rst' this

b34erin* solves the proble%5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

=owever' if the traFc contin3es at this rate'

the device event3ally e8ha3sts its %e%ory
and %3st discard additional data*ra%s that
arrive5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

Instead of losin* the data' the transport

f3nction can iss3e a Hnot readyI indicator to
the sender5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

This acts li!e a stop si*n and si*nal the

sender to discontin3e sendin* se*%ent traFc
to the receiver5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

After the receivin* device has processed s3Fcient

se*%ents to free space in its b34er' the receiver
sends a Hready transport H indicator < which is li!e
a *o si*nal5
The Transport layer
>low :ontrol 6cont7

When they receives this indicator' the senders

can res3%e se*%ent trans%ission5
The Transport Layer
Ac!nowled*e%ent

The transport layer provide a reliable service

re*ardless of the G3ality of the 3nderlyin*
networ!
The Transport Layer
Ac!nowled*e%ent 6cont7

One techniG3e that is 3sed to *3arantee reliable

delivery is called positive ac!nowled*e%ent 6Th)n*
b0o 80c thJc7 with retrans%ission5

This reG3ires the receiver to iss3e an

ac!nowled*e%ent %essa*e to the sender when it
receivers data5
The Transport Layer
Ac!nowled*e%ent 6cont7

The sender also start a ti%er when it sent

a pac!et5

If the ti%er e8pires before an ac!nowled*e%ent is

received' it retrans%its the pac!et5
The Transport Layer
Windowin*

Ac!nowled*in* every data se*%ent' however'

has its drawbac! 6.iK3 trL n*Mi75

If the sender has to wait for an

ac!nowled*e%ent of each data se*%ent' the
thro3*hp3t will be very low5
The Transport Layer
Windowin* 6cont7

The G3antity of data se*%ents 6%eas3red in

bytes7 that the trans%ittin* %achine is
allowed to send witho3t receivin* an
ac!nowled*%ent for the% is called a
window5

the si@e of the window controls how %3ch

infor%ation is transferred fro% one end to the
other
You and I !ill use !indo! si*e of 1 . I agree
I agree
The Transport Layer
Windowin* 6cont7

ow let#s e8a%ine an e8a%ple with windows si@e

of N5
You and I !ill use !indo! si*e of / .
10121342121
1512132121
16262621
EO EP
EQ
The etwor! Layer

Let#s loo! at what is

happenin*$
1512132121 is in
net!or$
attached to ,12
"o
The etwor! Layer

The etwor! layer' which is below

the Transport layer5

It is responsible for ro3tin* the

pac!et based on its lo*ical address5
10121342121
1512132121
16262621
EO EP
EQ
The etwor! Layer

Actions that the etwor! layer have to

deal $ 68R lS7 with$

Pac!ets

Ro3te' ro3tin* table' ro3tin* protocol

Lo*ical address

>ra*%entation

E8a%ples of the etwor! layer

protocols$

Internet Protocol 6IP7

Internetwor! Pac!et E8chan*e 6IPT7

10121342121
1512132121
16262621
The "ata Lin! Layer

Let#s loo! at what is happenin*$

Eeah' host PO5O5O5P is
located in networ!
attached to SO5
?3t the networ!
attached to SO is a
>ra%e Relay networ!
So I have to reD
encaps3late this pac!et
into >ra%e Relay fra%e5
So
This pac!et is
destined for
PO5O5O5P that is in
networ! attached
to %y EO interface5
And %y EO is an
Ethernet
interface5
So
The "ata Lin! Layer

The "ata Lin! layer is below the etwor!

layer5

The "ata Lin! layer is concerned with

physical addressin*5
7'+ address
66)63)5)61),F)68

The "ata Lin! layer provides the physical

trans%ission of the data5
The "ata Lin! Layer

The "ata Lin! layer is %ade 3p of Q s3blayers$

The Lo*ical Lin! :ontrol 6LL:7 s3blayer5

The Media Access :ontrol 6MA:7 s3blayer

The "ata Lin! Layer
Lo*ical Lin! :ontrol 6LL:7 s3blayer

Lo*ical Lin! :ontrol 6LL:7 s3blayer is

responsible for identifyin* etwor! layer
protocols and then encaps3latin* into
fra%e
If the etwor! layer *ive %e an
IP pac!et' I will encaps3late it
into a fra%e li!e this
?3t if the etwor! layer *ive %e
an IPT pac!et' I will encaps3late
it into fra%e li!e
The "ata Lin! Layer
Media Access :ontrol 6MA:7 s3blayer

Media Access :ontrol 6MA:7 s3blayer

de9nes how pac!ets are placed on the
%edia5
If the networ! interface card
6I:7 has RUVW port and
connected to crossover cable5
I will transfer fra%e on pin Q
and receive fra%e on pin N
?3t if the networ!
interface card 6I:7 has
?: port' I will transfer
fra%e in another way5
The physical layer

Trans%ission of an 3nstr3ct3red bit

strea% over a physical lin! between end
syste%s5

Electrical' %echanical' proced3ral and

f3nctional speci9cations

Physical data rate

"istances

Physical connector
The physical layer

>or E8a%ple$

ATP' STP' coa8ial' >iber cable

RUVW' RUPP connector

"?X' "?QW connector

PObaseQ' PObaseW' POObaseT' POOObaseT8

The end