Revetments

introduction
Example of
structures
Granular materials
Artificial units
Sand
Main function
Protection of the object (bank, dike, shore)
against loadings (waves, ship waves, currents,
mechanical damage, etc)
Types of revetments
cover layer and filter (examples)
Types of revetments
Materials:
Granular (rock)
Concrete
Asphalt
Geosynthetics
Wood
Steel
Vegetation
Combined
Other classifications:
- Permeable
- Semi-permeable
- Impermeable
- Statically stable
- Dynamic Stable
- Free blocks
- Grouted systems
- Interlocked
- Mats
- Slabs
General types of revetments
Loose rock (riprap, dumped stones)
Placed/pitched blocks/stones
Mats
Asphalt
Grass
Slabs
also Grass
Alternatives
and selection
Choice
Riprap
on earth dams
Selection (choice of revetment)
Criteria:
Loads
Availability of materials
Availability of space
Accessibility and/or equipment (construction)
Landscape
Maintenance
Cost
Wave attack and
Interactions with
structures
s / tan =
L
H
=
gT
H 2
= s
2

and
Breaker index
L=gT
2
/2=1.56T
2
Llocal =T (gh)^0.5
h= local depth in front of structure
Failure modes
Geotechnical instability
Design criteria
Design elements
Design
Developments in
Cover Layers

For granular (non-cohesive) banks, fluvial erosion is

modelled as for sediment transport
(with = bank angle):
Fluid Lift (F
L
)
Fluid Drag (F
D
)
Friction ( )
Particle Weight (W)
Downslope component
of particle weight (W
d
)
Normal component
of particle weight
(W
n
)
Steve Darby
Beginning of movement
of granular materials
) (
) (
*
2
*
e
c
cr
c w s
cr
cr
R f
gD
u
gD
=

C g U gRI u
w
/ /
*
= = =
) (
) (
*
2
*
e
c
cr
c w s
cr
cr
R f
gD
u
gD
=

C g U gRI u
w
/ /
*
= = =
Velocity distribution/profiles
u
s

k
h
=
K
-0.2
h
r

+
k
h
1 =
K
-0.2
h
r
or
Stability criteria revetments
rock - current attack
(a) K = f G, or
C
D

w
UD/4=fD/6(
s
-
w
)g,
providing:
U/(2g D) = (2/3)f/C
D
=
Assuming = 42
o
(for rock), f = tan 42
o
= 0.90, and C
D
= 1.0, one obtains:
U/(2g D) = = 0.60.
(b) The moment with respect to the
turning point S gives the equation:
F b = G a, or
(C
F

w
UD/4)b=(D/6(
s
-
w
)g)a,
providing:
U/(2g D) = (2/3)(a/b)/C
F
=
Assuming a = b, C
F
= 1.0, then = 0.67. C
F
is a combination of coefficients for drag and lift
forces.
Isbash (1935)
U
b
2
/2gD =
U
b
= bottom velocity
= stability factor
g
U
D
b
w s
w
c
2
/ 1
2

=


or, in dimensionless form: =

c
b
D g
U
2
2
(3a,b)
where D
c
= characteristic size (usually, D
c
= D
50
), = 1.4 for embedded stone, = 0.7
for exposed stone (conforming older results, Eq. 2),
w
= unit weight of water,
s
= unit
weight of stone, and g = acceleration of gravity. is the relative density defined as:
= (
s
-
w)
/
w
= (
s
-
w
)/
w
(
s
and
w
, unit density of stones and water, respectively)
2 2
tan
tan
1 cos
sin
sin
1

Ks
Slope factor
Comparison formulas
In conclusion, the modified Chinese formula (based on Isbash) should be:
s
s
K
r
r r
g C
U
Ds
1
2
2
2

=
in which,
2 2
tan
tan
1 cos
sin
sin
1

Ks
=angle of slope; C
2
=
=angle of internal friction of material (for rock, 40 ).
C = 0.9 for normal riprap with turbulent flow
C = 1.2 for low turbulence or for embedded (pitched) stones
When = , the rock revetment becomes unstable even without any hydraulic
loading.
D
n50
= Ds/1.24
Because in Vietnam design codes follow the Chinese codes:
cr h
c
D
g U
=

2 /
2
General approach to
current attack
- logarithmic velocity profile (Chezy),

= =
r
h
k
h
g g
C 12
1 log
2
18
2
2
2 2

50
6
log 75 . 5
12
log
18
D
h
k
h
g D g
U
cr
r
cr

a s s u m i n g k
r
= 2 D
5 0
.
Stricklers resistance formula for developed velocit y
profile,

3 / 1 3 / 1
1 32
2
625

=
r r
h
k
h
k
h
g

- non-developed profile (Neill, 1967, Pilarczyk, 1995),

2 . 0 2 . 0
1 32 32

=
r r
h
k
h
k
h

Current attack _ Pilarczyk
g 2
u
K
K K
0.035 = D
2
cr
s
h T

u
gD
K
K K
s
T h

=
2
0 035 .

sin
sin
- 1 =
K
2
s

k
h
=
K
-0.2
h
r

+
k
h
1 =
K
-0.2
h
r
or
Example: stability of stone
Stability criteria revetments
wave attack

b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H

b = 0.5 for rip rap

b = to 2/3 for blocks
L
/
H
tan
=
op s
op

0.67 -
op
0.33
scr
k
k
b
D
f =
D
H

Block revetments
Breaker index

0.5 -
m
0.2
0.18
50 n
s

N
S

P
6.2 =
D
H

Van der Meer:

H
s
/D
n50
= (K
D
cot)
1/3
Hudson:
breakwaters
D
A
= S
2
50 n
e
Stability criteria

3 / 2
op
s
cr
F
=
D
H

with maximum
8.0 =
D
H
s
cr

L
/
H
tan
=
op s
op

0.67 -
op
0.33
scr
k
k
b
D
f =
D
H

g 2
u
K
K K
0.035 = D
2
cr
s
h T

sin
sin
- 1 =
K
2
s

k
h
=
K
s
-0.2
h
Current (general)
Waves (block revetments)
Stability diagram
block revetments
=
bkD
k'
Riprap on filter and geotextile on clay or sand
Input data:
Hs = 1.0 m (significant wave height)
Tp = 4.0 s (top period of waves)
Tm = 3.5 s (average wave period); (Tm Tp/1.15 = 4/1.15 = 3.5)
S = 2 (damage factor in formula Van der Meer; S=2 means nearly no
damage for given wave conditions) golfcondities)
N = 5000 (number of waves in formula Van der Meer)
s = 2600 kg/m3 (volumetric density of rock)
w = 1000 kg/m3 (volumetric density of water)
m = cot = 2.5 (slope gradient)
P = 0.10 (type of sublayer: thin filter layer with clay or sand beneth)
H2%/Hs = 1.4
Stability of riprap protection can be calculated according to the simplified
Pilarczyks formula as:
or, applying for riprap: b =0.5, u=1 and =2.25,
where
s
u
op
b
H
D
=

cos
(See also: www.cress.nl)
DICEA/CRESS
http://ikm.nl/rwscress/
www.cress.nl
or
http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/default.htm?http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/brk8001.htm
Dicea * Delft International Coastal Engineering Assistant
http://www.ihe.nl/we/dicea/default.htm?/we/dicea/cress.htm
Coastal and River Engineering Support System
download RWS-Cress (English version)
download IHE-Cress (Windows version)
http://www.waterbouw.tudelft.nl/public/ct4310/cress/cress.htm
or
Also:
http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/default.htm?http://www.unesco-
ihe.org/we/dicea/brk80/brk8001.htm
Dicea overview:
CLO06 Bed protection near closure works
CLO0601 Function of a bed protection
CLO0602 Stability of a bed protection
CLO0603 Length of a bed protection
CLO0604 Calculation of a scouring hole
CLO0611 Stability under current attack
CLO0613 The Knauss and TAW formula (CRESS routine 612)
CLO0616 The Shields and Pilarczyk formula (CRESS routine 611)
Insight in physics
and
resulting design criteria
s
u
op
b
H
D
=

cos

b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H

=
=
bkD
k'
re-use of old blocks (placed vertically)


b
op
s
cr
cos F
=
D
H

Improvement works
space
r
Filters
For high hydraulic loading (waves), combination of geotextile and
granular layer is usually needed
Transitions
Example of Vietnamese dike and
revetment
Example from Central Vietnam
Mehkong: sand bags
Execution and quality control
Quality control; Vietnamese examples
Grouted blocks/stones
on long term
Internal erosion
Quality of execution: compaction of clay
Inspection
monitoring & repair
Conclusions
Integrated approach
Thank you for your
attantion