Cup Of English - Level B1

Intermediate


CUP OF ENGLISH - LEVEL B1 - INTERMEDIATE.

Autor: Formacin Digital S.L.
Edita: Formacin Digital S.L.

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2010, Formacin Digital, S.L.


CUP OF ENGLISH - LEVEL B1 -
INTERMEDIATE

FUNCTIONS

GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY

PRONUNCIATION
MODULE 1.
RELATIONSHIPS
Unit 1
Romance
Telling actions that have finished
Present perfect simple: Just/ already/
yet. For / since
Present perfect simple vs past simple
Types of relationships: best
friend, colleague, workmate..
Verbs: argue, trust
Past participles:
//,//,//
Unit 2
Flatmates
Asking for and giving opinions
Present perfect continuous.
Present perfect simple vs present
perfect continuous
The reflexive pronouns: myself,
yourself..
Each other
Chores: to wash the clothes, to
water the plants..
Letter e stressed /
unstressed
Unit 3
Family
Describing someone
Both, neither, either.
Article the
Adjectives
physical appearance: curly hair
and thin faced, plump..
personality: shy, responsible..
The letter i
Unit 4
Neighbours
Asking for and giving permission Modal verbs: may, can, could, would.
Phrasal verbs : blow up, break
down
Adjectives with negative prefixes:
dis-, in-, im, un-
Sentence stress
MODULE 2.
HEALTHY LIFE
Unit 1
Resolutions
Expressing hopes and wishes
The future tense: will vs going to/
present continuous
Modal verbs: may/ might + infinitive
Verbs: quit smoking, do
exercise

The letter r

Unit 2
At the doctors
Giving advice
Modal verbs: have to, must, should,
ought to

The body: arm, back, kidneys,
liver..
Health: illnesses, treatment and
people
Weak and strong
forms in verbs
Unit 3
Diet and food
Expressing facts and imaginary
situations
Zero conditional
Conditional I
Future time clauses: when, as soon
as, in case..
Quantifiers: a little, a lot of, not
enough..
Food: salmon, cucumber, oyster..
Adjectives: salty, sweet, bitter..

Stress in two-
syllable verbs
Unit 4
Environment
Expressing problems Conditional II
Environment: rivers, mountains,
seas/ oceans
Environmental problems:
overpopulation, waste disposal.
Connectors: cause/ result,
addition and concession.

/t/ and /d/



CUP OF ENGLISH - LEVEL B1 -
INTERMEDIATE

FUNCTIONS

GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY

PRONUNCIATION
MODULE 3.
WORK
Unit 1
Working
experiences
Expressing past experiences
Past tense: Past simple, past
continuous and past perfect simple.
Past time expressions.

Company departments: financial,
human resources
Word formation: jobs
/m/, /n/, //


Unit 2
Applying for a job
Giving information about a
professional situation
Defining and non defining relative
clauses.
Job advertisements
Applying for a job: Cover letter
Job interview
ie / ei

Unit 3
The company
Describing the company The passive voice
The company hierarchy:
chairperson, managing director..
Word formation: noun, verb and
adjective.
/ f/ and /v/
Unit 4
Socializing
Describing a social event Gerund or to + infinitive
Staff movements: resign, retire..
Adverbs: near-nearly, late-
lately
augh and
ough.
MODULE 4.
COMMUNICATION
Unit 1
Oral communication
Telling what somebody has said
Reported speech: statements and
questions
Oral communication:
presentations and telephoning.
Verbs: Discuss/argue matter/
mind
// and //
Unit 2
Written
communication
Making comparisons Modal verbs: expressing probability.
Written communication:
Different types of letters.
Reports, minutes and fax.
/t/ and /d/

Unit 3
Surfing the Internet
Expressing negative feelings
Reported speech: Orders and
requests.
Internet vocabulary
Emails: email window,
expressions and abbreviations
/e/ and / /

Unit 4
Computers
Telling a story Tense review
Computers: hardware

The letter y



1







Module 1:
Relationships


3
UNIT 1. ROMANCE




Thomas: So Jimmy, when did you meet Susan?
Jimmy: Oh, Ill never forget our first meeting because it was quite romantic.
T: Did you meet her at university?
J: No, nothing like that! I was in the queue to go in a U2 concert. And Susan was
standing in the queue just before me.
T: And then? Who started talking? You?
J: No way! Im too shy for that. Suddenly it started to pour down with rain. Fortunately, I
had a spare umbrella with me because my friend finally didnt show up. So, I offered it to
Susan.
T: Did you? How lucky were you!
J: Yes, we started talking and I found out that she was alone because the boy who was
going with her couldnt come at the last moment. The same reason as me!
T: Really? What a coincidence!
J: After the concert we went for a drink and weve been friends since then. Weve known
each other for three years.
T: Have you? Its very romantic indeed.
J: After that first meeting, we started going out together and we fell in love. Everything
went on really well at the beginning but after four months we started to argue a lot and
finally we broke up.
T: What was the problem? Didnt you have anything in common, I mean the same
tastes?
J: Far from that. I think we get on so well because weve got a lot in common and we
have the same goals in life. In fact we stayed close friends and shes one of my best
friends now.
T: Im surprised. On one hand, you and Susan kept in touch after you broke up and, on
the other, you still live together. And what the hell! Your best friend is a woman!!!
J: Thats what everybody thinks!! Susan seems quite shy when you first meet her but
when you get to know her shes really outgoing and a lot of fun.
T: I also think shes a great woman.
J: Unfortunately, nowadays, we seldom see each other because although we share this
flat we spend most of the day out.


1.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

1.1.1. Dialogue

4




Showing interest

When we listen to other people, we often want to show them that we are interested
in the conversation. We can do this in different ways:

-nodding
-smiling
-saying something encouraging

These are expressions to encourage the speaker to continue:

Right OK
Yes? And?
Really
This single word is the easiest way to make another
person continue with their story.

AUXILIARIES

Did you? Are you?
Have you? Were you?
Was it?

You repeat the auxiliary that the previous speaker has used.

Example:
Jimmy: Weve known each other for three years.
Thomas: Have you?


1.1.2. Expressions

5




1.2.1. Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple is formed with have / has + past participle. The past
participle ends in ed for the regular verbs (stopped / started / walked, etc) but
for the irregular verbs, see Appendix.

Affirmative and negative

I
You
We
They
have (not)
decided
come
started
eaten
He
She
It
has (not)
gone
visited
prepared

Interrogative and short answers

Have
I
you
we
they
decided?
come?
started?
eaten?
Yes, I / you / we / they have.
No, I / you / we / they havent.
Has
he
she
it
gone?
visited?
prepared?
Yes, he / she / it has.
No, he / she / it hasnt.

We use the present perfect to express:

1. Unfinished actions or situations which started in the past and continue
now.


1.2. GRAMMAR

6
2. Past experiences but you dont say or know when they happened.

Where are your glasses? I dont know. Ive lost them
Ive travelled a lot.
Have you ever been abroad?

Just , already, yet

You can use the present perfect with these adverbs.

1. Just

We use just to say that something happened a short time ago. The position
of just is before the main verb.

Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.
Do you know where Jimmy is? Yes, Ive just seen him
downtown.

2. Already

We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected.
Already usually goes before the main verb.

Weve already bought the train tickets to London.
When is Tommy going to Rome? He has already gone

3. Yet

We use yet only in questions and negative sentences and it goes at the end
of the sentence. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to
happen.

I havent finished doing the washing up yet.
Has it stopped raining yet?

7




Complete Thomas sentences. Use the verbs in brackets + just / already
/ yet. Number 1 is done for you.












Claire Thomas

For / since

- We use for + a period of time.

Ive known Angela for five years.
NOT I know Angela for five years.

- We use since + a point in time (a day, a date, year).

It hasnt rained since April.


1. Is Thomas coming to the cinema with us?
2. Are your friends here yet?
3. What time is the train to Shortwash
leaving?
4. What does your mother think about the
party?
5. Can I speak to Claire?
6. Dont forget to post the letter, will you?
7. Shall I phone to reserve a table?
No, he has already seen the film. (already /see)
Yes, they___________________ (just / arrive)
It _______________________already / leave)

I dont know. I _____________(not /tell / yet)

He_____________________(not /arrive /yet)
I________________________(already / post)
No, I_________________________(just / do)
EXERCISE

8




Fill in the blanks with for or since.

1. Susan has lived in Madrid_______________ 2000.
2. My boss hasnt had a holiday ________________two years.
3. I havent seen a film ________________a long time.
4. Jimmys grandmother has been in hospital _______________ January.















EXERCISE
Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):


- We use gone when a person went somewhere and has
not returned.

Wheres Jimmy? Hes gone to Rome. (Hes still in
Rome)

- We use been when a person went somewhere and has
returned.



9
1.2.2. Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple

Present Perfect Past Simple
- The Present Perfect expresses an
action that started in the past but has
some relation with the present. We
dont say or ask when it happened.

My brother John has painted many
pictures. (he is a painter and he still
paints)

I have visited five foreign countries.
( in my life so I can visit more)
- Time expressions

Today
This morning/ week / month / year
Recently
Since 2004
For two months
- We use the Past Simple to express
finished actions in the past; when
we say or ask when they happened
(When? or What time)

Picasso painted many pictures. (it
happened a long time ago)

I visited Hungary last summer. (the
summer is over)

- Time expressions

Last Monday /week / month / year
In 1980
Yesterday
Twenty minutes ago





Are the following sentences RIGHT or WRONG?

1. The plane landed about fifteen minutes ago.
2. What time has the postman come?
3. I havent ridden a bike since I was a child.
4. Jenny has found her glasses yesterday.
5. Jerrys my best friend and we know each other for twenty years.
EXERCISE

10

















1.3.1. Types of relationships

This chart shows the different relationships from more to less closeness in a gradual
way.

+++ ++ + -
Friendship Best friend Good
friend
Friend Acquaintance
Work Colleague Colleague/
workmate
Marriage Wife / husband /
partner
Ex

Mate is a colloquial word for friend although it can also be found in compound
words: classmate, flatmate, workmate, roommate

In a love relationship a person can have a fianc (male) or a fiance (female) if
they are engaged although it is quite formal. In a more informal context, a more
frequent word is steady boyfriend / girlfriend.
Used to + infinitive. It is a phrase that is always in the past tense
because it describes habits or states that happened in the past but that
have now changed or stopped.

I used to live in Madrid. (= I dont live in Madrid now)
My parents used to go to church every Sunday. (=but now they dont)
This building used to be my school. Now it is a hospital.

REMEMBER

1.3. VOCABULARY

11

1.3.2. Verbs: relationships




Match the sentences with the verbs in the box.

get to know get on well trust

break up keep in touch

1. We stopped going out together. __________________________________.
2. When you know her better __________________________________.
3. We contact each other regularly. __________________________________.
4. I can depend on her. _______________________________________.
5. We have an excellent relationship. ____________________________.




Some irregular past participles have things in common; for example, in the
spelling:

- _ught taught bought caught
- _en driven woken stolen
- _t lent learnt dealt

And there are also a few phonemes which are frequent in some past participles:

// won, shut
// woken, known
// bought, fallen
EXERCISE
1.4. PHONETICS LAB

12




Can you classify the following participles depending on the sound? Write
them under the correct sound.

drawn come fought shown
run worn done stolen


// // //









EXERCISE

13
UNIT 2: FLATMATES































2.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Susan: Hi, Thomas, I havent seen you for ages! Where have you been?
Thomas: Hi, Susan. Well, Ive been around; actually, I have been working all the
time. And you?
Susan: Well, I have been looking for another flat to share.
Thomas: Why? Do you have any problems?
Susan: No, I have just changed my job and my new job is far from here.
T: So, Susan, how long have you been living here?
S: Well, I have been living here for four years. I met Jimmy three years ago and
since then I have been sharing this flat with him. I feel very happy because we
are very fond of each other; we are not only flatmates but also friends.
T: In my opinion, you are the best friends that I have ever met. I had some bad
experiences with my last flatmate.
S: Oh, really! Tell me what happened!!
T: Well, Ive lived with a flatmate called Jack for the last years. At the beginning,
I was living alone in a small flat but I couldnt afford the rent by myself, and so, I
put a small ad in the editorial where I was doing my work placement. First, Jack
didnt want to do the chores, I mean, make his bed, do the washing up you
know, and at last I decided to do it by myself. One day, he disappeared owing me
the rent of three months. Ive been waiting for his call since then but he hasnt
given me the money back yet. I dont know what I can do.
S: Oh, it sounds terrible! I wonder where honest people have gone. In my view,
people behave worse and worse, it is impossible to trust them. You should write
an article in the newspaper with his photo.
(Jimmy has just entered the room).
Jimmy: I think the same way.
T: Hi, Jimmy. Have you been listening to me?
J: Yes, I was in the bathroom.

2.1.1. Dialogue

14













Asking for and giving opinions.

Asking for Opinions

What do you think?
Whats your opinion?
What are your ideas?
Do you have any thoughts on that?
How do you feel about that?

Giving Opinions

1. General opinions:

In my opinion, Gone with the Wind is the best movie ever made.
In my view, you should buy a new car.

2. Positive opinions:

I think we should get a new car.
I believe (that) smoking should be forbidden.
I feel that its the right thing to do.
Im basically in favour of the first option, buying a new flat.
I agree with you.

T: Whats your opinion?
J: Well, I have lived with this kind of lazy people and I agree with Susan. In
my view, you should go to the police.
T: Well, Im basically in favour of the first option, writing an article in the
newspaper. Thank you for the advice.
S and J: Thats what friends are for.

2.1.2. Expressions

15
3. Negative opinions:

I dont think we need one.
I dont believe that its such a good idea.
I dont feel that its a nice essay.
I disagree with you.



2.2.1. Present Perfect Continuous

- The structure of this tense is the following:


Affirmative and negative



I
You
We
They
have
(not) been


eating
living
staying


here for two months/ half an
hour.
since 1990. He
She
It
has

Interrogative



What
Where

have
I
you
we
they been
living?
eating?
doing?

has
she
he
it

2.2. GRAMMAR
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (NOT) + BEEN + MAIN VERB + (-ING FORM)
(WH- QUESTION) + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + MAIN VERB + (-ING FORM)

16
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous:

1. To show that something started in the past and has continued up until
now. ( to emphasize the length of time taken by the activity):

I have been living here for three years.

For an activity which was going on, which has now finished and the
result of which is still evident:

Look at the mess youre in! What on earth have you been doing?

2. With verbs of action but not with verbs of feeling or sense like know,
see, smell, love, believe :

I have known you for ages.

NOT: I have been knowing you for ages.
I know her for ages.

2.2.2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous













17














Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous
- The present perfect simple suggests
a complete action and focuses more
on achievements and results.
She has travelled to many
countries, but she has never
been outside Europe.


- Adverbs:
yet/already/ just
ever/never
since 1990
for two days
Theyve finished their work but
they havent started to eat yet.
- We use the present perfect
continuous to suggest that the
activity is not completed yet, or
when we wish to emphasize the
length of time it has lasted or stress
the continuous nature of the activity.
Ive been waiting for you for one
hour!
- Adverbs:
since 2001
for two hours
Weve been living here since 2000/
for six years
- We can find how long with both tenses:
How long have you been living here? / How long have you lived here?
- Sometimes there is no difference in meaning. Both tenses can have the same
meaning. For example with the verb to live:
Ive been living in Italy for 3 years. OR Ive lived in Italy for 3 years.


18






























Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous or Present
Perfect Simple:

1. Somebody (steal)______________ my book. It is not on the table.
2. He (read)____________ 30 pages so far.
3. We (have) __________the same car for ten years.
4. Sorry Im late. (you wait)____________long?
5. I (not see)___________ him since Monday.
6. (you ever play) ________________ tennis?
7. Thomas is still working. He (work) ____________ all day.





EXERCISE
When we add ing to the main verb to form the present perfect continuous there
can be some changes in the spelling:

- If the main verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, we
double the last consonant: e.g.: Run: He has been running for two hours.

- If the main verb ends in ie, change to y: e.g.: Lie: Peter has been lying all
the time.

- If the main verb ends in e, this vowel disappears: Live: Susan has been
living there since 2000.

REMEMBER

19

2.2.3. The Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun. It is usually used when the object
of a sentence is the same as the subject. Each personal pronoun (I, you, she, etc.)
has its own reflexive form as you can see in the table below.

Subject
Reflexive
pronoun
I
you
he
she
it
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
we
you
they
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

Use

1. When the subject and the object are the same:

He shot himself.
I hurt myself.

2. When you want to emphasize the subject:

The film itself wasnt very good but I liked the music.
He repaired it himself.

3. By + reflexive pronoun (= alone):

I bought a present by myself.

4. With the verb enjoy we need a reflexive pronoun or an object:

They enjoyed themselves very much.
We enjoyed the party very much.
NOT They enjoyed very much.


20










Write the correct form of the reflexive pronoun for each sentence:

1. Claire cut ___________while she was cutting tomatoes.
2. When I saw_________ in the mirror, I was horrified- there was red paint on
my nose!
3. Welcome to my home, everyone! Just help_____________ to sandwiches
and drinks.
4. Look, theres a little bird washing _________ in the water.

2.2.4. Reciprocal pronoun: Each other
The reciprocal pronoun each other is used when A does an action to B and B does
the same action to A:









They give a balloon each other

This pronoun must be used only in the plural form.

They help each other.
They love each other
Not: He helps each other. She loves each other.
Some verbs are reflexive in Spanish but not in English: to wake
up, to get up, to sit down, to stand up.

EXERCISE

21




Complete the sentences with the reflexive pronoun or the reciprocal
pronoun each other:

1. We need to concentrate _____________.
2. During the meeting Peter and Mary were talking to ____________.
3. Did she make ________ a cup of tea?
4. John hurt _________ when climbing the tree.
5. My mother and I gave ___________ books.





2.3.1. Chores




Match the sentences with the tasks.

1. I select between white and other
colour shirts.
2. I always finish this chore long before
Susan because hers is double.
3. Susan prefers this chore because
there is a supermarket near her
work.
4. I hate this chore because I need to
move some furniture.
5. Susan is in charge of this task after
breakfast, lunch and dinner.
6. Susan likes this task because she
loves flowers.

a. To vacuum the floor.

b. To water the plants.


c. To do the washing up.


d. To wash the clothes.

e. To do the shopping.


f. To make the bed.
EXERCISE

2.3. VOCABULARY
EXERCISE

22





Letter e stressed and unstressed at the beginning of the words

In words beginning with the letter e in the first syllable, we usually find that in
some of these words this e is pronounced with the sound /e/ but in others, we
pronounce this vowel with the sound //. The difference depends on the stress.

When the letter e corresponds to a stressed syllable, we find the /e/ sound but
when it corresponds to an unstressed syllable, the vowel is pronounced like //.

E.g.: We find the /e/ sound in vegetable ['vedtbl], separate ['seprt] and the
sound // in become [b'km], depend [d'pend].




Write the following words in the group that corresponds:

economy president return effect
secretary medal election


/e/


//






2.4. PHONETICS LAB
EXERCISE

23
UNIT 3. FAMILY
































3.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
3.1.1. Dialogue
Jimmy: My twin brother is coming to town.
Thomas: Oh really? I didnt know you had a twin
brother.
J: Yes, hes called Peter and lives in Shortwash.
T: Do you look alike?
J: Yes, both of us have blonde hair and blue eyes and both were more or
less the same size, neither fat nor slim
Susan: In a word, you are as like as two peas.
T: Wow! Thats impressive! And do you have personality clash?
J: Oh no, weve got similar personalities too. We are both sociable and
talkative. When the family gets together, both Peter and I always dominate
the conversation. We also have similar tastes!
T: You are kidding me, arent you? Thats not possible!!!
J: Oh no! Im serious. We both love reading, either novels or poetry and we
can play any sport.
S: Have you ever heard about the studies that say that birth order has an
effect on your personality?
T: Not much.
J: Ive read something on the Internet.
S: In general, middle children are usually independent and competitive.
T: Why?
S: Because they have to fight with their brothers and sisters to get what
they want. There are exceptions, of course. In fact, the person Im most like
in my family is my sister Anne. Shes a middle child and is a great team
player.

24




























Generalising
In general,
Generally speaking,
As a rule,
In my experience,
In most cases,
Exceptions
There are exceptions, of course,
One exception is
But what about
But dont forget

T: But do you really believe in this? Some studies consider only children to
be at disadvantage. For instance, Ive heard that only children tend to be
quite selfish because they live in the wonderful luxury of not having to share
their parents attention. However, I think there are many positive benefits to
the child.
S: Are you an only child?
T: No, Im the youngest of three.
J: Generally speaking, youngest children are not independent as they always
have so many people to help them and they are lazy because their parents
push them less and are less strict.
T: No way. I am not like that!!
J: Well, you are the exception that proves the rule!!

3.1.2. Expressions

25





3.2.1. Both / neither / either

We use both / neither / either to talk about two people or things.

1. Both = A and B, two things are equal.

Both refers to two people or things so the verb must be in plural.
The verb must be positive (+).

We both wear glasses.
Both Ann and Tom wear glasses.
Both of them wear glasses.

2. Neither = not A and not B.

Neither can refer to one or two people or things, so the verb can be plural or
singular.

The verb must be positive (+).

Neither the mother nor the daughter have red hair.
Neither of them have red hair.

3. Either = A or B. There is a choice.

You can either eat now or alter the show its up to you.
Do you prefer pork or beef? I dont like either.

You dont need of after both / neither / either.

Both my parents work in a school.

But of is necessary before a pronoun (you, us, them).

Both of us like going to the countryside.
Neither of you will go out tonight.

3.2. GRAMMAR

26

If both of is followed by a noun, the article the is necessary.

Both of the cars
NOT Both of cars




Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use
both / neither / either.

1. Thomas and I will help with your move.
. with your move.
2. Some of your workmates or some friends of you will help us move your books
because you have many, many, many books.
.. many, many, many books.
3. Thomas and I wont say no to your invitation to the pub.
.. your invitation to the pub.

3.2.2. Article the

1. We use the:

To talk about specific people, places or things.

The sandwich I had yesterday

When theres only one of something (the moon, the bank) or it is clear
what you are talking about.

I opened the book and started to read the first chapter.

With musical instruments.

I play the piano quite well.

2. We dont use the:

To talk about people or things in general.

Life, politics, literature
EXERCISE

27

Before school, university, work, bed, hospital, church, prison (the
institution not the building)

Marys son started school yesterday.
I usually leave work at 6 p.m.
Young people seldom go to church.

With next / last + week / month / year / spring

With meals, sports and school subjects.

Why dont we play basketball?
My grandmother always has lunch at 1.
I hated Maths when I was at school.





Which sentences are CORRECT?

1. My parents used to go to church every weekend.
2. The next summer were going to the beach.
3. Go straight on until you get to the post office on the corner.
4. When I was a teenager, I hated punk music and tennis.
5. I think dogs are more intelligent than cats.
6. My daughter always practises saxophone before she goes to bed.
EXERCISE

28




3.3.1. Describing physical appearance

1. Hair, face and skin.




To talk about the colour of the hair we use the following adjectives:

white, grey, blonde, fair, ginger, brown, dark and black.

For example:

What colour do you want your hair dye? We have dark, blonde and ginger.
When I was a teenager I had black hair, but in the thirties it started to go
grey. And now, its almost white!

3.3. VOCABULARY

29







2. Height and build









The adjective fat sounds impolite in most of the situations. Instead we can use
a bit overweight.

A person with muscles can be well-built.

3. General appearance

Hes a very good looking man although his brother is rather unattractive.

Shes really smart and shes always very well-dressed. However, her
daughter is just the opposite, really scruffy.



Fair and dark can be used for hair or skin.


30





Complete the gaps with the following words.

blonde short white tall glasses plump


My grandfather Robin is 75. Hes quite
_________ (about 150 cm) and rather
___________. My grandmother is always
telling him off because he shouldnt eat so
much.

Hes got short ___________ hair. He usually
wears his _________and a baseball cap. He is
a great guy!

3.3.2. Describing personality
Read the following text. Then, answer the questions.
1

Hints for
First borns
You can have high expectations without being a perfectionist.
Try relaxing and dont expect that others do the same as you.
People will try to get things from you. Learn to say no.
Reserve some time for yourself. Play and enjoy life.
Learn to laugh at yourself. Sometimes youll be wrong just admit it.
When people try to influence you to run risks, stick with your first inclination
which is probably to be cautious. Be proud of your ability to be responsible.


1
Adapted from: http://www.emotionalwellness.com/birthorder.htmFirst Born, Middle child or Last Born?
The Influence of The Birth Order on Our Behavior and Relationships Emotional Wellness Matters, By Robert Simmons,
Ph. D.

EXERCISE

31
Middle children
Dont compare yourself with other people too much.
Just enjoy being yourself. Accept yourself for who you are and what you have in
life.
Although you didnt talk much about yourself when you were younger, its never too
late to start. Share your thoughts and feelings with other people.
You dont have to be a friend to everyone. Select a few people you want to spend
your time with. When everyone is a friend, nobody is a true friend.

Last borns
Dont blame other people when things go wrong. Accept complete responsibility for
the things you do, not only with major decisions but with the smaller chores.
Although you may love to be the focus of attention, try sharing it with other people.
Try listening to other people to benefit from their opinions.
One of your abilities is working well with other people. So dont work alone or in an
isolated job!
Your ability to be entertaining is a wonderful quality. But learn to use it not just for
your own gratification.





Are these sentences true or false?

First borns

1. Always do what people expect you to do.
2. When people try to influence you to run risks, be impulsive.

Middle children

1. Think of true friendship.
2. When you were young, you seldom spoke about yourself.

Last borns

1. You are a team player.
2. Dont listen to other peoples opinions.

EXERCISE

32



























The letter i

The letter i has two different pronunciations, // or /a/, depending on its position in
the word:

i between consonants is usually pronounced //
i + one consonant + e is usually pronounced /a/
-igh between consonants is always pronounced /a/
3.4. PHONETICS LAB
You can put more than one adjective before a noun (often two and
occasionally three). The order for those adjectives is the following:

Opinion
How
long?
How
old?
What colour?
Where
from?
What is it
made of?
NOUN
beautiful
interesting
terrific

small
big
short

young
old
new

brown
black
white

Italian
Spanish
Japanese

glass
leather
cotton

cupboard
boots
pullover


When there are two colour adjectives, you need and:

a blue and white T-shirt

Adjectives of size and length (large /big / small / short / long / tall) usually go
before adjectives of shape and width (slim / wide / thin / fat / round /
squared).

a short fat boy a big round table a long narrow street
REMEMBER

33

// /a/
efficient
dinner
minute
kid
skin
think

describe
science
price
driver
high
light





Write the sound next to the word. There is an irregular word.

1. midnight 4. likely
2. since 5. written
3. routine 6. twice


EXERCISE

35
UNIT 4: NEIGHBOURS



































4.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
(Thomas is knocking at his neighbours door)
Thomas: Good afternoon.
Mr Dudley: Good afternoon. Im afraid I cant
remember your name.
T: Oh, its Lalie, Thomas Lalie. I live upstairs.
D: Oh, yes, Mr Lalie. What what do you want to talk to me about?
T: Call me Thomas, Mr Dudley. Well, could I come in for a moment?
D: Of course, Thomas.
T: Well, Mr Dudley. Im having a party tonight and my fridge is too small,
theres no room left for drinks. Could I use your fridge, please?
D: Oh, sure. No problem.
T: Thank you, err.and, is it ok if I borrow some ice from you?
D: Sorry but I havent got any ice left.
T: Oh, thanks anyway.
D: Just a moment, Mr Lalie. UhmIts about your parties.
T: Was there too much noise?
D: Eh, its the music. I wonder if you could turn it down next time. I cant put
up with the noise in your parties any longer.
T: Sorry, I didnt think the music was that loud. I always try not to annoy my
neighbours. Ill turn it down tonight.
D: Thanks, Mr Lalie.
(Thomas lights a cigarette)
D: Oh, would you mind not smoking here, please?
T: Oh, sorry. I know I should give up smoking. Its a bad habit. Well, its late, I
need to go. Bye and thank you. Anyway, would you like to come?
D: Sorry, but Ive got terrible headaches at nights. Perhaps next time. Bye, Mr
Lalie, enjoy the party!!

4.1.1. Dialogue

36





Asking for permission.
Do you mind if I.?
Is it okay if I?
I wonder if...
Is it all right if I ..?
Do you object to me+ ing? (formal)
Would it be possible/ all right if ?

Giving permission.
Sure/ Go ahead.
Please do/ No problem.

Refusing.
Sorry but
Im afraid





4.2.1. Modal verbs: Asking for and giving permission. Requests.

- Modals are commonly used for asking for, giving and refusing permission:









4.1.2. Expressions

4.2. GRAMMAR

37
ASKING FOR
PERMISSION
POLITE/ FORMAL
- May/ Could:
May/ Could I open the
window?
INFORMAL
- Can:
Can I borrow these
books from the
library?
GIVING/REFUSING
PERMISSION
Yes, you may / No, you
may not.
You may leave early.
Yes, you can/ No, you
cant.
You can leave early.
REQUESTS
- Could/ Would:
Could/ Would you
please open the
window?
- Would you mind+
(not) verb + (-ing)?
Would you mind not
smoking, please?
- Can:
Can you do this for
me, please?

- When we use the imperative to ask people things, the request sounds
impolite and rude. Look at the following examples and compare:

REQUESTS
POLITE
Excuse me, but could I
ask you not to smoke?

Would you mind not
sitting there?
IMPOLITE
Put that cigarette
out!

No, no! Dont sit
there!





38




Choose the right modal in the following sentences:

1. I dont have enough money to buy lunch.______________ you lend me a
couple of coins?
a) May
b) Could
c) Would you mind

2. Im really quite busy. _______ going to the supermarket to buy some
drinks?
a) Would you mind
b) Can you
c) Would you

3. Professor Cook, weve finished our work for today. ________________ we
leave now, please?
a) May
b) Can
c) Would

4. Ill go to the supermarket. _________ coming with me to help?
a) Could
b) Would you mind
c) Can
EXERCISE

39





4.3.1. Phrasal Verbs

Look at the following pictures:

TO LOOK
=
TO SEE,
But...







- A phrasal verb is formed by a verb (take, make, put, etc) followed by
prepositions and/ or adverbs, such as on, up, out, etc.

- Prepositions and adverbs do not always go in the same place in the
sentences. They can go before or after the nouns:

e.g.: She switched the light off. OR She switched off the light.

But these particles can only go after pronouns:

e.g.: She switched it off. NOT: She switched off it.


4.3. VOCABULARY
(To take care of) (To find something in a
dictionary, telephone directory)

40
- They are used widely in everyday conversations and also in informal written
English to express ideas in a vivid way. Some of the most common are the
following:

PHRASAL VERB

MEANING
BLOW UP
BREAK DOWN
GET ON/OFF
GIVE UP
KEEP ON
LOOK AFTER
PUT ON/ TAKE OFF
TURN UP/ DOWN
TURN ON/ OFF
WAKE UP

TO EXPLODE
TO DESTROY
TO ENTER/ TO LEAVE A CAR, BUS
TO QUIT DOING SOMETHING
TO CONTINUE
TO BE IN CHARGE OF SOMEBODY
TO PUT /REMOVECLOTHES FROM ONES BODY/
TO INCREASE/DECREASE THE VOLUME
TO BEGIN/ STOP A MACHINE OR LIGHT
TO STOP SLEEPING





















Although the phrasal verbs consist of two or more words, they are considered only
a word. The original meaning of the verb disappears when the preposition /adverb
is added to form the phrasal verb.

e.g.: put phrasal verb: put up with (tolerate): I cant put up with the
noise any longer.

write phrasal verb: write down (make a note of): He wrote down
the telephone number.
REMEMBER

41

1.3.2. Adjectives with negative prefixes


- Adding affixes to existing words to form new words is common in the English
language. Prefixes such as dis-, in-,il-, ir-, im- or un- are added to the
front part of the adjective to form new adjectives with negative
connotations.



- We may apply some spelling rules:

We add im- before b, m, p. e.g.: moral immoral
We add il- before l: e.g.: legal illegal
We add ir- before r: e.g.: regular irregular





Add a negative prefix to each adjective in the box. Then write them in
the correct column.






DIS-

IN-

IM-


UN-






e.g.: obedient disobedient fortunate unfortunate
efficient honest
sincere patient pleasant
loyal respectful comfortable
EXERCISE

42




Read the following text. Then answer the true or false questions.




















Decide if the following sentences are true or false X:
TRUE FALSE
1. It is difficult to make friends with neighbours.
2. My neighbour gets up early every day.
3. I dont know my neighbours family.
4. I usually have a small party in my backyard.
5. Mr Dudley seems impolite and disloyal.


READING
FRIENDLY NEIGHBOURS
Some people think that it is difficult to make friends with neighbours but new
friendships can be made in this background. My best friend is my next door
neighbour. Every morning I get up at 6 a.m. My neighbour is also an early riser
person so we frequently meet in our front yards. At first, I said only "good
morning" to her but after some days I asked her where I could find some
markets and information about the city. She was very kind and gave me useful
and concise information. My neighbour helps me with the chores since I spend a
lot of time working. At weekends, we have a lot of fun. My neighbour and I often
meet together and now are good friends. She has even introduced me to her
family. Every Friday night we have a small party in my backyard. I have invited
her to some of these parties and we have had a lot of fun. This afternoon Ive
met a new neighbour, Mr Dudley. To be frank, he seems loyal and sincere, but
who knows! Perhaps well have the chance to be good friends in the future.
EXERCISE

43





Rules for Sentence Stress in English.
In any given sentence in English there are some words that carry stress and others
that dont. Sentence stress gives any language its particular rhythm. In each
sentence, there are words that carry more weight (stress) than others. Sentence
stress is important to make the speaker sound natural.
Content Words Stressed
MAIN VERBS LOVE, SAY, RUN
NOUNS JIMMY, DESK, STUDENT
ADJECTIVES CLEVER, SMALL, INTERESTING
ADVERBS SLOWLY, EVER, LOUDLY
NEGATIVE AUXILIARIES VERBS DIDNT, ARENT, CANT
DEMONSTRATIVES THESE, THIS, THAT
QUESTION WORDS WHAT, WHO, WHY
Function/Structure Words- Unstressed
PRONOUNS YOU, THEY, SHE
PREPOSITIONS AT, UNDER, ON
ARTICLES THE, AN, A
CONJUCTIONS BECAUSE, AND, BUT
AUXILIARY VERBS BE, HAVE, DO, CAN, SHOULD
These rules refer to normal stress but sometimes we can stress an unstressed word
to give emphasis or correct the information given:
You have been to U.S.A., havent you?
No, I havent, but THEY have.




4.4. PHONETICS LAB

44


Choose the sentences with the correct stress.
1. Thomas IS PREPARING a party for TONIGHT.
2. THOMAS is PREPARING a PARTY for TONIGHT.
3. THOMAS is preparing a PARTY for TONIGHT.
4. Mr Dudley CANT put UP with that NOISE any longer.
5. MR DUDLEY CANT PUT UP with that noise ANY LONGER.
6. MR DUDELY CANT PUT up with that NOISE ANY LONGER.




EXERCISE


45







Module 2:
Healthy Life





47
UNIT 1: RESOLUTIONS




1.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH













Jimmy: Hello everybody! Has anyone of you thought of their New Year's goals?
Claire: To be fair, I think they are stupid. I dont know what I am doing tonight,
less what kind of things Ill do next year. My resolution is not to make any more
resolutions!!
Thomas: Yes, I agree with you Claire. My personal opinion is that if someone
needs to change something in their life, they should do it immediately.
Susan: Oh, Come on!! Im sure that you sometimes think about your future.
J: Well, my New Year resolution is to lose some weight and get properly fit. I
hope to lose 2 kilos by February the first, but not yet. These days before the
New Year Im not going to start a healthy diet, I am going to enjoy my fast food
and to worry less about calories.
C: Well, I made it for the last two years but from now on I wont make more
resolutions. Ive never taken them seriously even when I used to make them; I
forgot them the very same evening. I think its nice to promise something but
actually, its very hard to do it. This year it will be different, Im going to stop
whining about life.
S: Claire, I respect your opinion but I like thinking about the future. I really
want the upcoming year to be better! I hope to finish paying my car next year
and to save money. Im going to try to learn another language before Im thirty.
J: I wonder whether people in other countries make New Years resolutions. As
far as I know, Italian people make resolutions before Christmas.
T: Really? I had no idea about that. Well, I have the same as every year,
improve or at least keep my good health, so I will stop smoking.


1.1.1. Dialogue


48


















Expressing hopes and wishes

When you want to wish things to other people, expressing positive feelings that
seem likely in the future, we normally use the following expressions:

I hope youll get top marks in your English test next week.
NOT: I wish youll get.
I hope + to infinitive: I hope to finish paying my car next year.
I wish you good health and happiness in the 21
st
century
I want to get the rooms painted in the house this year.
I am eager to go to the University next year.
I would like to be very rich.


C: Thomas, my father smoked for about 20 years and tried unsuccessfully to
quit several times. When he had his first heart attack at age 39, his doctor told
him "you have to quit smoking or lose ten kilograms, but if you decide not to, Ill
promise to deliver a very nice speech at your funeral." My father quit smoking
immediately and lost the weight quickly.
T: Definitely, Im going to stop smoking. Ill need a substitute for nicotine so I'm
going to start drinking bottled water and walking forty minutes per day. Healthy
choices. I hope it will work.
S: Im going to adopt a more positive outlook on life, to be calmer and to spend
more time enjoying life and of course my friends.
J: Oh, Susan, this is a good choice!!!

1.1.2. Expressions


49




1.2.1. The Future Tense

The future tense has two different forms in English: will and going to. Although
the two forms are used for future situations, they express two very different ideas.

1.2.1.1. Will

1. Structure: WILL+ INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

Affirmative Ill pick him up at 8.30.
Negative
I promise I will not/ wont tell him
about the surprise party.
Interrogative Will they play football this afternoon?
Short answers Yes, I will. / No, I wont.

2. Use:

- To make a decision at the moment of speaking.

e.g.: What would you like to eat? Ill have the grilled trout

- To make predictions based on our opinion:

e.g.: It will be sunny tomorrow.


1.2. GRAMMAR


50

1.2.1.2. Going To and the Present Continuous

1. Structure:

Going to: BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE
Present Continuous: BE +MAIN VERB+ - ING FORM

Affirmative
We are going to meet each other
tonight.
(Or We are meeting).
Negative
I am not going to study French
next year.
(Or I am not studying).
Interrogative
Is Mary going to see the doctor
next week?
(Or Is Mary seeing .?
Short answers
Yes, I am. / No, Im not.

2. Use:

- When we talk about a plan: Going to or Present Continuous

Both tenses are used to talk about future actions or events which
have already been planned. Very often either form can be used.

e.g.: Are you going to come with us to England? OR Are you
coming with us to England?

- To make a prediction: Going to

We dont use the present continuous when we express that
something is about to happen in the future:

e.g.: Look at those clouds, its going to rain soon.
Whats the matter with him? It looks like hes going to faint.



51








3. Future Time Expressions:

We will / are going to open
/ are opening a bottle of
champagne.
today / tonight.
this morning / afternoon /
evening.
tomorrow (evening,
morning, etc)
next year/ month/ year/
summer.

They can appear at the beginning or at the end of the future sentences.














When we use the verb to go, it is not necessary to repeat this verb
again.
e.g.: We are going to Paris this summer.
NOT: We are going to go to Paris this summer.

To make questions in the future, we put will before the subject. With I and
we you can use shall, although sometimes it can sound very old fashioned or
formal.

e.g.: SHALL or WILL I/we go to the classical concert?

Shall is usually used:

To make a suggestion: Shall we go to the cinema?
In offers: Shall I open the door? (= do you want me to open the door?)

REMEMBER


52




Choose the correct form to express future:

1. Peter is in hospital. Yes, I know.___________________ him tonight.
A. Ill visit B. I visit C. Im going to visit

2. This table looks heavy._______________________ you with it.
A. I help B. Ill help C. Im helping

3. __________________________ tomorrow, so we can go for a walk.
A. Im not working B. I wont work C. I shall not work

4. I think _________ a steak and French fries, please.
A. Im having B. Ill have C. Im going to have

5. Its very hot in here. ______________I open the window?
A. shall B. will C. is going to

1.2.2. Modal verbs: Expressing future

- The modals may / might are used to express something that is possible
and will probably happen in the future. However, there is a slight
difference in their uses:

I havent decided what Im doing next summer.

a) I may go to England (Its probable but perhaps I will go to another
place).

b) I might go to England (Its less likely to happen, a more remote
possibility.)

Although both modals may and might have a similar meaning, we prefer
may in formal and academic English.

The negative forms are may / might +not:

Peter may /might not go out tonight. He isnt feeling well.
EXERCISE


53




Complete the following sentences with will, going to or may and the
correct form of the verb in brackets:

1. Its possible they ___________________ (build) a new skyscraper next year.

2. I ______________________ (take) a test this afternoon.

3. I cant open this bottle. Dont worry I ________________ (do) that for
you.

4. Thomas_______________ (leave) on Saturday.

5. There_______________ (be) a cure for AIDS within the next ten years.

6. I______________ (ring) you as soon as I get there.

7. What__________________ (do) when you leave school? Have you got any
plans?

8. Im sure they______________ (be) very happy together.

















EXERCISE


54






1.3.1. Verbs: expressing resolutions












1.3. VOCABULARY
Drink less alcohol Quit/Give up smoke Do exercise Eat better/right
Reduce stress Get fit
Save Money /Get
out of debt
Lose weight
Take a trip


55




Match the following verbs with a suitable word to express resolutions.
The first one is done for you:

To quit
To lose
To take
To get
To save
To do
To drink
To eat
To reduce
better
exercise
smoking
a trip
fit
stress
weight
less alcohol
money
















EXERCISE

READING
RESOLUTIONS MADE ... BUT KEPT?
New Years the most popular time for people around the world to change their lives for
the better. The most popular resolutions include giving up smoking or drinking, doing
more exercise or leading a healthier life. But New Years Day seems like a distant
memory, and so these resolutions are notoriously short- lived. Like many other people,
you may make some future resolutions I will do this or that, maybe you are going to
lose weight, drink less, cut excessive spending or reduce stress on the job. Whatever it
was, youve probably broken it by now. Dont behave yourself like Bridget Jones in her
diary!! Dont waste your time!! Youve got to appreciate the small wins every day,
because New Year's is a worthless holiday, the time of year when we say we will do
things that we know we will not. It's as if we spent the season talking to ourselves in the
same way we used to talk to our parents. I will tell you my own personal experience,
every New Years I start a diet to lose weight, and every year I go off it within days.


56












Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true or false X:

According to the speaker:

1. New Years Day is a good time to make resolutions.

2. It is better to appreciate the small wins everyday.

3. He eats two pieces of fruit every day to lose weight.

4. You can make resolutions at any time of the year, even in birthday parties.




Pronunciation of a vowel + the letter r

In many English accents, the letter r is not pronounced after a vowel. However in
other places we find it is pronounced, for example in North America. In both cases,
the letter r changes the sound of the vowel. We often get the sounds / : / and /: /.

SPELLING: e, i, o, u + r OTHER SPELLING
/ : /
er: her, ir: bird, or: word, ur:
hurt
ear: heard
/: / or: sort ar: war, our: four
Whats wrong with me? Nothing, its most likely the lack of a clear plan that is failing, not
you. Some people, for example, make a pact with themselves to eat two pieces of fruit
every day but unfortunately this is not my case, I cant resist the high-calorie
temptations!! Others make plans for doing exercise, if not every day then at least several
times a week, but at the end everything is useless.I think that New Year's resolutions can
be made at any time of the year! Personally, I even look at my birthday as a time to
make resolutions, and that's coming up for me, so I better make some more resolutions.
EXERCISE
1.4. PHONETICS LAB


57











Write the following words in the correct part of the table:

bird pork world burn
more pearl girl shirt
course pour



WORDS WITH / : / WORDS WITH /: /



1. shot short shirt
2. far four fair
3. work word war
4. bird bear beard
EXERCISE


58
UNIT 2: AT THE DOCTORS






2.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
(Thomas is at the doctors office)

Doctor: Good morning, whats the matter, Thomas?
Thomas: Good morning, doctor. Well, Ive got a really bad pain here and my stomach
also hurts.
D: Where exactly does it hurt?
T: Well, I get this pain when I bend over, just here, at this side.
D: Have you had headaches or cough lately?
T: Yes, I have been coughing since yesterday.
D: Ok, lets take a look. Now, just lie down here.
T: All right, doctor.
D: Does it hurt when you breathe or talk?
T: When I breathe deeply, yes.
D: How long has this been going on? When did it start?
T: Well, yesterday, I was celebrating a party at home when I noticed that I was feeling
bad. I think I ate and drank in excess, too much food, many drinks you know.
D: Oh, I see. Hmmm, have you had a temperature?
T: Yes, I have had since last night. It comes and goes but now I feel better.
D: Oh, Ill just have a look at your throat. Now, open your mouth wide. Hmmm, it is
pretty red. Do you smoke, Thomas?
T: Yes, I do but Im trying to quit it.
D: Well, Thomas you should give up smoking.
T: Of course, doctor. Whats wrong with me?
D: Well, firstly, I thought perhaps it was indigestion, but its definitely some sort of
bacterial infection. Im going to write you a prescription. Take it to any pharmacy, and
theyll give you some pills that youll have to take for six days. You should be completely
well by then.


2.1.1. Dialogue


59












Doctor:
Whats the matter / problem? / Whats wrong?
Where (exactly) does it hurt?
How (often) do you feel/ get it / them?
How long has this been going on?
When did it start?
Are you taking some pills/aspirins..?
Lets take a look.












Patient:
I have got a sore throat / a cold / the flu / diarrhoea.
I run/ have a temperature.
I caught a bad cold/ cough.
My stomach hurts.
Im on a diet.
I feel + adjective: I feel dizzy
Whats wrong with me?
T: Doctor, do I have to be on a diet?
D: It would be better if you go on a diet: roast chicken, some rice, many vegetables and
fruits. You should avoid spicy food and, of course, smoking. And remember you mustnt
do exercise for a few days.
T: Ok, Ill follow your instructions. Ill go home and rest, bye.
D: Bye, Thomas.

2.1.2. Expressions


60




Are the following sentences said by a doctor or a patient?
Doctor Patient
Whats the matter?
Whats wrong with me?
I have got diarrhoea.
Where exactly does it hurt?
I caught a bad cold.
Are you taking some pills/aspirins ?
How long has this been going on?
I run a temperature.
Lets take a look.
I feel dizzy.
How often do you feel like this?





2.2.1. Modal verbs: expressing obligation and advice

2.2.1.1. Obligation

- To express obligation we use HAVE TO or MUST. In the present must is used
when the obligation comes from the speaker but have to is more common when
the obligation comes from someone else, often a law or a rule. Must expresses a
strong obligation.

e.g.: You have to pay a months rent in advance. (General rule)
My cough is terrible. I must stop smoking.


2.2. GRAMMAR
EXERCISE


61

STRUCTURE:

HAVE TO
AFFIRMATIVE
SUBJECT+HAVE TO/ HAS TO +
INFINITIVE
We have to get up early. / She has to study
hard.
* NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + DO/ DOES+ NOT+HAVE TO
+ INF.
They dont have to call him. / She doesnt
have to come.
INTERROGATIVE
WH- QUESTION/ DO, DOES + SUBJECT
+ HAVE TO + INF.
What do they have to do to pass this exam?
Do you have to go to school?





















* In the negative form, this modal has a different meaning.
This is used to express the lack of obligation: You dont
have to do something, Its not necessary to do something.
We can also use the modal neednt with the same meaning:

e.g.: You dont have to come tomorrow= You neednt
come tomorrow.

We can use have to in all tenses: e.g.:
Did you have to go to school?
I will have to work tomorrow.



62

MUST
AFFIRMATIVE
SUBJECT+ MUST + INFINITIVE
You must visit us. / She must go now.
* NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + MUST NOT/ MUSTNT + INF.
They mustnt smoke in this building.









Fill in the blanks with the correct modal verb.

1. In Susans company they .. work in the evening.
a. has to b. dont have to c. doesnt have to
2. Jimmy has put on a little weight. He . buy new clothes.
a. has to b. must c. mustnt
3. Jimmy .. study hard if he wants to pass the exams.
a. have to b. must c. mustnt
4. You .. smoke in public places.
a. have to b. must c. mustnt


* In the negative form, this modal has a different meaning,
this is used to express that something is forbidden.

We can use must to talk about present and future situations
but not about the past:

e.g.: You must switch off your mobile phone on the
plane.
They must work tomorrow.



63

2.2.1.2. Advice

- To give advice or express an opinion we use SHOULD/ SHOULDNT/
OUGHT (NOT) TO.

e.g.: You seem tired. You should/ ought to go on holidays.
He shouldnt/ought not to drink so much.

- We can also use the imperative form to give advice:

e.g.: Take these pills and drink a lot of water.
Get some exercises every day.



Fill in the blanks with the correct modal. Choose from the box.

dont have to has to should
doesnt have to shouldnt have to

1. I have a terrible headache. I take an aspirin.
2. Tomorrow is Monday. You .. get up early to work.
3. Everybody who works . pay income tax.
4. Your eyes are very tired. You .. spend so much time in front of the
computer.
5. Susan . iron this week because she did it last week. Its your turn!
6. Jimmy and Steve . send me the report because the meeting has been
delayed.

EXERCISE


64





2.3.1. The body

1. Hair.
2. Face.
3. Forehead / Brow.
4. Eyes/Eyelid/
Eyebrow.
5. Nose.
6. Ears.
7. Mouth/Tooth-Teeth.
8. Chin.
9. Cheek.
10. Neck.
11. Shoulder.
12. Armpit.
13. Chest.


14. Back.
15. Stomach.
16. Waist.
17. Hand.
18. Arm.
19. Elbow.
20. Fingers.
21. Wrist.
22. Leg.
23. Thigh.
24. Knee.
25. Ankle.
26. Foot- Feet.

2.3. VOCABULARY



65




















Try to guess the part of the body reading the following definitions, the
first letter of the word is given:

1. The part of the limb between the foot and knee in vertebrates. L_ _

2. The joint at the base of the hand. W_ _ _ _

3. Any of the membranous tubes that carry blood to the heart. V_ _ _

4. The part of the body joining the head to the shoulders. N_ _ _ _

5. There are more than two thousand different in the human body. B_ _ _ _



Corneas
Lungs
Heart /
Heart Valves
Liver
Kidneys
Pancreas
Skin Veins
Bone /
Ligaments
EXERCISE


66











2.3.2. Health and healthcare


SERIOUSS LIGHT


AIDS, cancer, heart
attack/failure, virus,
bronchitis, appendicitis, hay
fever, tonsillitis.
Part of the body +-ache:
toothache, headache, backage,
stomachache
a cold, chills, a cough, a fever,
a wound, the flu (influenza),
shake, sore throat, aching
muscles.




The doctor recommends:

To have: an operation, some physiotherapy/tests/ a check
up, a rest, an injection.
To take: some tablets, (a dose of) some medicine/
tranquilizers/ syrup/ vitamins/ pain killers/ (sleeping) pills/
capsules...
To wear: a bandage, a plaster.
To do: some exercises/ a diet.
To put on: some cream/ ointment.

ILLNESSES & PAINS

TREATMENT


We use the possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our and their)
before the parts of the body:

e.g.: I have a pain on my leg. NOT: I have a pain on the leg
The baby sucks his fingers. NOT: The baby sucks the fingers
REMEMBER


67




Dentist, doctor, general practitioner, midwife, nurse, patient,
specialist, surgeon.

















Choose the correct word for each sentence:

1. I have got a sore_________ because I have got tonsillitis.
a. neck b. eye c. throat

2. You ought to ___________on that cut before it gets infected.
a. take some medicine b. rest c. put a bandage

3. After the car accident, he couldnt move his________, so his eye was
covered to protect it.
a. cheek b. eyelid c. eyebrow

4. Have you always had ___________? I think that it is caused, in part, by the
grass pollen.
a. the flu b. hay fever c. appendicitis

PEOPLE
EXERCISE
We will use the indefinite article a/an, the definite article the or zero article
depending on the illness we are referring to:

My mother has got a cold/ a cough/a temperature.
She has the flu.
I dont know too much about AIDS/ cancer/ insomnia.

REMEMBER


68







Read the following text:

















What does Claire have to avoid?

1. Having light breakfasts and not having dinner to avoid the possible allergies
which may appear while resting.
2. Avoiding dinners and not smoking at work.
3. Among other things, avoiding fast food and heavy meals before going to
bed.








READING
WHATS THE MATTER, CLAIRE?

One year ago Claire was extremely thin, and she had terrible headaches. For a long time, she
couldnt sleep and concentrate and forgot important things. So, she decided to go to the doctor.
The doctor recommended her sleeping pills but each new kind only worked for a short while.

A few days later, after talking to her friend Susan, Claire began to think that she shouldnt eat so
much fast food; she should change her stressful life and take regular exercise. But in a few days,
she felt worse and worse, so she decided to go to the doctor again. The specialist tested her and
found out that Claire was allergic to things she ate or breathed. So she began to be on a diet and
so little by little she began to feel better.

Nowadays, she has to avoid some of the things that make her ill. Things like eating fast food,
smoking and having heavy meals before going to bed. She has to drink bottled water and eat
plenty of vegetables and fresh fruit. She feels happy with her new and healthy life.
EXERCISE


69





Weak and strong forms in verbs

Some verbs in English can have one weak sound and one strong sound. Weak
forms are used in connected speech, that is, when you are having a normal,
everyday conversation or when they are in the middle of a sentence. This form is
mostly used when the verb functions as an auxiliary verb. Strong forms are
normally used when we pronounce the word isolated from speech, like in question
tags or in short answers.

Modal verbs usually have these two forms. Negative forms of these verbs only have
a strong sound: cant, couldnt, wont.

E.g.: Compare the weak and the strong forms of the following verbs:


WEAK FORMS STRONG FORMS
HAVE
/hev/, /ev/: They have just
had the dinner
/hv/: Oh,have you?
WAS
/ wz/: Oh, was he? /wz/: That was nice,
thank you.
MUST
/ms,mst/: I must go soon /mst/: Yes, you must.
CAN
/kn,kn/: I can play the
piano.
/kn/: Yes, I can.




Which pronunciation do the following verbs have in these sentences,
weak or strong?

1. Oh, must you?
2. Nobody can understand what he says.
2.4. PHONETICS LAB



70
3. What time do you have breakfast?
4. Thomas was here this afternoon.




71
UNIT 3. DIET AND FOOD










3.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Susan: Hey guys. Whose turn is it to make dinner today?
Jimmy: Mine. But I dont feel like cooking. Lets go to a fast food restaurant!
Claire: Dont count on me. And I think you shouldnt go either.
J: Why not? A cheese burger is so delicious and tasty. Umm, my mouths
watering!
Thomas: Possibly, but its also fattening and unhealthy. How often do you eat
junk food?
J: Three or four times a week.
S: Oh my goodness! How come?
J: I dont have much time to cook. So I usually buy ready-prepared meals or get
a sandwich or a burger on my way to work.
S: Scientists say that if you eat junk food frequently, you may get cancer.
J: Thats rubbish, Susan. I doubt it.
C: Now I understand why you are always tired and nervous and you often have
headaches.
J: I cant see any relation between my headaches and the food I usually eat.
C: People today have a diet which is too high in bad carbohydrates they have
too many sweet drinks, too much sugar, too much white bread and pasta and
too many potatoes.
T: I suppose that affects on your blood, doesnt it?
S: Thats right. The level of blood glucose first goes up and, then goes down
even more.
J: Wow! Thats scary.
T: I think people arent aware of the risk we are running when eating that kind
of food. And whats really worrying is that traditional methods of eating and
cooking are disappearing.

3.1.1. Dialogue


72

















Expressing reservations.

When someone puts a plan which you dont agree on with completely, you have to
be able to express your doubts and your reservations.

Im afraid This is the general phrase for introducing any
answer which your listener may think is useless.

Some other phrases expresssing this idea are the following:

I dont see how
But the problem is
Yes, but
I doubt
Possibly, but
Yes, but the problem really is
What Im worried about is
What bothers me
S: What Im worried about is obesity. It is up to date because the average
weight of people in the Western world has increased constantly over the last
fifty years.
C: I think that we shouldnt eat less but we should simply eat the right things
the right carbohydrates and the right fats. Well, Susan, youre an expert in low
fat food, arent you?
S: I always eat wholemeal bread, never white and I try to eat cereals without
added sugar.
J: All right, youve convinced me. Thats part of the Mediterranean way of
eating. So, tonight Im cooking grilled sardines with roasted peppers!!


3.1.2. Expressions


73




3.2.1. Zero conditional

We use zero conditional when we want to talk about things which always happen
or, to describe general truths.

The tense used in this type of conditional is present simple in both parts of the
sentence.

If + present simple, present simple.
We can sometimes use when instead of if.
If you want to be fit, you have to do some exercise every day.
If the temperature of water falls to 0 it becomes ice.




Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

1. This fish always __________ (jump) if you _________ (feed) him.

2. If Susan _______ (have to) work at weekends, she _____ (get) three days
holiday.
3. Susan often does the shopping. If she _______(be) too busy because of her
work, Jimmy ______ (do) it.

4. If water ________ (be) at 100C, it _________ (boil).


3.2. GRAMMAR
EXERCISE


74

3.2.2. Conditional I

We use first conditionals for things that we think are very likely to happen.

We use a present tense (present simple, present continuous or present perfect) in
the if clause. In the other part of the sentence we use will or going to, or an
imperative.

- If + present tense, will.

I will go to the doctor, if the pain goes on.
I will come to the party if Ive finished all my homework.

- If + present tense, going to.

Im going jogging this evening if it doesnt rain.

- If + present tense, imperative.

If you feel worse, phone me.

Unless + positive verb can be used instead of if not.

Youll be late unless you hurry up.

3.2.3. Future time clauses

In future time clauses a present tense is used to talk about the future (not will).

We can form future time clauses with the following adverbs: when, as soon as,
until, in case, before, after and unless.

The other verb is usually in the future or imperative.

Phone me as soon as you get home. NOT as soon as you will get home
Ill wait for the doctor until he comes. NOT until he will come



75
Meaning of the adverbs

Unless = if not
When / if
= when is used for something you are sure will happen.
However, if is used for a possibility.
As soon as / when = as soon as implies a more immediate action.
In case = an action you do as a precaution
Until (till) = up to the time when


















Match the two halves of the conditional sentences.
1. If you do these exercises,

2. Eve cant see

3. What will you do

4. If Jimmy doesnt make dinner
soon,
a. unless she wears her
glasses.
b. if you arent accepted in
the work?
c. youll learn English
quickly.
d. Ill call for a take-away
pizza.



Note the difference in the following sentences:

1. I drink orange juice in winter if I get a cold.
I drink orange juice in case I get a cold.

2. Do your homework when you get home!
Do your homework as soon as you get home!

3. If Mr. Smith phones, tell him that I am not in.
When Mr. Smith phones, tell him that I am not in.
EXERCISE


76

3.2.4. Quantifiers

Uncountable Countable
Small quantities
a little
very little
a few
very few
Big quantities
a lot of
lots of
a lot of
lots of
More than you need
too much too many
Less than you need
not enough not enough

- A little and a few have a positive meaning (some, a small amount).

Ive got a few friends. (=some)

However, little and few have got a negative idea (not much / not many).

Ive got few friends. (=not many)

- Much and many are especially used in negative and interrogative sentences.

How much milk do we need for the recipe? We dont need much, just 200ml.
How many cigarettes do you smoke every week? Not many, just a packet.

- We use a lot of or lots of before nouns (e.g.: a lot of time) but after a verb we
use a lot (e.g.: I drink a lot).

A lot can be used in negative and interrogative sentences especially in
conversation.

- We use enough before nouns but after adjectives.

There isnt enough flour for the cake.
This coffee isnt hot enough.

- We use too + adjective.

This blouse is too expensive.
NOT This blouse is too much expensive.


77

- When there isnt something, we say not.any. But in short answers, we use
none. None goes without a noun.

There isnt any beer left.
Have you got any experience in this kind of job? None




Are the following sentences right or wrong.

1. I eat too much chocolate.

2. I eat too many chocolate.

3. My sister doesnt eat fruit enough.

4. My sister doesnt eat enough fruit.

5. How many water do you drink a day?

6. How much water do you drink a day?

7. Ive eaten too many rice this week.

8. Ive eaten too much rice this week.





3.3.1. Food
FOOD
Fish salmon, sardine, trout, _______, hake
Meat
pork (meat of a pig), ______ (young sheep), venison (meat of a deer),
liver, kidney
Vegetables
________, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, aubergine (Am. E. egg
plant), courgette (Am. E. zucchini)
Seafood oyster, mussel, _______, shrimp, lobster
Herbs parsley, oregano, ________, thyme
Spices ________, curry, nutmeg
EXERCISE

3.3. VOCABULARY


78

Ways of cooking








Write the following words in the correct blank in the chart above.

prawn cinnamon cod
cucumber tarragon lamb












FLAVOURS
tasty (has a good taste) tasteless (without flavour)
salty (with a lot of salt) sugary (with a lot of sugar)
greasy (with a
lot of oil / fat)
sweet (e.g.: cake) bitter (e.g.: lemon)
spicy / hot (e.g.: Mexican food)

ROAST BOIL FRY GRILL BAKE
EXERCISE
To say that a thing or a person has more or less of a particular quality, we can
use grading adverbs before the adjectives:

rather a bit extremely slightly quite very

e.g.: a bit salty extremely greasy slightly salty

REMEMBER


79













HOME REMEDIES

Its Sunday and the pharmacy is closed. Youve been sunbathing and got sun
burn or maybe youve cut yourself cutting bread. What can you do? All you
need is some everyday food items for all the things just mentioned. But what
do you use for each condition and how do you use it?

My grandmother used to say that when she was younger and there werent
medicines, people treated themselves with plants, fruits and food in general.
Ive never believed in what my grandmother said and I laughed at her
remedies. In fact, Ive always thought that they were complete nonsense.
However, now that Ive grown up I am conscious of the dangers of modern
medicine and Im happy that scientists are trying to find in the old days
different ways of healing. Many ordinary food items can help us: for
example, if you hold a slice of fresh bread on a cut, it can stop bleeding. If
you have bad breath, and you are going to meet your boyfriends /
girlfriends parents, chew some parsley leaves for fresh air. If youve got
sunburn, cool it by putting fresh cucumber on the skin. And if you suffer
from constipation, you can prepare a drink with cup of olive oil and cup
of orange juice and drink it at night. But dont forget if any of these
problems continue for a few days, you must go to the doctor!!

READING


80





Stress in two-syllable verbs

Stress is a feature within the communication as important as the pronunciation of a
word. For instance, the same word can have two different meanings depending on
where the stress is. For example, the word record:


record

/ rekd / noun

/ r kd / verb

In this case, we are going to focus on the stress in two-syllable verbs. Most two-
syllable verbs have the stress on the second syllable:

arrive relax allow support

But there are exceptions where the stress is on the first syllable:

finish suffer copy open





Find two-syllable verbs stressed on the first syllable. There are five.

R E W S N A S M U R O O
M A G U S E V W A S Z C
E C U P O T E O N O I H
C A N C E L R N G N P E
L N E K U T N D I A K E
O C V A N N A E W L E S
S Y S A B I T R O D I C
I A I M R A I C T S J E
N T T O N E P P A H A N
G H Y U E L L E N T E R
3.4. PHONETICS LAB
EXERCISE


81
UNIT 4. ENVIRONMENT






4.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Thomas interviews a wildlife journalist, Ms Bay, and Mr. Jones, a biologist, for an
article on environmental issues.
Thomas: Hello Ms. Bay and Mr. Jones. Nice to meet you both.
Bay: Hello. Nice to meet you.
Jones: Its a pleasure, Mr. Lalie.
T: Ms. Bay, do you think that we worry too much about protecting wild animals
and not enough about protecting people?
Bay: Im convinced of that.
T: Do the media, like TV, the radio, play any role here?
B: Well, TV documentaries sometimes show wild animals becoming extinct and
we see horrible scenes of them being hunted and killed. But the point is that
documentaries hardly ever tell us why the tiger or the elephant are being
hunted.
T: What do you think the reason is?
B: The awful thing is that the local people depend on hunting animals and
selling them to earn their living.
T: Do you have any solution for this problem?
B: I cant just say stop hunting wild animals. I suppose that first we should
solve the problem of how people in poor countries can live without hunting. If
we save these people first and make sure they can survive, then theyll be able
to stop killing the animals.
T: Thank you very much, Ms Bay. And now, Mr. Jones, whats your opinion on
this topic?
Jones: Without a doubt, the real problem facing this planet today is the
destruction of our ecosystems.
T: Why are the ecosystems being destroyed?
4.1.1. Dialogue


82


















Talking about problems

To introduce problematic ideas we can use the following expressions:

The trouble is
The problem is
The real problem is
The point is
The awful thing alternatives to awful are worst, terrible
Dont forget that





J: There are many reasons: on one hand, the destruction of rainforests and air
and water pollution and on the other, the extinction of thousands of species.
And they are becoming extinct because of too much hunting.
T: Does it matter if some species disappear?
J: The trouble is that when one animal species disappears, this has a chain
reaction; that is, it makes other animal and plant species disappear too. And if
there are no animals
T: Do you mean that in the future there wont be food?
J: I strongly believe that sometime, in the future, millions of people will die of
hunger. So dont forget that we should protect animals first.
T: Thank you very much, Mr. Jones.

4.1.2. Expressions


83



4.2.1. Conditional II

The second conditional is used for things that could possibly happen but probably
wont, that is, they describe imaginary situations.

The tenses used are:

If + Past simple, would + infinitive.

If I won 6000 euros, I would go to a voyage.
If somebody asked me for money, I wouldnt lend any.
If I was 2 metres tall, I would join a basketball team.

Compare the first and second conditional.

Conditional I If I have time, Ill give you a call. (=maybe Ill
have time. And Ill call you).

Conditional II If I had time, I would give you a call. (= I
havent got time so I cant phone you).









4.2. GRAMMAR

With the verb be, we can say was or were for I and he
/she.

If I /she was a millionaire or if I / she were a millionaire



84




Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:

1. I _______________ (not carry) your wallet around in your pocket if I were
you.

2. If you called the Fire Brigade, how long _________________ (it / take)
them to arrive?

3. If you ____________ (know) Jane as well as I do, you ____________ (not
trust) her at all.

4. Your uncle John would really appreciate it if you _________ (go) to see him.

5. If solar energy__________ (be) cheaper, people would use it more.




First or second conditional? Choose the correct answer:

1. Hell pass his exam
a. if he doesnt get nervous.
b. if he didnt get nervous.

2. Wed go abroad in the summer
a. if my sister wasnt pregnant.
b. if my sister isnt pregnant.
.
3. a. If you dont eat junk food
b. If you didnt eat junk food
you wouldnt put on weight.

4. a. Itd be easier
b. Itll be easier
if you get a bus from the station.




EXERCISE
EXERCISE


85

5. If youre late again,
a. youre going to be fired.
b. youd be fired.

6. a. If she isnt so rude
b. If she wasnt so rude
shed have more friends.





4.3.1. Environment

There are many different words that refer to features of the environment. This is a
list with some.

Words connected with rivers: waterfall, valley, stream
Words connected with mountains: hill, peak
Words connected with the seas / oceans: bay, gulf, shore, beach



















4.3. VOCABULARY
You have to be careful about the use of the with features of the environment.

Dont use the with: Use the with:
countries (e.g.: France)

individual mountains (e.g.:
Mount Everest)
lakes (e.g.: Lake Tahoe)
islands (e.g.: Alcatraz)

countries which are in plural
(e.g.: the United States of
America)
mountain chains (e.g.: the
Andes)
rivers (e.g.: the Thames)
oceans (e.g.: the Artic)
seas (e.g.: the North Sea)
gulfs, bays (e.g.: the Gulf of
Mexico)

REMEMBER


86




Read the following text about National Parks in England and
Wales.





EXERCISE
1. Snowdonia National Park is located in North West Wales. It contains a
great variety of landscapes and habitats for animals, birds and plants. You
can find here from 37 km of coastline with sand dunes, estuaries to glacial
valleys.

2. The name of Dartmoor National Park derives from two rivers, East and
West Dart. It is in the south west of England and its a very popular area
with walkers, mountain bikers and canoeists. Visitors can find here
prehistoric remains, such us Bronze Age stone circles.

3. Northumberland is at the very top of England. It is the least populated of
all the national parks, in fact, people say that it contains more sheep than
people. Visitors can find important Roman remains like Hadrians Wall,
which was built in AD 122.

4. This national park is at the very heart of England. Peak District is the
oldest established national park in Britain. It has two contrasting
landscapes: in the north, Dark Peak full of rocks and in the south White
Peak, with limestone and narrow valleys.

5. Lake District is located in the North West of England. Its Britains largest
national park and here we can find Englands highest mountains. This
national park has been formed over millions of years by climatic change:
gigantic volcanic eruptions, the ice age and the melting of glaciers have all
contributed to its extraordinary landscape.



87


4.3.2. Environmental problems

Nowadays, there are some environmental problems people are worried about. This
is a list with the main ones.

air, river and sea pollution the greenhouse effect
the destruction of the ozone layer the destruction of rainforests
waste disposal overpopulation
overfishing desertification







88

































Why we should become vegetarians

Evidence shows that our meat based diet is bad for the environment,
aggravates global hunger, brutalizes animals and has a negative effect on
our health.

First, more than half of all water used in the United States is used to raise
animals for food. A totally vegetarian diet needs 1135 litres of water per day.
However, a carnivorous diet needs more than 15140 litres of water per day.
Secondly, more than a third of all raw materials and fossil fuels consumed in
the US are used in animal production.

Furthermore, according to some studies, this industry is the biggest polluter
of water in the US because animals raised for food produce 20 times the
excrement of the entire human population - 104328 kilograms every second.
But it not only pollutes water but also air as methane is one of four
greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. And the worlds 1.3
billion cows produce one-fifth of all methane into the atmosphere.

In addition, meat production has also been linked to severe erosion of
billions of acres of farmland and to the destruction of rainforests.

US beef and pork consumption has tripled since 1970 and one reason for this
increase is the rise of fast food restaurants. Studies estimate that if we
reduced the meat consumption by just 10%, we would make 12 million tons
of grain available per year. Thats enough to feed all the people in the world
who starve to death.

READING


89

4.3.3. Connectors

Cause / result

There is more rubbish
as a result
of the amount of packaging used.
because of

The reason for the increase in rubbish is the amount of packaging used.

Smoke from factory
chimneys is

due to
modern industrial processes.
caused by
the result
of

Addition

Rubbish in the
street is
both

unpleasant to
look at

and
unhygienic
not only but also


Besides
it can also be dangerous if it contains metal or glass What is more
Furthermore

Concession

Although lead-free petrol would be more expensive, it would be less harmful.
Lead-free petrol would be more expensive but it would be less harmful.




Lead-free petrol would be
more expensive.
However
it would be less harmful. In spite of this
Despite this


90





Match the two halves to make a sentence.

1. I eat a lot of junk food although
2. We enjoyed the meal because of
3. I never eat vegetables or fruit although
4. Im going to have a piece of chocolate cake in spite of
5. A lot of people are emigrating
6. We not only go out on Thursdays
a. being on a diet.
b. due to the lack of food.
c. I know they are healthy.
d. but also on Fridays.
e. they arent good for me.
f. the excellent food.





Sounds: /t/ and /d/

Some English consonant sounds are very similar. Its important to try to pronounce
them clearly, so that people dont misunderstand you.





Write the words in the right column:

enjoy suggest actually fortunately judge
choose church juice match journalist

t d

EXERCISE
4.4. PHONETICS LAB
EXERCISE


91

The letter j is always pronounced /d/. E.g.: June, job, major.

The letter g is sometimes pronounced /d/, especially before e (e.g.: German);
and sometimes /g/ (e.g.: bag, sugar).

The letters ch are almost always pronounced / t/ (e.g.: watch, researcher) and
occasionally /k/ (e.g.: architect) or // (e.g.: machine).





93







Module 3:
Work



95

UNIT 1: WORKING EXPERIENCE









1.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Claire: Thomas, how would you describe your working experience?
Thomas: Well, as you know, when I finished University I had a part time job in
my summer holidays. I must say that it was an interesting job in many ways.
This was my first job and I felt Id learned a great deal but, to be honest, I had
several arguments with my boss.
Claire: What were these arguments about?
T: Well, most of them were because he blamed me for things he thought he had
told me but he didnt actually tell me to do them. Perhaps, he meant to, but he
forgot.
Susan: And what happened later, Thomas?
T: Well, a few days later when I said to him hed never told me anything, he got
very angry and said I was lying. And, of course, that wasnt true.
S: Oh, I see. These kinds of situations are sometimes difficult to face.
C: So, did you leave this job?
T: Of course I did. A month later, I decided it would be better to look for
another job.
S: Well, in one of my last jobs I had a bad experience too. In this case it was
with two clients. I did a lot of work for them that I was proud of but they didnt
like it. We had different points of view on how to finish the project. It took me
about two years and it was a complete waste of time!!!
T: How do you think your former workmates would describe you, Susan?

1.1.1. Dialogue


96

























Reinforcing ideas

When we are really convinced of what we are talking about and we want to
reinforce the idea in which we believe in, we use:

To be honest
To be frank
To tell the truth
Supporting the truth/ idea
To be persuasive
S: I think they would say that I worked hard, I was well-organised and that I
was friendly to customers. Although I got sometimes a bit impatient when
things werent done properly, I liked that job very much but I left it because I
wasnt earning enough and my career growth was too slow.
C: What do you mean with your career growth was too slow?
S: I mean that I didnt have enough challenges. After a while, all the projects
became repetitive. I wanted to thrive on challenges.
T: And you, Claire, have you ever had a bad experience at work?
C: Well, to be frank, I havent had any bad experience yet.
T: Oh, you are kidding, arent you? This cannot be true.
C: No, thats right. The only thing that I can remember is that once I had
problems with lunch time in my first job.
T: Lunch time?
C: I remember it was close to one oclock on my first day. No one had
mentioned anything about a break and so I knocked on my managers door and
asked if I could go out and have a bite to eat. I felt so embarrased.
T and S: (laughing) We can imagine.

1.1.2. Expressions


97




1.2.1. Past tense: Past Simple, Past Continuous and Past Perfect
Simple

Past Simple

Structure:

In affirmative we have: subject + *verb + ed or irregular verb.














AFFIRMATIVE
I, he, we worked in a small company last
year.
She, they, we saw Jimmy in town two
days.
This house cost 25.000 in 1994.


1.2. GRAMMAR

* Very often the simple past ends in ed (regular verbs). But
many verbs are irregular. This means that the simple past does
not end in ed:

e.g.: see
go
cost

(For irregular verbs see appendix)
saw
went
cost


98

In negatives: subject + did not (didnt) + base form (work, see, enjoy)
In questions: (Wh- question) + did + subject + base form
(work, see, enjoy)?

e.g.: He didnt pass his exams. NOT: He didnt passed his exams.
Did you go to the office last evening?
NOT: Did you went to the office last evening?

NEGATIVE
I, he ,she, it
We, you, they

didnt
work in a small company last year.
see Jimmy in town two days ago.
INTERROGATIVE
Did
I, he,she, it
we,you,they
work in a small company last year?
see Jimmy in town two days ago?
Who did Peter go with ?

Use:

We use the past simple tense:

1. To talk about an action or event which happened in the past and which
has no connection with the present. It refers to a finished period of
time:

Pasteur made important medical discoveries.
Did you go to the meeting yesterday?

2. To talk about habits in the past:

I travelled by bus until I passed my driving test.
I always had roast beef on Saturdays when I was a boy.



99
3. To talk about events that happened one after the other:

What a horrible day! : First my computer crashed, then our best
customer cancelled their order and on my way home my car broke
down.






















Past Continuous

We often use the simple past and the past continuous together:

John was sleeping when I phoned him.

Form:

In affirmative and negative we have the subject + was/ were (not) + main
verb+ -ing form.
We have to apply different spelling rules to the regular simple past ends in
ed:

- Ends with ed, just add d: trade- traded.
- Consonant + y, change the y to I and add ed: dry- dried.
- Single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant + -ed: stop-
stopped.
- Do not double the final consonant x, w and y: snow-snowed, coax-
coaxed
REMEMBER


100













* was/were (not) = wasnt / werent.

The interrogative structure is the following: (Wh- questions) + was/ were+
main verb+ -ing form.

INTERROGATIVE
(What

Where)
was
I
he
she
it
living?
working?
doing?
were
we
you
they


AFFIRMATIVE
&
NEGATIVE
I
He
She
It
was
*
(not)
working in the office.
living in this city.
staying alone at home.

We
You
They
were
Stative verbs, like for example, want and know are not normally
used in the continuous ing form:

e.g.: He was enjoying the party but Thomas wanted to go
home.
(NOT: Thomas was wanting to go home)
They were good friends. They knew each other.
(NOT: They were knowing)



101

Use:

1. To talk about an activity in progress at a particular time in the past:

It was raining all the time.
At two oclock we were having lunch.

2. When a long past action is interrupted by a shorter one. In this case we often
use the simple past and the past continuous together:

When and while are the most common adverbials to join both sentences.

I was wondering what to do when the phone rang.
While we were having a picnic it started to rain.

4. To express repeated or continuous activities. In this case, the verb tense is
usually used with frequency adverbs to indicate repetition: always, constantly,
invariably.

He was always teasing his teacher.





Choose the right answer: Past simple or past continuous?

1. What____________________ at this time yesterday? I was asleep.
a) were you doing
b) did you do

2. Thomas ____________ a picture of me while I __________________.
a) was taking a) didnt look
b) too b) wasnt looking

3. When I was young, I _________ to be a pilot.
a) I wanted
b) I was wanting

EXERCISE


102
4. How fast ________________ when the accident _____________?
a) did you drive a) happened
b) were you driving b) was happening

Past Perfect Simple

We often use the simple past and the past perfect together:

I enjoyed going to the cinema last night. I had not gone since I
was a student.

Form:

In affirmative and negative we have: subject + had (not) +* past participle.

* e.g.: go gone
see seen
finish finished

For irregular past participle see appendix)








AFFIRMATIVE
&
NEGATIVE
I, he, we had already started cooking.
The concert had just begun when we
arrived.
They lost the match because they had not
practised the days before.

* I / she / we had = Id / shed/ wed


When we use adverbs with this tense (always, just, already,
never), they are located between the auxiliary verb had and the
past participle:

e.g.: Id just seen her in the park.
Id never heard of it until last week.



103

The interrogative structure is the following: (Wh- questions) + Had + subject +
past participle (gone, seen, finished).

INTERROGATIVE
(What
Where...)
Had
I
he
she
it
eaten food
yesterday?
we
you
they

Use:

1. To express the idea that something happened before a specific time in the
past.

I got to his house at eleven oclock, but he had already left.
She started to cry because she had had a terrible day.

2. To show that something started in the past and continued up until another
action in the past:

We had had that car ten years before it broke down.


104




















Read the following sentences and decide the order of the events:

A. Happening one after the other B. Happening at the same time

Write A or B next to the sentence.

1. The problem was not the service we were offering, but the website itself.

2. A fault we hadnt noticed in the programming caused two thousand people
to invest in a company that didnt even exist.

3. When we arrived to the company, they were fixing the computers.

4. While my boss was outside, thousands of employees went on strike.

The past perfect continuous (he/we/you had been writing/
working) has the same relationship to the past simple as the
present perfect continuous does to the present perfect simple.
The past perfect simple is used to indicate finished activity
before a specific point of time in the past however; the past
perfect continuous is used to indicate a continuous activity up
to a specific time in the past. Compare the following
sentences:

e.g.: Shed written a report for her boss. (It was finished)
Shed been writing a report for her boss. (She was
still writing it).


EXERCISE


105
Past time expressions




Choose the appropriate expression.
1. We ordered the goods_________
a. suddenly b. last week c. while
2. _______ she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.
a. suddenly b. while c. last week
3. I had just typed five pages when my computer _______ crashed.
a. suddenly b. last week c. while








PAST SIMPLE
We ordered the goods last week.
Yesterday (morning), two years/month ago,
in 1990, last Friday/ week/ night, this
morning/ afternoon...
PAST CONTINUOUS
While she was preparing dinner,
he was washing the dishes.
When, while, as long as.
PAST PERFECT
I had just typed five pages when
my computer suddenly crashed.
Already, just, never, (not) yet, once/ twice,
until that day/ month...
EXERCISE


106




1.3.1. Company departments
Most of the companies are made up of different groups of people. The top of the
company is headed by the chairperson or president. He/she is responsible for
making important decisions. We also find various departments or functions within a
company. The structure of the departments of a typical company is shown in the
following organisation chart:


- Marketing & Sales: Responsible for putting goods on market, finding
customers and selling products.

- Finance: Responsible for administering a companys financial affairs.

- Human Resources: In charge of recruitment and welfare of staff or
employees.

- Public Relations: In charge of external communication.

- Legal: In charge of legal issues.

* CHAIRPERSON OR PRESIDENT
DEPARTMENTS
MARKETING &
SALES
FINANCE HUMAN
RESOURCES
PUBLIC
RELATIONS
LEGAL PRODUCTION
RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT
* Chairman/woman.

1.3. VOCABULARY


107
- Research and Development: Responsible for Research and
Development of (new) products.

- Production: Responsible for physical creation or product.

1.3.2. Word formation: jobs














In English, we use suffixes to form words. We dont have any rule for this
formation, it is really a matter of learning and knowing them but we can say that
unskilled or semiskilled job-holders are often denoted with er, while those in
scientific or medical professions are often designated with ist, but there are many
exceptions. The most common suffixes to form jobs that people do are the
following:

1. -er: builder, plumber, carpenter
2. -or: doctor, conductor, editor
3. -ist: dentist, chemist, journalist...
4. -ian: optician, comedian, politician...

We also have ant: accountant, civil servant, flight attendant






108




Who would you need in each of the following situations? Choose from
the list of people below:

a vet a plumber a librarian a decorator
a carpenter an electrician a secretary a solicitor

1. Water is leaking from the pipes in your bathroom:
2. Your lights keep going out for no reason:
3. You need some wooden shelves and cant make them yourself:
4. You want to borrow a rare book on medieval history:





Read the following text divided in two parts:




.


















EXERCISE

READING
PART ONE:
John Lawson, my manager in my previous job, always tried to help his
employees and dealt with major issues himself. He had all the meetings well
organized. Mr Lawson was extremely appreciated by customers and
investors due to his professional attitude. He never argued with anyone and
solved all the problems.

PART TWO:
Susan Jordan would never be the manager of the year. She wasnt very
responsive to her job and her use of time indicated this behaviour: more
time devoted to her husband than to the company. Due to her bad
performance there were serious economical problems in her company.


109





Thomas is describing two managers he had in the past. After reading the
text, match the following titles to each part of the text:

1. THE IRRESPONSIBLE MANAGER.
2. THE EFFECTIVE MANAGER.





Read what Thomas, Claire, Susan and Jimmy are saying about their last
working experiences and put a tick in the right column:

Workers Good experience Bad experience
Thomas Lalie

Claire Help

Jimmy Smith

Susan Taylor



1. Thomas Lalie:

Well, I have to say that they didn't pay me enough, the hours
were awful and I hated the job. That company happened to be my
company's biggest, and most important, customer. At the end I
had the opportunity to give up this job as soon as another
company was interested in me.

EXERCISE
EXERCISE


110
2. Claire Help:

In my last job, there was a friendly atmosphere, we worked hard
but we had fun too. I liked working with other people. When I was
in my office, we used to share the tasks and we would always help
each other and show new members of the staff how to do things.

3. Jimmy Smith:

Well, I was looking for a part- time job to help me through college
and I found it last summer. I was very satisfied with this. I worked
with some really interesting people. I was doing my job in a place
where there was an inordinate amount of paperwork. But I have to
say that working with people is my strength, the paperwork really
bogged me down at times.

4. Susan Taylor:

After three company acquisitions, I had five bosses in three
years. In my last job, my boss was overbearing and wouldn't
let me do my job. If she didn't like the way I was doing
something, she'd criticize me.





The consonants: Sounds /m/, /n/, //

We find differences in these sounds in English because the air is stopped by
different parts of the mouth:

some - sun- sung



1.4. PHONETICS LAB


111

SOUNDS SPELLING RULES
/m/
more, make, film, smoke
/m/ + n or b: autumn, comb
/n/
now, listen, open, know
//
bang, bank, thing, finger
/n/ + k or g= //: think, sing.





Listen the following sentences and circle the word you hear:

1. My friend ____ yesterday morning. RAN or RANG?
2. The girl _____ me last night. WARMED OR WARNED?
3. The people were _____. SINGING OR SINKING?







EXERCISE


113
UNIT 2. APPLYING FOR A JOB









2.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH
2.1.1. Dialogue
Thomas: How long have you been working for your current company?
Claire: For three years.
Thomas: But this isnt your first job, is it?
C: Oh no. I worked for fourteen years for a national company.
T: Did you resign?
C: The company was taken over by a French firm and I was made redundant.
T: How awful! And how long were you unemployed?
C: For a year.
T: Im really sorry to hear that.
C: It was really difficult being unemployed.
T: Why?
C: I sent my CV to thousands of companies but none of them called me for an
interview.
T: That had to be awful.
C: I talked to people my former employer had recommended to me but they
werent interested in a person who wasnt specialised in anything.
T: How terrible!
C: I was completely fed up and depressed.
T: How did you spend your days?
C: Well, I got the newspaper everyday and looked at the job advertisements.
And when I saw something interesting I applied for it.
T: And werent you offered anything interesting?
C: After two months, I went to an interview. It was a company where TV sets
and car radios were made.
T: A factory job? And did you have any experience in that type of work?


114

















Being sympathetic

How do we react when we have some bad news? It depends on the news. Some are
more important than others, and we react to something serious in a different way
from something less serious, however unfortunate.

Less serious
What a pity!
What a shame!
What a nuisance!
Poor you!

Very sad news
How awful!
How terrible!
Im really sorry to hear that.
That must have been awful.

C: None. Anyway, I didnt accept it because I didnt like that job. At that
moment, I started to run out of money and I had to ask for a loan to my
parents. Fortunately, they could help me.
T: Didnt you register with a recruitment agency?
C: No, I thought they had too many people on their books. So I decided to
specialise in sales, attending courses for unemployed people. And one of the
teachers recommended me to a company.
T: Were you lucky?
C: First, I talked to the person who was in charge of the Human Resources
department and then I did a test which was extremely hard. And, at last, I was
accepted!!! Now, I feel really happy with them.

2.1.2. Expressions


115



2.2.1. Defining relative clauses

- They give necessary information about the person / thing the speaker is talking
about. They are necessary to make a complete sentence.

- We use who for people, which for things and animals, and where for places.

You can use that instead of who / which. This is very common in spoken
English.

Shes the woman who has won the beauty contest.
The cake that was in the oven was delicious.
Lets go to a country where the sun always shines.
An elephant is an animal which lives in hot countries.

- Who / which and that are often omitted when the verb after the relative
pronoun has a different subject.

The thief (who) the police arrested yesterday has already been released.


Whose (= of who or of which) cant be omitted.
They live in the house whose walls are painted in white.





Cross out the relative pronoun if it can be omitted.

1. I dont like the book which you recommended.
2. A young boy, who looked ill, opened the door.
3. The museum, which was beautiful, was full and we had to queue.
4. Whats the name of the man who you introduced me yesterday?
5. Its a thing which we use for washing our hair.
6. The man, whose dog is called Poppy, has just phoned.

2.2. GRAMMAR
EXERCISE


116
2.2.2. Non-defining relative clauses

- They give extra information. The information given is not essential.

This artist, who was also a famous inventor, painted the Mona Lisa.
Paul McCartney was born in Liverpool, which is in the north of
England.

- There is always a comma before who / which and a comma (or full stop) at
the end of the clause to separate this extra information from the main
information.

- The relative pronoun cant be omitted.

- You cant use that.

My neighbour, who is 60, has broken her leg.
Finally we arrived to London, where it was raining.





Fill in the gaps with a relative pronoun.

1. I used to live in London, ________ I was born and went to school.

2. Mrs. Jackson, ________ son also goes to this school, is coming for tea.

3. Our friends, ________ we met at university, are coming to visit us next
week.

4. The city, _________ monuments are very beautiful, usually gets isolated in
winter.

5. Barcelona, _______ is Spains second largest city, is on the Mediterranean
coast.

6. My parents, _________ are retired, come to Spain every summer.

EXERCISE


117





2.3.1. Job advertisements






























Berry Recruitment: Tractor driver
I am looking for a tractor driver to work for a landscape
Gardening Company that have a ten year contract in the
London area to deal with all the maintenance of the parks
and schools. This position is temp and needs someone with
experience with a similar company or farm background. The
pay will be initially 9 per hour.

Send your C.V. to: 34, Christchurch Road Bournemouth
B73 9S3

Smiths Corporation: Sales executives

Due to our business continued growth we are currently recruiting Sales
Executives to sell our range of products.

As a Sales Executive you will be based from home and will work within a
team. Previous sales experience is not necessary as we provide full training.
Good communication skills are essential together with a desire to succeed.
Applicants must be over 21 with their own car and phone. Full time,
permanent. 50,000 per year + incentives.

Send your CV plus a cover letter to: 54, Oxford Street London T6Y GC3.
Fast Airlines: Cabin crew

Due to our success we are looking for enthusiastic and reliable people to
join us at our main operational base, London Heathrow. As part of our cabin
crew you will be an ambassador for the airline, part of a friendly team with
a flexible attitude to work. At least one year experience required although
continuous training will be offered.

Additional information:
Be at least 18 years old.
Height between 165 cm and 180 cm (with weight in proportion)
Full time, permanent.
Minimum educational level: Secondary School or equivalent.

E-mail your CV to cabincrew@fastairlines.net or send your CV plus a cover
letter to 12, New Avenue, Portsmouth PO7 A43.

2.3. VOCABULARY


118















Answer the following questions.

1. In which job will you be in charge of people?
2. Which position is temporary?
3. Where is not experience required?
4. Where may you work under pressure?
5. Which job sets a limit in the applicants height?

2.3.2 Applying for a job: cover letter

Every Curriculum Vitae (in American English: resume) sent by mail or fax needs a
personalised cover letter even if the advertisement didnt request a cover letter.

If you send your CV by email, it doesnt need a cover letter. You just write a
paragraph with three or five sentences telling your reader where you heard the
position. Email is intended to be short, polite and to the point.

An important thing is not to write To whom it may concern. The letter must be
personalised, e.g.: Dear Mr Smith. But if the receivers name is unknown you can
write Dear Sir or Madam.

West London YMCA: Fitness Class Co-ordinator

West London YMCA is looking for a highly motivated and energetic person
to manage all aspects of our adult fitness class programmes at our Fitness
Club. You will be involved in the day to day management of our busy class
and course programme, including all aspects of building the programme
and managing our freelance instructors. With at least 2 years experience
working in a health club environment, you will also have experience in
supervising people. The post requires exceptional customer service skills
and the ability to work under pressure. 21,000 per year.

Closing date for applications: 15 March 2008
Interviews will be held on: 20 April 2008
E-mail your C.V. to: YMCA@fitnessclub.com
EXERCISE


119
In the first paragraph, you should mention where you heard about the position. And
it is a great place to state your objective.

In the second paragraph mention specific experience. Here is where you have to
sell yourself, so summarise why you are absolutely perfect for the position. Choose
some of your experience and / or education that is specifically related to the
companys requirements, or concentrate on qualifications that are not in your CV
but apply to this particular job. Dont make this section too long or you will quickly
lose the readers interest.

The closing should be concise. Let the reader know what you want (phone call,
appointment).But if you are not the type of person who phones, the best phrase
is: I look forward to hearing from you soon. And dont forget: Thank you for
your consideration to finish the letter.




Read the following cover letter. Susan is applying for a post of Sales
Director.

To: Merck Pharmaceuticals
From: Martha Meyers
Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to apply for the post of Sales Director advertised on your website.

I am 39 years old, English, with a Medical Degree from the University of Liverpool
(1989) and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Michigan (1993).

I joined my present company in 2000. After three years as Sales Manager for Northern
Ireland, I moved to London to take up my present position as Marketing Director for
the United Kingdom. Before joining Medical Analysts, I was in charge of developing new
vaccines at Smith & Barkley, where I spent 4 years. I also have three years experience
as a doctor in Mount Sinai (1993). My professional experience also includes two years
as a volunteer in Congo with an international NGO, before leaving to start my two-year
MBA course.
EXERCISE


120

Concerning my language ability, I am fluent in English and German. I am hard-working
and energetic, and after a number of years with the same company, I would appreciate
the opportunity of a new challenge.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Thank you for your consideration.

Yours faithfully,

Martha Meyers

Complete this time line with details of Susans professional experience.
























1989 1991 1993 1996 2000 2003 NOW
Finished
Medical
Degree
Marketing
Director for
medical
Analysts
The letter format in English is quite strict. The senders address goes at the top
usually on the right and in the middle if it is a company. The senders name is not
included here (it is at the end of the letter!). The date can be on the right or on
the left. And the receivers name and address go on the left hand side, just after
the date. If you know the receivers name, the salutation is Dear Mr. Smith and
the closing yours sincerely. But if the receivers name is unknown you must
write Dear Sir or Madam and for the closing yours faithfully.
REMEMBER


121
2.3.3. Job interview

- These are typical interview questions that employers ask.

1. Tell me about yourself.

2. What were the reasons for selecting
your college or university?

3. How would you describe your ideal job?

4. Describe a situation in which you were successful.

5. Tell me what you know about our company.

6. If you had to live your life again, what would you change?

7. Would you rather work with information or with people?

8. What goals do you have in your career?

9. Why did you decide to seek a position in this field?

10. What do you expect to be doing in 10 years?

- Toward the end of most job interviews, the interviewer will give you the
opportunity to ask questions. You must ask at least one question in order to
show interest in the job or the company. These are some questions you may
ask.

1. What are the day-to-day expectations and responsibilities of this job?

2. Is there a formal process for promotion within the organization?

3. What do you think is the greatest opportunity facing the organization in
the near future?

4. Does the organization support training and education for employees?






122




Read an interview with an executive who works for a company which
finds jobs for just graduates who want to work in other countries. Fill in
the chart below.

Part 1

Interviewer: Where do you send people?
Executive: Well, mostly to North America.
I: And do you specialize in any particular types of jobs?
E: Yes, we always work with big computing companies. So we recruit mainly
computer programmers, technicians and engineers.
I: Tell me about the work you do.

Part 2

E: I specialize in one specific country. At the moment Im working in
Canada. I go there regularly, visit the companies we work with and listen
to what they need.
I: Do you spend a lot of time away from home?
E: Pretty much because I spend at least five days in each company trying to
find the most appropriate candidate. Thats what I like least about my
job.
I: Is there anything else you arent happy with?
E: The fact that you spend most of the time in hotels.

Part 3

I: Why did you accept this job?
E: I love travelling and meeting people from other countries.
I: I suppose its essential to know languages, isnt it?
E: Of course, and have some computing knowledge too.
I: Thank you very much, Miss Darlington.
EXERCISE


123

What he dislikes about
his job
What he likes about his
job
Skills required
1.
2.

1.
2.
1.
2.





The letters ie / ei in words

Many words have the letters ie or ei in the middle and sometimes it is problematic
to know the pronunciation.

When two vowels follow each other, they often make one sound, but sometimes
two.

scientist two sounds
receipt one sound

Two vowels dont always make the same sound:

die /da/ field / fild/




2.4. PHONETICS LAB


124




Listen to the following words with ei / ie as one sound. Put them in the
right column.

friendly leisure ceiling
either neighbour believe neither

e

e i a

leg

cake

tree

bike


A spelling rule and mnemonics have been invented to help in remembering
spellings:

1. I before e except after c when the sound is /i/
2. Weight is pronounced like the verb weigh.
Height is pronounced like the adjective high.
3. The most common sound is /i/.




EXERCISE


125
UNIT 3: THE COMPANY







3.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

3.1.1. Dialogue
Steve: Good morning, Thomas.
Thomas: Good morning, Mr Woods.
S: How was your morning?
T: Everything was fine, Mr Woods.
S: Im glad to hear that. Is everything going all right? I mean, with your
colleagues above all.
T: Of course, Mr Woods, they are very nice and friendly with me.
S: Do you know this year we are celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of The New
Times?
T: Really? Thats terrific!
S: Yes, the company was founded fifty years ago by Peter Woods, my father and
the Managing Director. My father worked really hard to make this editorial out of
nothing. He dedicated most of his life working here till he died in 1998.
T: Rest his soul, Mr Woods. He did a great job.
S. Thank you, Thomas. Well, at the beginning it was known as The Lannon
Times and since that year it has been a family business.
T: Curious name The Lannon Times.
S: Well, my father was born in a small town called Lannon, thats why the name
of the company. He started writing articles on the local newspaper and then he
set up his own editorial.
T: Oh, I see. And how did it grow so quickly, Mr Woods?
S: Well, the firm has a history of quick, steady growth. My fathers articles
became famous and he received initial funding from other small companies. In
the 80s, typewriters were replaced by computers and letters were substituted
by e-mails. And so we changed our name. Nowadays, The New Times has a
big staff and it has acquired over 10.000 customers including many abroad
companies in America and Italy, as you know.


126
















The company

1. Company activities and departments

The factory consists of .
The departments are divided into
Our department deals with/ is responsible for
We work with / organize
We are in charge of

2. Staff

Peter Rubens is in charge / the Production Manager of the department.
I am one of the managers / secretaries / engineers
There are fifteen people in the Human Resources department.

T: And how many partners does the company have?
S: Well, when my father died in 1998, I became the Managing Director, Bill
Harper, who is now in his sixties, became the Chairman. He is now an old man,
semi-retired, but he still comes into the office and occasionally attends some
board meetings. Peter Rubens, who joined the company six years ago is the
Production Manager and Andrea Sullivan, the Sales Manager and so all the
company members that you already know.., the Company is expanding and .
T: Mr Woods, Im sorry to interrupt you but the meeting is just about to begin.
S: Oh, yes Thomas. Well continue talking about the company tomorrow... Its
time to attend the meeting!!!

3.1.2. Expressions


127





3.2.1. The Passive Voice

Compare the following sentences:

They repaint the school every six years The school is repainted
every six years.


In the first case we have used an active verb, so we know what the subject does
(they), in the second case we have used a passive verb to say what happens to the
subject.

Form:

The passive voice is formed: verb to be (is/was, were/have been) + *past
participle of the main verb.

(* For irregular past participle see appendix)

e.g.: My father built this house in 1980 (active) This house was built in
1980 by my father (passive).



3.2. GRAMMAR


128
















As we mentioned before, to form the passive we use the correct tense of the verb
to be followed by the past participle. Now we are going to see two different verb
tenses:

1. Present Simple:

Active: I, he, they produce (s)/write (s)
Passive: I, he, they, am / is /are + produced / written.
e.g.: A great deal of wine is produced by France.
Those tales are written by a woman.
2. Past Simple:

Active: I, he, they, produced /wrote.
Passive: I, he, they, was / were + produced / written.
e.g.: A great deal of wine was produced by France.
Those tales were written by a woman.

As you can see in the previous sentence, if we want to say who
does or what causes the action we use the particle by. This
normally happens with proper names (Peter, Shakespeare).
However, the passive voice is normally used when it is not really
important who or what did the action as in the following
example:

They have built a new sports centre A new sport centre
has been built.

NOT: A new sport centre has been built by them.

Be careful with the number of the verb tense!!! This can
change depending on the subject as happened in the
example above:

They have A new sport centre has.



129




Choose the correct verb tense to express the passive voice:

1. Letters _______________ every day by the postman.
a) are delivered b) were delivered c) were delivering

2. Theres somebody walking behind us. I think ___________________.
a) we are followed b) we are being followed c) we are following

3. Penicillin ________________________ by Alexander Fleming.
a) is discovered b) is being discovered c) was discovered

4. Where__________________? In New York.
a) did you born b) are you born c) were you born




3.3.1. The Company Hierarchy

The management structure of a typical company is shown in the following
organisation chart:



Chairman/Chairwoman
Chief Executive/Managing Director
Chief Financial
Officer / Finance
Director
Marketing
Director
Human
Resources
Director
Non Executive Directors
Research
Director
IT
Director
Accounts
Department
Manager
Sales Manager
Customer
Services
Manager
Line Managers (in travel agency branches)
Middle
Managers
EXERCISE

3.3. VOCABULARY
Senior/ Top
Executive and
Executive
Directors


130

At the top of the company hierarchy is the Board of Directors; headed by the
Chairman/woman or President and the non executive directors which are
often directors of other companies. This Board is responsible for making decisions.
It will usually appoint a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
who has absolute responsibility for the running of the business. Senior Executives
head the various departments or functions within a company, for example, the
marketing director is the head of marketing, the finance director is the head of the
finance department, etc.

- Marketing & Sales: Marketing Director, Assistant... Sales Manager,
Representative, Secretary...
- Finance: Finance Director
- Human Resources: Personnel Manager
- Public Relations: Public Relations Manager
- Legal: Legal Director
- Research and Development: Research and Development Director
- Production: Production Manager.
- Finance: Finance Director

3.3.2. Word formation: noun-verb-adjective

In the English language we usually find new words formed by adding a prefix or a
suffix. In the following table you can see some of these words related to business:

NOUN PERSON VERB ADJECTIVE
interview interviewer/interviewee
to
interview
_____
economy/economics economist
to
economize
economic(al)
exportation exporter to export exporting/exportable
(un) employment employer/employee to employ (un) employed
pay/payment payer/payee to pay payable/paying
product/production
/productivity/produce
producer to produce producing/productive
supply supplier to supply _______
organization organizer to organize organized/organizing





131




Choose the right word:

1. What is the verb of economy?
a) economist b) economics c) economize

2. What is the noun of to organize?
a) organizer b) organization c) organizing

3. What is the adjective of producer?
a) production b) productive c) productivity

4. What is the verb of employer?
a) employ b) employment c) employee

EXERCISE
Words ending in or, -er often refer to a person who gives or sends something to
somebody. Nouns endings in ee refer to the person who receives the thing.

e.g: An employer gives a job to an employee.
A licensor gives a licensee the right to use something.
REMEMBER


132




Read the following text:










READING
AS GOOD AS YOUR LAST JOB

I came to this company a couple of years ago. I was offered a job as a journalist
and so I was hired by Steve Woods, Managing Director of the editorial office.
I was eager to be part of a working team. In a few hours I was given my new
desk and my computer, and the most important above all, a cool office with a
view of the river.

Nowadays, I am in charge of the Communication department which is supposed
to be the biggest in the company. We publish a daily newspaper with national
and international news, and, now, were launching a new magazine.
As I was telling you, that day was a good day!!! First, I was introduced to my
secretary, and, in a few minutes I was ready to start a new working experience.
After breakfast, a meeting was held in the boardroom. My first acid test!!!

On the wall of the boardroom there were dozens of prizes won by one of the
sales managers in the name of the company. They were hung making nice wall
ornaments and reminding us of the quality of his work every day. In the last
two years, many articles have been written in different newspapers and
magazines talking about his great success.

My father told me many years ago Thomas, youre only as good as your last
job; you have to be the best in every company. I think that it is true. I didnt
believe him at first, and it has taken me several decades of true- working
experiences to realize what a clever observation it was.

I would say that my father changed my outlook on life and especially on work
for the rest of my career. I have decided to do the best job in this company, no
matter what the fee is supposed to be, because in the long run I really have to
please myself. I think I am doing a great job; I really like being as good as my
last job.


133




Thomas Lalie is talking about his working experience in his company:
The New Times. Read the following text and decide if the statements
below are true or false:

1. When Thomas began working in the company he felt sad and depressed to
be a part of a working team.
2. Thomas is in charge of the Finance department in the company.
3. His department is responsible for writing articles.
4. One of the sales managers won many prizes in the name of the company.
5. Thomas father gave him good advices about the working world.




Read the origins of four different companies and number them in the
correct order in which you hear the information:







EXERCISE
EXERCISE


134

1. This was founded at the University of Cork, South West Ireland in the summer of
2000 by Caroline OConnor. The idea for the group was stemmed to be a folk
music group. Cork Rhythm Company offers different rhythms together, the best
jazz mixed with ethnic and spiritual music.

2. This was the first company in the story that was set up with the aim of exploiting
the telephone, as invented by Adriano Russo thanks to an agreement stipulated
between the inventor and other members of the company. This agreement was
fostered by Antonio Lancione, an important shareholder in the Italian telephone
business.

3. This company was empowered to construct a mainly cut canal along the
Mississippi river shore from tide water near the District of Arkansas 341 miles to
the Arkansas river. It was estimated that this canal would cost $ 23 millions,
three of four times the cost expected. However, a compromise was struck.

4. Our company was founded five years ago with a management staff with over 30
years experience. Our working staff is made up primarily of in- house employees
and a small amount of subcontractors. We have been working since 1968 in
home cable installs.






The Consonants: Sounds /f/ and /v/

We have to know these two different sounds and their spelling rules in the English
language. Sometimes the vowel is shorter before /f/ than before /v/.

SOUNDS SPELLING RULES
/f/
f: fall ,ff: coffee,
ph: phobia, gh:
cough
/v/ v: ever, f: of
3.4. PHONETICS LAB


135




Find seven words beginning and ending with /f/ or /v/. The words are
written horizontally ( ) or vertically ( ) Note that the last letter is
not always f or v.

H S L D V G
A O I R W O
V F V I X L
E F E V I F
S A F E S U














EXERCISE


137
UNIT 4. SOCIALIZING








4.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

4.1.1. Dialogue


Jimmy: Thomas, do you know that in two weeks we are having the office party?
Thomas: I had no idea. Why do you celebrate office parties, I mean, whats
their role?
J: I suppose the goal of the company is to show the staff its appreciation.
T: Well, thats great. And what event are we celebrating?
J: The Companys anniversary. Before I started to do my work placement here,
Mr. Woods used to hold a Christmas party but workers couldnt attend so he
decided to change the celebration to the anniversary.
T: So, is this the only moment when employees, managers and clients socialise
with one another?
J: No, no. Sometimes on Thursday evenings, workers go out together after work
to have a beer. Its a good opportunity to switch off from work and also to get to
know your colleagues in a more relaxed atmosphere.
T: We do the same in my world. I really enjoy hanging out with my colleagues.
J: However, when the editorial office is conducting intercompany business, we
dont take a client to have a beer. Mr Woods takes them to have dinner to a
good restaurant most of the times.
T: Once when I was working for a multinational company, a Japanese client
came to visit us. I had heard that this client loved wine-tasting. Thus, we spent
a whole day just drinking wine in different bars and restaurants. We got
completely drunk and I was almost fired. By the way, how do people behave in
office parties here?
J: Well, Ive just attended one, last years. And you may not believe it but it was
just crazy.
T: Really?



138


















Telling a surprising fact

Sometimes the best way to support an argument is to come up with an unexpected
fact.

Start
Do you realise that ?
Believe it or not
You may not believe it but
It may sound strange but
The surprising thing is
Surprisingly

Finish
On the whole,
Normally,
Generally,
Usually,
J: At the beginning, people looked very serious, nobody drank alcoholic drinks
but at the end there were even people dancing on the tables!
T: I cant believe my ears!
J: It may sound strange but Mr Woods sang I will survive in the karaoke! We
couldnt stop laughing.
T: The office parties in my world are much more boring. Actually, no alcoholic
drinks are served. But we usually go on partying on our own afterwards.
J: Have you met Mr Tool, in the Human Resources department?
T: The old man? Yes, I know him.
J: Believe it or not, he is good at telling jokes and when the open bar started,
he took the microphone and began to tell jokes. We split our sides!
T: Wow, he looks so serious.

4.1.2. Expressions


139



4.2.1. Gerund or to + infinitive?
- We use gerund (V -ing):

1. After certain verbs. E.g.: like, enjoy, love, mind, hate.

Children hate eating vegetables.
I enjoy reading comics.

2. After prepositions.

My parents are very interested in going to the mountains this weekend.
Im tired of waiting for you.

3. As the subject of a sentence.

Smoking damages your health.
Going to parties is fun.

- We use to + infinitive:

1. After certain verbs. E.g.: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect,
plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage, dare.

I would like to dance with you.
Look! That man is trying to steal our car!

2. After adjectives.

Im happy to be here.
Its better not to smoke.

3. To express purpose / reason.

I use an alarm clock to wake up every morning.
Ive bought pasta to make lasagne for dinner.



4.2. GRAMMAR


140

- The verbs start and begin can be followed either by a gerund or to +
infinitive.

The boys started to dance.
The boys started dancing.

- After auxiliary verbs, like do, will, did, and modal verbs, like can, must, might,
we use the infinitive without to.

You must drink two litres of water every day.
NOT You must to drink two litres of water every day.




Fill in the blanks with to do or doing.

1. Are you planning _______ anything next Christmas?
2. What do you want ______ on Saturday?
3. What do you enjoy ________ in your free time?
4. What are you keen on _____________ next weekend?
5. What do you find it interesting _________ when youre on holidays?
6. ________ the housework is really tiring.




4.3.1. Staff movements
Employees:

- Usually retire between 60 and 65.
- Can sometimes take early retirement between 50 and 60.
- Are made redundant if they are not needed any more.
- Are dismissed/fired if they havent worked properly or their job hasnt
been satisfactory.
- Are transferred to another department or office of the same company.
- Resign from their job to start working for another company.

4.3. VOCABULARY
EXERCISE


141




Fill in the blanks with a word. In some cases you will have to change the
form.

1. Did you know that the Marketing manager is not working here any more? Did
she _________ from the company of was she ___________ due to her bad
results?

2. My father has decided to take early __________ because hes got an important
disease.

3. When British people _________, they usually buy a house on the Mediterranean
coast.

4. Ive bought a house in the suburbs. So Im going to ask the manager to
________ me to the closest branch.

5. The company is making cutbacks and one hundred employees will be made
___________.

4.3.2. Adverbs which are often confused

Certain pairs of adverbs seem similar but have a different meaning and usually lead
to confusion.

late lately near nearly in the end at the end

specially especially actually at the moment

EXERCISE


142




Fill in the blank with the most appropriate adverb.

1. NEAR / NEARLY
Excuse me, do you know if there is a post office ______ here? (not far)
The car brakes broke down and we _________ crashed into a tree. (almost)

2. IN THE END / AT THE END
_______________ the shop assistant gave me the refund. (finally)
You can borrow this book but you have to return it ___________ of the day. (the
last part of)

3. SPECIALLY / ESPECIALLY
I love Italian pasta, __________ fettuccine with spinach. (above all)
This building was ________ designed for disabled people. (for a particular
reason)

Claire is describing their office parties and private ones. Read the texts
and write if the sentences are true or false.

Part 1
At the beginning of December our manager usually sends an email telling us about
the Christmas office party. He usually holds the party in the staff canteen and he
invites us to a buffet. However, we usually bring a bottle of wine or beer. It is a real
bummer to celebrate a party where you have lunch four days a week but our
manager doesnt want to waste money in a restaurant. We never ask whether the
attire for the party is formal or casual. We all consider that the party is still a
business function, so conservative clothes are a good choice. Every senior broker
and a guest, usually spouses, are invited to the party.

Part 2
When I get together with friends at weekends, we usually meet at a friends house.
After five days wearing a suit and a tie, these meetings are the perfect excuse to
wear casual clothes. We usually go with our partners and the single ones can take a
friend. Regarding the food, the host is the one in charge of everything although the
guests often take a present, like a chocolate box or some pastries.
EXERCISE


143


True False
At office parties she wears casual
clothes.

The office party is celebrated at
Christmas.

The guests at the office parties are
senior brokers and spouses.

The guests take a bottle of wine as a
present in private parties.



















Words with -augh and -ough

It can be difficult to know how to pronounce words with ough and augh because
they are very irregular combinations of letters.

through bought enough thought
cough although laugh daughter

When conducting international business, it is recommended to have some
information about social customs in the country you are visiting or where your
client comes from. Gift giving is always a delicate or tricky issue. It is always a
sign of courtesy to give a present to your host or client but it is good to know that
for example, in Japan you have to give the present with both hands and if you buy
a present to a Muslim client a bottle of wine is not the best idea.
REMEMBER
4.4. PHONETICS LAB


144


In fact, there are six different possibilities of pronouncing these letters.

-ought and aught are always pronounced /t/





Write the word in the column with the corresponding sound.

although rough daughter
car through clock


u
show wash

love

two

start

war





EXERCISE


145







Module 4:
Communication


147
UNIT 1. ORAL COMMUNICATION







1.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

1.1.1. Dialogue
Thomas: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My names Thomas Lalie and I
work for The New Times. Im going to talk about the launching of our new
magazine.
Mr. Jones: Excuse me for interrupting but whats the name?
T: Its called New Generations and the first issue will be published in two
months. In this magazine, we want to offer a different approach of news.
Mrs. Memphis: May I ask something? Will the magazine be published weekly?
T: No, it will be monthly. To get back to what I was saying, the readers will find
in this magazine interesting news they may not have heard on TV or the radio.
Thus, we will compile the most striking news of each month.
Ms Hull: Id like to comment on that. Will be political news included?
T: Yes, of course, but from an objective and innovative approach. We dont want
the readers to get bored on the first page. Anyway, our team is made up by five
journalists who will be working in the office and ten more who will be doing
investigation in the street.
M.M: Id like to say something if I may. Mr Woods said that there would be
journalists working abroad. Is that right?
T: Yes, certainly. One of our goals is to bring the readers news that happens
anywhere in the world. In fact, the front page of the magazine will make
reference to that.
Mr. Jones: Sorry, but the magazine will be printed in colour or black and white?
T: In colour, of course Where was I? Oh, yes, the front page. It has been
designed by an important advertising agency which ensures part of the success
of the magazine.




148











Interrupting
Sorry, but
Excuse me for interrupting, but
Can I add here that..?
Can I add something?
Id like to comment on that.
Can I say something here?
Id like to say something if I may.
Can I ask a question?
May I ask something?

To return to the topic
Anyway,
In any case,
To get back to what I was saying,
Where was I?






1.2.1. Reported speech: statements

You can use reported speech (or indirect speech) when you talk about what
somebody said or what you read. It is frequently used in spoken English.

T: 2.50. We think thats a reasonable price. If you are interested in buying our
magazine, you just need to order it on the Internet and it will be delivered
within two days after the order. I hope youll like our magazine New
Generations. Thank you for listening.

1.1.2. Expressions

1.2. GRAMMAR


149
When the sentence starts in the past there is often a backshift of tenses in
reported speech.

Thomas says: I usually go to bed at 11 p.m.
Thomas told me that he usually went to bed at 11 p.m.

BACKSHIFT OF TENSES
Direct speech Reported speech
Present simple
I am a doctor.
Past simple
She said that she was a
doctor.
Past simple
I visited my aunt yesterday.

Past simple
She said she visited her
aunt the previous day.
Past perfect
She said she had visited
her aunt the previous day.

Present perfect
I have met your sister.
Past perfect
John said he had met my
sister. Past perfect
I had met your sister.
Will
I will write as soon as I arrive.
Would
He said he would write as
soon as he arrived.
Can
We cant come to the party.
Could
They said they couldnt
come to the party.
May
I may buy a new car.
Might
Mary said she might buy a
new car.
Would / could / might /
should / ought to
You should go to the doctor.
NO CHANGE
I told him he should go to
the doctor.
Be going to
We are going to move to
London.
Was / were going to
They told me they were
going to move to London.
Present continuous
Im cooking dinner.
Past continuous
Susan said she was
cooking dinner.
Past continuous
I was eating cherries.
Past perfect continuous
My son said he had been
eating cherries.
Present perfect continuous
I have been eating cherries.



150
When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to
modify the pronouns to match the subject of a sentence.

He said, I want to bring my children.
He said he wanted to bring his children.

It is also important to change time words to match the moment of speaking.

She said, I want to go to the cinema tomorrow.
She said she wanted to go to the cinema the next day.

Direct speech Reported speech
this (morning)
today / this day
these days
now
a month ago
last weekend
here
next (month)
tomorrow
yesterday
that (morning)
that day
those days
then
a month before
the weekend before/the previous weekend
there
the following month
the next / following day
the previous day / the day before

say / tell.

1. To say something to somebody.

- Say is followed immediately by a clause, usually introduced by that.
Andrew said that he was ill.

- If you want to put a personal object after say, use to.
She said to her mother that she was ill.

2. To tell someone something.

- Tell is followed by an object noun or pronoun without to.
Can you tell me the way to the station, please?





151










Say or tell? Write the correct verb in the gap. You may have to change
the form.

1. This is a secret. So please dont _________ anybody.
2. Claire _______ she was too tired to go out.
3. Dont ________ anything about the robbery. I dont want anyone to know.
4. The secretary __________ me to call back in ten minutes.

1.2.2. Reported speech: questions

If you put a question into reported speech, there are some steps which are the
same as in statements: changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of
expressions of time. However, it is especially important to pay attention to
sentence order because in reported speech there is no question anymore and the
sentence becomes a statement. Thats why the word order is: subject verb.

1. Reporting yes / no questions.

Connect the reported questions with if / whether.

- Peter said: Do you play football?
Peter asked if / whether I played football.

- Mandy said: Are you reading a book now?
Mandy asked me if I was reading a book then.

That is optional.
He said (that) he was coming late.

EXERCISE


152
2. Reporting questions using question words (when, what, why)

Connect the reported questions with the question word.

- Peter said: When do you play football?
Peter asked me when I played football.

- Jason asked: Who gave you the book yesterday?
Jason asked me who had given me the book the previous day.







1.3.1. Oral communication

1.3.1.1. Presentations

Although there is a great range of types of oral communication, such as
negotiations, face-to-face meetings, video conferencing, in this unit we are going
over presentations and telephoning. In the case of the presentations (dialogue 1),
the most important advice is: first you have to introduce yourself and say what
your talk is about and if you dont want to be interrupted as it has happened to
Thomas, you should say if people have any question, they should ask them at the
end. Plan your talk carefully and speak in a natural tone of voice. Dont speak in a
monotone or the audience will fall asleep!!

1.3.1.2. Telephoning

Taking and leaving messages

Person who answers the phone Caller
1.PLT Associates. How can I help you?
3.Hold the line. Ill transfer you. ()
4.Im sorry, madam, but the line is
busy. Would you like to hold?
2. Could I speak to .?

5.No, thanks. Ill call later.
You dont use auxiliary verbs do / does / did in
reported questions.


153


Person who answers the phone Caller
1.Media Press. How can I help you?
3.Im afraid youve got the wrong
extension.
5.Of course. Hold on, sir.
6.Im afraid shes on another line. Can
she call you back?
2.Is that you Chris?
4.Could you transfer me to
her?(waiting)

7.Yes, Im here all day.
Thanks for your help.


Answer machine Caller
1.Youre calling Media Press. We cant
help you at the moment. Please leave
your message after the tone. Beep
2.This is Thomas Lalie. This is
a message for John Malone.
Please call me at 010
899923. Thanks.



Person who answers the phone Caller
1.Hello?
3.Im afraid hes not in. Can I take a
message?

5.All right. Thanks for calling.
2. Could I speak to?
4.Yes, please. Could you tell
him John Ford called?


154
Making arrangements


FORMAL INFORMAL
Asking for
availability
Would it be possible to
meet?
When would be
convenient?
Do you want to meet?
When are you free?
Suggesting a
date, time, place
Shall we meet in the
conference room at 3.00?

Shall we say 4.30?
Would Monday morning
suit you?

Are you doing anything on
Thursday?
How about (meeting in) the
conference room at 3.00?

Would 4.30 be OK?
How about Monday morning
after breakfast?
Accepting and
refusing
That suits me.
Im afraid Im not free.

Im afraid I have another
engagement.
Thats fine (with me).
Im sorry I cant make it.
Im sorry I cant make
Monday.
Im sorry Ive got something
else on.
Confirming
I look forward to seeing
you.
So thats 1 oclock on
Friday, then.
I look forward to it.
See you on Friday, then.

Misunderstandings

It is very easy to misunderstand someone on the telephone. We cant see the
person we are speaking to. The line can be bad. There may be other noises around
us. These are expressions we can use in these situations.

Sorry, what did you say?
I didnt get the bit about
Im sorry I cant hear you. Its a very bad line.
Would you mind saying that again?


155
Could you repeat your address, please?
Could you spell it, please?

Information transfer

When information, such as an order, a message or an address, is transferred on the
telephone, we must make sure that the information is being written down properly.


Person giving information Person taking information
Start Ready?
Sure.
Yes, go ahead.
Continue Have you got that?
No problem.
Go on.
Fine.
Finish
Thats all. Anything else?
Check
Could / Can you read that back
to me?
Could / Can I read that back
to you?















In a telephone conversation, when the person who
answers asks the caller to identify himself/herself, we cant
say Im Thomas Lalie. The correct answer is This is
Thomas Lalie, Its Thomas Lalie (more colloquial) or
(Thomas Lalie) speaking.


156
1.3.2. Common verbs which are often confused

There are a lot of pairs of common verbs in English which are often confused.

1. discuss / argue
a. talk about something seriously

The government has been discussing the new
budget for two days.
b. disagree angrily

My neighbours often argue, shouting and
throwing things.
2. matter / mind
a. concerned or offended by
something or someone

I dont mind if you bring more people to the
party.
b. (not) be important or significant
It doesnt matter. This vase was really old.
3. steal / rob
a. take something that isnt yours
Look! That man is stealing your bike!
b. take something from a person or
a place
Ive been robbed!!
4. wait / hope / expect
a. stay until something happens

Ive been waiting for John for one hour and
he hasnt shown up.
b. want something to happen
I hope youll come to my birthday party.
c. think something will happen
It was easier than what I expected.
5. realize / notice
a. see and be aware of

I have had my hair cut and nobody has
noticed.
b. know and understand

When I saw them crying, I realized
something was wrong.
6. lose / miss
a. stop having something

Ive lost my glasses. Have you seen them?
b. fail to hit or catch something

We have missed the train. Its all your fault.






157




Circle the right verb.

1. Jane, hurry up or well miss / lose the bus!

2. Oh no! The chicken has burnt It doesnt mind / matter, well make
sandwiches and a salad in a minute

3. I hope / wait the weathers good tomorrow. Were playing a football match
in the park.

4. Lets argue / discuss our plans for tonight.

5. The burglars robbed / stole him of all his money.

6. Does she realize / notice how important this decision is?






The sounds / / and / /

These sounds are sometimes hard to pronounce and distinguish. Both correspond
to letter a.


smart
heart
car
park
scarf
cat
pack
man
tap
sand



EXERCISE
1.4. PHONETICS LAB


158




Listen to some words. Write them under the corresponding sound.

master parsley platform Brad
far sardine parliament sandwich










EXERCISE


159
UNIT 2: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION









2.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

2.1.1. Dialogue
Steve Woods: Good morning everybody. Whos missing?
Jimmy: Well, Peter Rubens is away on business and Bill Harper might come
later.
S: Oh yes, I think Peter must be in Italy by now and Bill cant be far from here.
Fine, without more ado, lets start with this meeting. Were here today to
discuss ways of improving our company technically. First, lets go over the
report and the minutes from last meeting which was held on October 25
th
. Right,
Thomas, its your turn.
T: Thank you, Mr Woods. Let me summarize the main points of last meeting. We
began the meeting by approving the changes in our sales discussed on October
14
th
. After briefly revising the changes, we moved on to a brainstorming session
concerning the new magazine launch. Youll find a copy of the main ideas
developed and discussed in these sessions in the minutes in front of you.
S: Thank you, Thomas. Lets start discussing about this year profits. The New
Times generated a net result of 462 million for the first half of the year. There is
a rise in profits compared to the same period of the previous year but I must
mention that there is a decrease of benefits if we compare these figures with
Wall Street Journal profits.
A: But, Steve you cant compare a small company with a large one!! You cant
be serious! Its totally illogical!
J: Im afraid I disagree with you, Andrea. I think our infrastructure is far
superior to other similar companies.




160


















Making comparisons

General comparisons

You cannot compare a small local company with a large one.
Theres no comparison between
His reports have little/ nothing in common with those.
The modern companies bear little resemblance to
This company is smaller compared with the Wall Street Journal.
Only 30% of the companies are family business as opposed to...
What differentiates. these wines from a good champagne is their price.
It is interesting to note the similarities and the differences between the two
approaches.

Positive comparisons

She was far superior to him intellectually.
Personally I think high-speed trains have the edge over both cars and aircraft.
S: I referred that we have to develop new strategies and methods to reach out
to our competitors.
T: But, Mr Woods, we cant compete with that company and you know it.
S: Well, Thomas. What makes this company different from others is the
efficiency and the perseverance in the everyday work but anyway we'll have to
leave that point to another time. Unfortunately, were running short of time.
T: Ok, Mr Woods. Can we fix next meeting, please?
S: Good idea, Thomas. What about in two weeks? Is that OK for everyone?
Peter might have come back then Excellent, Id like to thank Thomas for giving
the presentation. The meeting is closed.


2.1.2. Expressions


161
Negative comparisons

Peters piano playing is not a patch on his sisters.

The parliamentary opposition is no match for the government which has a
massive majority.

They are far bigger and stronger than us. We cant compete with their strength.




2.2.1. Modal verbs: Expressing probability

Some modal verbs are used:

1. To express an opinion based on information that the speaker has.
2. To draw a personal conclusion about something based on some clues.

You can use the following modals to express different degrees of probability. The
following chart shows the modal verbs in a gradual way, from more probability to
less probability.

+ PROBABILITY
- You are sure about something:
must + infinitive:
She must be in Canada by now.
must + have + past participle:
Thomas must have gone out. His keys arent here.
- You are sure that something is not true:
cant + infinitive:
You cant be serious. Thats totally illogical!
cant + have + past participle:
They cant have worked until late.
- You have a certain possibility to be true:
may/ might +(not) + infinitive:
They may/ might come this evening.
may/ might +(not) + have + past participe:
Claire isnt in her office. She may/ might have finished her work.

2.2. GRAMMAR


162

- You express a possibility but this isnt so strong:
could + (not) + infinitive:
He couldnt go to the cinema.
could + (not) + have + infinitive:
Her sister could have arrived later.
- PROBABILITY




Complete the following sentences to express different degrees of
probability. Use the modals in the box above in the most suitable form.

1. The theatre __________________ (be) wonderful last night. She is a good
actress.

2. They _____________________ (come) today but Im not sure.

3. Are you crazy? Jimmy _________________ (go) to France last week. He
has not enough money.

4. Im absolutely sure! She __________________ (sleep) here. Her bed is
undone.

5. It ____________________ (be) a good idea. Its absurd.



2.3.1. Written communication

2.3.1.1. Different types of letters

Despite the wide importance of the new technologies, letters are still hugely
important in our everyday lives. People still feel the need to have something
confirmed in writing and a letter can add the all important personal touch. But there
are some important pitfalls or rules to letter writing.

EXERCISE


163
First, we can divide these into three important parts:

1. The first paragraph: It should introduce the subject matter.

2. The body of the letter: It should consist of one or more paragraphs and
develop clearly and logically the subject matter.

3. The final paragraph: It should leave the reader in no doubt about your
attitude towards the subject of the letter.

Types of letters

1. Recommendation: (Also called a letter of reference). Its a valuable job-
searching tool. This is a confidential document which sums up a previous or
current employers experiences, this usually substitutes to work references. For
academic applications, letters from teachers or professors are generally
preferable to letters from employers.

2. Complaint: To complain about bad service of a company. E.g.: you may want
the company to refund the money of a product or to express you are not happy.

3. Thank you letters: (Also called a follow-up letter): This type of letter may be
the deciding factor in your favour, especially when there are other candidates
with your qualifications applying for the same job. Most interviewers expect you
to write thank you letters.

4. Asking for information: (Enquiries): We write an enquiry when we want to
ask for information concerning a product, service or other information that
interests us. These letters are often written in response to an advertisement
seen in a magazine or newspaper, a commercial on television.

5. Job application: When you apply for a job you are typically asked to complete
an application job. Your CV should be accompanied by this letter. This is divided
into three main parts:

a. The introduction: You should detail the job you are applying for, and, if
relevant, the circumstances that have led to this (an ad, the
recommendation of an agency...)



164
b. The body: This provides you with an opportunity to present yourself to
the employer: emphasize your skills, explain why you are suitable for
this job, etc. It is important not to write too much, two or at most three.

c. The conclusion: This should leave the reader with a positive image and
should sum up the important points made in the body of the letter and
express willingness to provide any further information that the reader
may want.

TYPES OF LETTERS THE BODY THE FINAL PARAGRAPH
1. RECOMMENDATION
(OR REFERENCE)
- I am writing this letter to confirm
that
- If you would like to speak
to me aboutskills,
talents
2. COMPLAINT
- I am writing to complain about
- As you can imagine, I am very
disappointed by
- Please note that we have not
received our order of
-We should like to remind you
- We have found in addition error in
invoice...
- I want to inform about my
dissatisfaction with
- I look forward to receiving
your replay/ to your reply
and resolution of my
complaint.
- I hope we can solve this
problem in a mutually
agreeable way.

3. THANK YOU
LETTERS
(FOLLOW UP
LETTERS)
- Thank you for your letter of 14
January
- I would like to thank
- Just a note to say thank you...
- Thank you in advance for
you help.
- I look forward to hearing
about you.
- Thank you for your letter
of 8 may/ for your letter
regarding...
4. ASKING FOR
INFORMATION
(ENQUIRIES)
- With reference to your advertisement
( ad) in / regarding your
advertisement
- Could/ Would you please send me
- I would also like to know...
- Could you tell me whether
- We are a and would like some
more information about
- I am writing to enquire about

- Thank you in advance for
the information.




165























In any kind of letters, the salutations and the complimentary close expressions will be
the same, the only difference lies in the case in which you know or not the person you
are addressing to:

Salutations: To whom it may concern (very formal), Dear Sir/ Madam, Dear Mr/
Mrs/ Ms/ Miss Smith.

Complimentary close: (Best) Regards, (yours) faithfully, very truly yours,
sincerely (if you dont know well the person).

When the recipients name is unknown to you: Dear Sir / MadamYours faithfully.

When you know the recipients name: Dear Mr/ Mrs/ Ms/ Miss Hanson Yours
sincerely.

When addressing a good friend or colleague: Dear JackBest wishes/ Best
regards.
When addressing whole departments: Dear SirsYours faithfully.
REMEMBER


166
Samples of the different letters

1. Recommendation (or reference letter):
New Times Inc.
123 XWU Way Lonwash City LC 23645
(134) 666-0000 Fax (134) 666-0001

January 1, 2005

To Whom it May Concern:
Peter Smith worked for me at New Times Inc. for three years, as a sales
representative. I am writing this letter to confirm that his recent layoff from New
Times was not in any way tied to his performance, and to highly recommend him as
an employee with your organization.
Peter is a conscientious, highly-skilled salesman, worthy of at least a senior to
management position. He has keen insight into the learning process, and is an
expert in selling products, course development, and classroom instruction.
If you would like to speak to me about Peter's skills, talents and work habits, feel
free to call (134) 666-0001.
Sincerely,
[Signature]


Steve Woods
Management Director.
stevewoods@newtimes.co.uk


167
2. Complaint letter:


February 13
,
2005
Thomas Lalie
Communication agent
New Times Inc.
1234 Dawson Street
Longwash, LW 96813

Dear Mr Williams:

Just one week ago, on February 6
th
, I purchased one of your computers at BCN store
here in Longwash.

I want to inform you of my dissatisfaction with this computer, model BCD, serial #
25634. The computer does not work properly. When I try to write a document, the
keyboard takes a long time to respond, and then about twenty minutes, the computer
switches off without any reason.

I took it to your local service representative for repair. They worked on it, with no luck.
A copy of my receipt is attached.

To solve the problem, I would like to exchange this computer for a new one of the same
model, for the same price.I hope we can solve this problem in a mutually agreeable
way. I look forward to your reply and resolution of my complaint and will allow two
weeks before referring it to the appropriate consumer agency. If you need to call me,
my daytime telephone number is (134) 666-2459.Thank you for your assistance and
cooperation in this matter.
Sincerely,

Thomas Lalie
Longwash, LW 96813
1234 Dawson Street
(134) 666-0000 (daytime)
(134) 666-2459 (evening).


168
3. Thank you letter:
March 14, 2005
Attn: Mr. Spencer Meath
Sony Corporation
5891 Bay Street
Shortwash, S.W. 58947
Dear Mr. Meath:
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to interview with your company for the
position of sales assistant. I enjoyed our conversation and feel my experience and
education would complement Sony Corporation. I look forward to being able to put
my extensive knowledge and experience of working with sales agencies to bring
about effective safety programs to your company.
As we discussed I have enclosed 3 letters of recommendation from my professional
acquaintances. In addition, I am also enclosing some of the selling programs I
designed so you can see first hand the type of work I am capable of performing to
bring about the successful selling programs. Again, thank you for your time. I am
looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,

Claire Help




169
4. Asking for information letter:
Thomas Lalie

Communication agent
New Times Inc.
1234 Dawson Street
Longwash, LW 96813
Mallorys brothers
15230 Port Avenue
Longwash LW 96582
September 18, 2005
To Whom It May Concern:
With reference to your advertisement in yesterday's New York Times, could you
please send me a copy of your latest title catalogue. I would also like to know if it is
possible to make purchases online.
Yours faithfully
(Signature)

Thomas Lalie
Communication Agent
New Times Inc.


170

2.3.1.2. Reports, minutes and fax

1. Reports: The report plays an important role in business. When a company
needs to consider how to improve business or make effective changes. This
document allows those responsible for the business to make decisions based
on the evidence given in the report.

2. Minutes: Usually, following a business meeting, it will be someones
responsibility to write the minutes of the meeting. The minutes is the
name given to the written summary of the accurate (main) points discussed
at the meeting, of what is said and what has been decided with a note of
who participated in and any decisions which were made.
3. The fax: The fax is an efficient and fast way of communicating in writing.
The first page of the fax is called the fax cover sheet and it should show who
its from, who its to, etc

Samples of different documents

Reports: ( for report sample see appendix)
Minutes:
Date: 25 October 2005

Kind of Meeting: Regular

Place: Board Room, Administration Building

Members Present: Steve Woods, Bill Harper, Andrea Sullivan (left at 9:35 p.m.),
Thomas Lalie, Jimmy Smith, Peter Rubens (arrived at 9:00
p.m.).

Members Absent: None

Others Present: Editorial Business Administrator Peter.



171
Approval of minutes:

President Woods called the meeting to order at 9:00 p.m. President Woods asked
for a motion concerning the minutes of the previous meeting. Mr Harper pointed
that the editor- in chief Johan Sandberg had failed to coordinate his work in the
central editorial office. Mr Smith moved, seconded by Mr Lalie, that the minutes of
the regular meeting of September 28 be approved as corrected. Motion carried
unanimously.

Communication Offer of Mr White property:

President Woods then turned to communications. Andrea Sullivan read an article
from a citizen, a Mr White, offering a parcel of land
Mr Rubens moved, seconded by Ms Sullivan that the offer of Mr White for a parcel
of land Motion carried unanimously.

Treasurers Monthly report

The treasurer presented the monthly treasurers reports on all funds of the
company. He pointed out that the funds . Motion made by Mr Woods seconded by
Mr Harper, that the treasurers report be accepted as submitted and place on file
(GH 05-10).


Motion carried unanimously.

Approval of scientific articles

President Woods requested the chairman, Mr Harper to comment on the lists of
articles to be officially designated for include in the local newspaper during the
2005-06 period. The board members and Mr Harper discussed the various articles
being considered.



172
Conclusions

Mr Woods moved, seconded by Mr Harper, that the matter be postponed until the
next regular meeting of the board.
Motion carried unanimously. President Woods asked if there was any further
business.
Mr Woods moved, seconded by Mr Harper, that the meeting be adjourned. Motion
carried unanimously.
Meeting was adjourned at 10:30 p.m.

The fax:



NEW TIMES INC.

FAX COVER SHEET
1
123 XWU Way Lonwash City LC
23645
Tel:(134) 666-0000
Fax: (134) 666-0001



Date: 23 October To fax number: + 1 361 986 3521
To: Alan Morley From: Thomas Lalie
Number of pages including this cover sheet: 10

Dear Mr Morley:

I have your letter of September, 3. It was good to hear from you again. I send you
the different articles we were talking about last month. If you need any further
information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Best regards,

Thomas Lalie



173







EXERCISE








Read the following text:

There are some expressions which you can use related to sending faxes:

To send something by fax: Could you send the new articles by fax?
To fax someone/something: Ill fax you these right now. What is your fax
number?
Shell fax the information you need.
REMEMBER
THE AGE OF THE SILENT VOICES

A new revolution has taken place: people talking have been replaced by the
sound of tapping of keys, ringing phones have been substituted with youve
got an email (or a fax) and the human attachment or affection has been
swapped with email attachments.

We can say that its very difficult to hear people talking in the offices. We
can almost affirm that the oral communication has been replaced by the
written communication helped by the new technologies. Face-to-face
meetings are increasingly rare and everything is summarized in the minutes
and the reports, there is not opportunity to future discussions, everything is
in the writing documents and when it is necessary to have business
relationships, these are often formed entirely through emails and other kinds
of written communication.


READING


174






If you want to apply for a job you will have to write a job application letter.
Before talking to the interviewer, you will have to send a C.V. accompanied
by a letter of recommendation of your last boss, there isnt necessity to use
your voice to earn your life. To complain about the bad service of the
nearest shop in your town, you will send a complaint letter or a thank you
letter to thank the shop a good service.

To be successful in your job, you have learnt to write in an appropriate way:
letters, emails, faxes... and you will only use your voice to ask for or
command something.


To be successful in your job, you have learnt to write in an appropriate way:
letters, emails, faxes... and you will only use your voice to ask for or
command something.

There is no time to talk to our workmates, to our family, to our neighbours,
definitely to communicate to human beings as our grandparents did it. This
is the age of the new communications, the age of the silent voices.

But lets face it. We cant be repressed by this new revolution, we must
make sure that the written communication serves us well and functions as a
benefit in our everyday life and not a kind of threat to our human
relationships.
Text adapted from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles Was It Something I Typed?


175





The /t/ and /d/ sounds

When we make a /t/ sound, we dont use our voice (its a voiceless sound), the
sound is quiet and there isnt any movement in your throat. However, when we
make a /d/ sound, we do use our voice, so the throat produces vibrations.

In many accents, including the American one the letter t is pronounced like a
voiced sound /d/ when it is between two vowel sounds:

e.g.: Am. English: writer / raid/
Br. English: writer / rait/
Many speakers drop the sounds /t/ or /d/ when they come between two other
consonant sounds:
e.g.: fact / fkt/ sounds like fax / fks/

We usually find the following spelling:

SOUNDS SPELLING
/t/
t: test, tone tt: potter, flattery
th (rarely): Thomas, Thames
/d/
d: different, duration.. dd:
address, addition..







2.4. PHONETICS LAB


176


















Write the words in the right column.

paid leather three asked both dry

/ t/ /d/ // //






- The /t/ sound always represents this sound. It is never used in
combination with h to represent a th sound, since this spelling has its
own phonetic symbols: // and //. Compare:

//: as in author, path.
//: as in that, another.
/t/: as in tea, button.

- /t/ sound is made in some ed regular verbs endings: finished / 'fnt/,
liked / lakt/

REMEMBER
EXERCISE


177
UNIT 3: SURFING THE INTERNET







3.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

3.1.1. Dialogue
Thomas: Whats wrong with you, Jimmy? You look stressed.
Jimmy: Well, today Ive had a very bad day! Ive received some emails from
clients complaining about some deliveries. Its very annoying when you get an
email from someone you dont know and its rude and over familiar at the same
time. I cant stand the clients anymore!
T: I know. Its very common to get emails which are written in a very off-putting
style. When I receive a message like this I breathe deeply. Some of them are
written in capital letters and it seems as if the person was shouting at you!
J: But the worst is that I am fed up with their complaints, I think that people
dont often think about the impact of what they are writing on the subject of the
mail. Because its so quick to write, people forget the pleasantries. The only
thing I need is the word please.
T: But you know Jimmy when people complain and dont know the person they
are addressing to, they can sometimes sound rude and impolite.
J: This kind of situation makes me so angry that I feel like answering the emails
impolitely.
T: Dont be like that, Jimmy, you have to respect people. Its also part of your
job; you are representing our company
J: I know, but Im losing my patience. Anyway, Thomas, Do you know where
Claire is? She asked me to give her the keys of the garage.
T: Really? She asked me for the keys this morning too. I imagine that she is in
the office now.
J: Oh, I see, I am very upset with her, she is always asking me for things and at
last she borrows them from other people.


178




















Expressing stress and anxiety in work

I am fed up with their complaints
I am sick and tired
I am (very) disgusted/ tired/ weary/ upset
I am worried about
I cant stand it any more
I feel overworked
I feel stressed/ trapped in my job
I was overwhelmed by my work
Its very annoying
Just leave me alone!!
T: Dont get angry with Claire, Jimmy. She is very absent- minded. Perhaps she
forgot she had asked for the keys before. Come on, Jimmy forget about it and
relax yourself! Would you like to come with me to the cinema tonight?
J: Sorry, I cant, Thomas. Mr Woods told me to send some emails and to write
some reports for tomorrow.
T: You should enjoy yourself! Lets go to the cinema!
J: I cant waste my time enjoying myself, I feel overworked. Oh shit! My
computer is shutting down again!! Everybody tells me to save my documents
but I always forget. I cant stand new technologies!! I hate computers!
T: Oh, come on, Jimmy! Ill help you with the emails but only if you relax. This
wont take us long.
J: Uff! I appreciate it.

3.1.2. Expressions


179




3.2.1. Reported Speech: Orders and requests

The reported speech can also be used with orders and requests. When we want to
order someone to do something or when we want to ask for something.

In this case, we use the infinitive + the verbs tell or ask:

- Positive imperative:
Tell + infinitive
Shut up!, my mother said to me My mother told me to shut up.

- Negative imperative:
Tell + not + infinitive
Dont wait for me, I said to Susan I told Susan not to wait for me.

- Requests:
Ask + infinitive
Please give me some money He asked me to give him some
money.




3.2. GRAMMAR
With commands we cant use the verb say:

Go to your room She told me to go to my room.

NOT: She said to me to go to my room.


180




Complete the sentence for each situation.



1. Be careful, dont worry, I will. He told_______________


2. Dont carry this bag. Why not? She told _____________


3. Please, come back. Of course. She asked ____________


4. Dont be late tonight, he said to me. He _____________









EXERCISE

3.3. VOCABULARY


181
3.3.1. Internet vocabulary

Due to the increasing use of computers and the spread of information through the
World Wide Web (www) or internet, a whole new vocabulary has been developed to
talk about these technological developments.

The vocabulary used to talk about the internet can be divided into two main
groups:

- New phrases or words created especially for this use
- Old words and expressions which are being used in a new way.

INTERNET VOCABULARY
1. NOUNS
the net, the web: From fishing nets and
spider web to express that information is
linked together.
2. ADJECTIVES
online ( = contacted via the internet):
online doctors, teachers, etc
3. NEW PREFIXES
e- (=electronic): e-mail, e-commerce.
cyber- (= computer): cyber-caf,
cyber-space.
web: webpage, web address, website.
4. VERBS
to log on-to log off: (not)connecting to
the internet.
to browse: to look for something specific
following a path through different web
pages.
to surf: to look at different websites for
our own amusement.









182






Complete the paragraph using the following words. Put one word in each
space.

on line e-commerce websites log on the web

The World Wide Web was developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee in Switzerland.
This is also known as (1) ________. You can see different pages when you
connect or (2) _________ to the internet. These pages are organised into (3)
_________. Some of which are set up by companies and customers to make
bookings or order goods and services (4) ___________. This type of business
or (5) __________ is also affecting the way companies deal with each other in
many different countries.

3.3.2. Emails

Nowadays a lot of communication takes place via emails. Electronic mails are a fast
and efficient way of communicating in writing and have become the most important
form of communication around the world. You can communicate internationally very
quickly, without worrying about time differences between countries and getting a
quick reply.














EXERCISE
Although the emails may be less formal than other written documents, there are
some rules to write emails in a correct way:

- Each email should include a subject. It should be short and to the point.
- Use informative subject lines: Todays meeting is better than meeting.
- Give context: Dont answer only Yes or no.
- Write complete sentences, use proper punctuation, etc

REMEMBER


183

3.3.2.1. E-mail window

1. Sending messages

2. Receiving messages

1. SENDING MESSAGES

From: stevewoods@newtimes.co.uk (it is pronounced stevewoods at
newtimes dot co dot uk)
Date: Monday, October 11, 2005 7:15 AM
To: thomaslalie@newtimes.co.uk
Subject: Meeting
Attach: word document. Zips (23.5 KB) send a document for example a
picture, with an email


184

2. RECEIVING MESSAGES

To: thomaslalie@newtimes.co.uk
Cc: (carbon copy) means send a copy to
Bcc: (blind copy) means send a blind copy to, in this case the other
people dont know youre sending this copy.
Subject: Meeting

3.3.2.2. Email expressions

- You can open your message with a greeting:

Dear Mr/ Ms Steward
Dear Steward ( you dont know if the recipient is a woman or a man)
Dear All ( sent to a large group)

- Continue your message with a pleasantry expression:

Replying to a message:

Thanks for you email

Giving good news:

Im pleased to announce/ to inform that
Its my pleasure to invite you

Giving bad news:

We regret to inform you that.
Im sorry to inform you that we are unable to
Im afraid that we are unable to

- Let the person know if you expect them to contact you:

Please let me know if you cant read this attachment.

- You can end with:

(Best) Regards.
(All) Best wishes.
(All the) Best (to people you know well).
Greetings


185









3.3.2.3. Email abbreviations

Electronic text communication takes a number of different forms, chiefly emails.
The language and syntax used here is much more fluid than that found in formal
writing, and may also be highly personalized. A good way to save time writing
emails is making use of abbreviations. Some of these established abbreviations
used in emails and also in all types of electronic communication are listed below:

@ (at), PLS (please), PPL (people), its up 2U (its up to you), 2 NITE (tonight),
AFAIK (as far as I know), ATB (all the best), THNQ (thank you), THX/ TX
(thanks), etc.

















Use complete sentences and dont forget to use words like
please if you are asking the person to help you.

We also use this kind of abbreviations when we send text messages from mobile
phones. So, we create shortened forms of English forms:

e.g.: PLS: please, ASAP: as soon as possible, B4: before, info: information.


REMEMBER


186









READING
THE MYSTERIOUS INVENTOR OF INTERNET

Most people know that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb and that
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. But have you ever heard of Tim
Berners- Lee? Probably not, yet the work of Berners-Lee, the inventor of the
World Wide Web, may have the most profound impact of all. Why is his name
unknown to most of the world?

If you were in a time machine and could travel back to 1960s, London, you
might find young Tim Berners- Lee busily constructing computers or playing
mathematical games with his parents at their kitchen table. Tim was fascinated
by the world around him. His natural curiosity attracted him to a dusty Victorian
book he found in his house, its mysterious title: Enquire within upon
everything will stay with him for years to come.

Fast forward to our century, the 21
st
century and you will see how millions
people are using the Internet, a system virtually unheard of ten years earlier,
and we can say that Tim Berners-Lee is largely responsible. How could one
person make it all happened?

Ill give your some important clues; lets go back to Tims early adulthood. Tim
was especially interested in two things: computers and how the human brain
organized and linked information. Tim was so fascinated by computers that,
before graduating from the University of Oxford, he built his very first one from
a kit using a television and a microprocessor.



187






















Read the text and decide if the following sentences are true or false X:

1. Tim Berners - Lee was born in Switzerland.
2. He was influenced by a book called The Enquire.
3. Tim invented a computer using a microprocessor.
4. In Switzerland he began working as an engineer.
5. Tim connected documents stored in individual computers.
In 1980, after graduating with a degree in physics, Tim went to work as a
software engineer for an organization in Switzerland, he communicated with
people all over the world but he felt frustrated by how poorly his mind could
remember all of the reports and data he needed. He dreamt of accessing via
computer to other people data, no matter where they were located.

So, he began writing a software program to help him keep track of important
documents. Using a series of links, he connected them together much like an
index does in a book and called this program Enquire like the book he loved
when he was a child. This program formed the conceptual basis for the future
development of the World Wide Web. Many people thought that connecting
documents stored in individual computers around the world was impossible but
nowadays you can prove how Tims dream has come true in every home around
the world.

Text adapted from http://express.howstuffworks.com/ep-berners-lee.htm
EXERCISE


188




Listen the following short paragraphs about internet revolution and
match a title to each paragraph:

Its cheaper How it started High speed
Its for verybody

A) ______________________________________________________

In early September it was announced that technology that could provide high
speed internet access through the electricity supply had been shelved. British
Telecom had sat on fast speed access "ADSL" technology for over two years.
B)
________________________________________________________

All started in October 1969. Scientists at the University of California, Los
Angeles, were ready for a critical experiment. They had a computer and
communications node, while colleagues installed similar equipment up the
coast in Menlo Park. They planned to test whether they could link the two
computers over telephone lines to operate as one system.

C)
________________________________________________________

Nowadays, the internet has become the most popular way of communicating
across the planet. Everybody wants to learn to use it since they need it to
work or to have fun. Young but also old people!!!

D)
________________________________________________________

You can save your money if you use the internet. If you have a computer at
home or in the office, it costs almost nothing to send an e-mail all around the
world. Although letters are still used, they are slower and more expensive.
EXERCISE


189





The vowel sounds /e/ and / /

When you say the letters of the alphabet, you pronounce A with the long sound
/e/. You will hear this sound in the word mate / met/. But you can also see how
the letter A is pronounced as / / in the word mad / md/.

We usually find the following spelling:

SOUNDS SPELLING
/e/
ay: always, ai: wait, ea:
great, a_e: mate, ey: grey.
// a: bad, hat, cat.




Write the word in the column with the corresponding sound:

birthday sang bay
tail age bad


/e/ //



3.4. PHONETICS LAB
EXERCISE


191
UNIT 4. COMPUTERS









4.1. EVERYDAY ENGLISH

4.1.1. Dialogue
Mr Woods: Claire, Thomas and I are going to have a coffee now. Why dont you
join us?
Claire: Im sorry but I cant. Im taking Matt to the psychologist.
Thomas: Isnt he doing well at high school?
C: Hes a complete disaster because of his addiction to computers.
M.W: Oh my goodness! I cant believe it!
C: Computers are the worst thing for teenagers.
Thomas: Come on, Claire! You sound old-fashioned.
C: Let me put it another way, we should consider both the benefits and also the
potential harm of computers.
M.W: I completely agree with Claire. The emphasis on technology is distracting
us from the urgent social and educational needs of children.
Thomas: But computers connect them with an on-line world full of information.
C: What????
T: What I mean is that they can surf the Internet to search for information to
write school essays, for instance.
M.W: Dont you think that can be a disadvantage? Because todays students
are used to getting information quickly and they no longer have to memorize
things.
C: The main problem is that they dont only have access to useful information
for their essays but also to trivial games, inappropriate adult material,
aggressive advertising
T: Having a computer and Internet access at home let people keep in touch with
their relatives and friends. Thats one of the most frequently mentioned aspects
of computer ownership.



192

















Correcting yourself

Sometimes we say something we dont really mean. Then we must go back and say
it again in a different way trying to be more clear and accurate.

What I mean is
What I meant was
Let me put it another way
What Im saying is
What Im trying to say is
Dont misunderstand me
If I said that, I didnt mean to.
Let me rephrase what I just said (to use in a more formal context)
M.W: And you think thats positive, dont you?
T: What Im trying to say is that nowadays people dont write letters and with
computers people are able to stay in contact with other people.
C: Thats right but in the case of children and teenagers computers can isolate
them, emotionally and physically.
M.W: And computers are making them fat!
T: Thats ridiculous, Steve.
M.W: What Im saying is that children and teenagers sit in front of a screen,
maybe thinking, but theyre not moving around a lot.
C: Guys, I need to go. We have the appointment in 30 minutes. See you.

4.1.2. Expressions


193




Tense review

- Past Simple: played, ate

Use Examples Notes
For finished actions in the
past when you say, ask or
know when they happened.
I watched a great film
yesterday.
What time did you go to
bed?
NOT Ive watched
What time have you
gone?
For consecutive actions in
the past.
She got up and then she had
a shower.


- Present Perfect Simple: have / has + past participle

Use Examples Notes
For past experiences but we
dont say when they
happened.
Ive bought a car.
There have been many
earthquakes in California.
Have you ever been abroad?
NOT Ive bought a car last
week.
For unfinished actions which
started in the past and are
still true now, especially with
be, know and have
(possession).
How long have you had your
car?
She has worked for Siemens
since 1999.
Dont use the present
simple.
How long do you have your
car?
For an action in the past
which has recently finished.
Susan has just phoned.
Look! Ive cut myself.



4.2. GRAMMAR


194
- Present Perfect Continuous: have / has + been + verb ing

Use Examples Notes
For unfinished actions which
started in the past and are
still true now.
Ive been teaching at the
University since October.
She has only been studying
English for two years.

Dont use the present
continuous.
Im teaching at the
University since October.

Use the present perfect and
NOT the continuous with
verbs like know, be, have.
For a continuous action in
the past which has recently
finished.
You look dirty. What have
you been doing?
Ive been painting the fence.

- Future Forms: going to, will, present continuous

Use Examples Notes
Will / wont + inf
When you make a decision
at the moment of speaking
(unplanned decisions /
offers).

A: Im really hungry.
B: Ill make some
sandwiches.

A: Im so tired.
B: Ill get you some coffee.
NOT I make


NOT I get
Going to
For something which you
have already decided to do.
He is going to meet his
parents-in-law tonight.
We are going to spend our
holidays in Mexico.
= He has already decided.

= Weve already planned.
Will / going to
For predictions.
I think Rob Marlow will / is
going to be the next
president.
(Its my opinion)
Present continuous
For future arrangements,
especially with the verbs
come, see, go, meet, have
(lunch).
Im meeting my cousin
tomorrow.
Going to is also possible.

- Past Continuous: was / were + verb ing

Use Examples Notes
Describes a longer
continuous past action.
James was working when
Tom had the car accident.
was working = longer action
had = shorter action



195
- Past Perfect Simple: had / hadnt + past participle

Use Examples Notes
To say that one past action
happened earlier than
another.
I had studied a little French
when I came to Canada.
= I studied French before I
came to Canada




Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Oh, these suitcases are too heavy. I __________ you. (help)
2. I would have waited for you if you ___________ me earlier. (tell)
3. Id be frightened if I ___________ a cockroach in my kitchen. (find)
4. Ill call you when I _________ home. (get)
5. Jenny _________ the meal when we arrived. (cook)
6. You are wet. Where have you been? I __________________ the car.
(wash)





4.3.1. Computers

When you first open a Microsoft Word document, you will be able to see the
different bars. If we click the options on the Menu Bar, the most important keys
are:

1. File: New, Open, Close, Save, Save as, Print Preview, Print When we save
our document, the two most frequent options are to save it on a floppy disk
or on the hard disk.

2. Edit: Copy, Cut, Paste, Find

3. View: Outline, Toolbars, The drawing tool bar

4. Format: Font, Paragraph, Borders and shading

5. Tools: Spelling and grammar, Word count, Options
EXERCISE

4.3. VOCABULARY


196







Match the verbs with the corresponding complement.

1. Download
2. Edit
3. Enter
4. Attach
5. Insert
6. Press
7. Scan
8. Search (for)
a document to an email
information from the Internet
a key to delete a paragraph
a photo from a magazine
your password
information on the Internet
a document to check spelling
an image in a document

1.3.2. Computers: hardware

These are some of the electronic, electrical and mechanical components of a
computer system, that is, the hardware.




Screen
CPU
(Central
processing
Unit)
Printer Scanner
Floppy
disk
EXERCISE


197



Keyboard
Mouse and
mouse pad
Laptop Modem





Write the words to match the definitions. Choose from the words above.

a. The set of keys on a computer.

b. A piece of equipment for moving around the screen of a computer without
touching the keys.

c. A piece of equipment used to print information from a computer.

d. The machinery of a computer.

e. A portable computer small enough to use on your lap.

f. A piece of equipment that scans images.














EXERCISE


198








READING
Computer mishaps

Data recovery experts are the doctors and nurses of desktop and laptop
computers. Using sophisticated techniques, lost files or information can be rescued
and rebuilt into a usable format. This can happen in a quarter of an hour through
remote access, but in more serious cases computers may have to be taken to the
lab.

The majority of mishaps involve laptop computers, which are more susceptible to
damage. There are countless examples of people forgetting them on public transport
and in cafes or bars.

Data recovery experts say although machine failure is the most common cause of
file loss, humans are getting careless too. Despite being the easiest problem to
prevent, we are seeing more cases where we have to blame humans, said Adrian
Palmer from Kroll Ontrack, a recovery company which compiled the list of the top 10
data disasters.

In this category we can include the case of a man who got so mad with his laptop
that he threw it in the toilet and flushed a couple of times. However, the number one
in the top 10 is an American man who was so frustrated with his laptop that he shot
it and then he realised there were important files he needed.

We see a 15 to 20% increase in calls to recover lost data on Mondays. This could be
a result of the rush to complete work and leave early for the weekend on Friday
afternoons, as well as a lack of concentration on Monday mornings, Adrian Palmer
told BBC News.

There is also an emerging trend in the different ways men and women handle their
loss. More men than women try to recover the data themselves before asking for
help from the experts, which sometimes causes more damage.

Adapted from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3193366.stm



199




The underlined words in the text are new. Can you guess their meaning?
Match them with their definition.

mishap careless compile damage
rush countless trend handle


1. Collect and organize information from different sources.
2. Not careful; showing lack of attention or consideration.
3. A general direction or tendency.
4. An unfortunate accident.
5. Numerous, infinite.
6. Go quickly, hurry.
7. Deal with someone or something, control or manage.
8. Cause harm, injury or loss to someone or something.

EXERCISE
The passive voice is extremely frequent in English. It can be used when the
speaker doesnt know the person or thing that performs the action or when they
are not important. Another case is when we describe mechanical processes:

The modem is connected.
Information is rescued and rebuilt.

REMEMBER


200




Have you ever lost important information on the computer? Listen to four
people who lost extremely important work on the computer. Fill in the
gaps in the grid below.

There are people who think that when your computer lets you down, it can be
just as bas as a broken love affair. Lets listen to Trisha Morgan, a cookery
writer.

A. It took me quite a long time to get used to working with a computer. I
had written half of the book when I decided to change one of the recipes.
So I put in the disk, found the place and then without thinking I pressed
the key but it must have been the wrong key because instead of deleting
part of the recipe, the whole disk was white clean. And I lost twenty
recipes, about four days work. After that, I went back to my old
typewriter!

For Tom Meyers, a famous journalist, this day was almost the end of his
career.

B. I just got back from Paris and I was writing a very important article for
the newspaper I worked for. I only had the night to write it. I worked all
night in my office and I finally finished the article. Then at 7.00 in the
morning the cleaning lady takes out the plug and puts in her vacuum
cleaner. This cut off all the electricity and the whole article had gone.

Now lets listen to novelist Erin Brown, who sold her computer and still
writes her novels on a typewriter.

C. I was working on a novel which was giving me a lot of problems. I had
been checking and rewriting the first three chapters for nearly a month.
Finally, I finished my first three chapters very late. Then I decided to copy
what I had written on one disk onto another. Im sure I pressed the right
key. But when I checked to see if everything had been copied correctly, I
saw that it had only stored two sentences and the rest of the three
chapters had been lost!!

And finally, Jessica Smith, a scriptwriter who worked for the BBC.
EXERCISE


201
D. I had been travelling around several African countries interviewing people
to make a documentary on the development of natural resources. After
two months away from home, I came back to London to write the script. I
spent a week writing it on my laptop. I went to bed and at 6.00 in the
morning I was woken up by a strange noise. My husband and my only
child were deeply asleep. So I went down the stairs and saw broken glass
on the floor. It was clear what had happened! The worst thing is that the
thieves took my computer.

Why did they lose the information? Put a tick where it corresponds.


A B C D
A fault of the
machine

The
speakers
mistake

Someone
elses
mistake

Another
reason
(which one?)















202





The letter y

Certain letters or combinations of letters cause problems as they can be
pronounced in different ways. Although sometimes there are rules to help you, use
your instinct to predict the pronunciation of new words.

- At the beginning of a word it is always pronounced /j/: joke, yellow, yes,
yoghurt.

- At the end of a word

a. Pronounced /i/ in most words of two or more syllables: noisy, pretty, angry.

b. Pronounced /a/ in one syllable words (boy, my) and words ending in ify
(classify, magnify).

- In the middle of a word.

a. Pronounced // when its between consonants: analytical, bicycle.

b. Pronounced /a/ when the y is followed by a consonant + e (analyse) or
with words beginning psy- or hyp- (psycho, hypothesis).



4.4. PHONETICS LAB
Most two-syllable verbs have the stress on the second syllable. If they end in y,
it is pronounced /a/ like supply, apply, reply, deny.

REMEMBER


203















Appendix 1
Irregular verbs list


205

Infinitive/Present Past Past Participle Meaning
Abide abode abode Soportar
Arise arose arisen Surgir
Awake awoke / awaked awoken / awaked despertar
Be was / were been Ser / estar
Bear bore borne / born Aguantar
Beat beat beaten Golpear
Become became become Llegar a ser
Befall befell befallen Ocurrir
Beget begot begotten Procrear
Begin began begun Empezar
Behold beheld beheld Observar
Bend bent bent Doblar
Bereave bereaved bereaved / bereft Estar afligido
Beseech besought besought
Preguntar con
insistencia
Bet betted / bet betted / bet Apostar
Bid bade bidden Ordenar
Bid bid bid Pujar
Bind bound bound Atar
Bite bit bitten Morder
Bleed bled bled Sangrar
Blow blew blown Soplar
Break broke broken Romper
Breed bred bred Engendrar
Bring brought brought Traer
Broadcast broadcast broadcast Retransmitir
Build built built Construir
Burn burned / burnt burned / burnt Quemar
Burst burst burst Explotar
Buy bought bought Comprar
Can (infinitivo be
able to)
Could (modal verb) be able Poder/
Cast cast cast Arrojar / lanzar
Catch caught caught Coger
Chide chid chidden Regaar
Choose chose chosen Elegir
Cleave clove / cleft cloven / cleft Cortar / romper
Cling clung clung Agarrarse
Clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad Vestir
Come came come Venir
Cost cost cost Costar
Creep crept crept Deslizarse con sigilo
Crow crowed / crew crowed Cantar
Cut cut cut Cortar
Dare dared / durst dared / durst Desafiar
Deal dealt / delt dealt / delt Tratar con
Dig dug dug Cavar
Do did done Hacer
Draw drew drawn Dibujar
Dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt Soar


206
Drink drank drunk Beber
Drive drove driven Conducir
Dwell dwelled / dwelt dwelled / dwelt Habitar
Eat ate eaten Comer
Fall fell fallen Caer
Feed fed fed Alimentar
Feel felt felt Sentir
Fight fought fought Luchar
Find found found Encontrar
Flee fled fled Escapar
Fling flung flung Arrojar
Fly flew flown Volar
Forbear forbore forborne Desistir
Forbid forbade forbidden Prohibir
Forget forgot forgotten Olvidar
Forgive forgave forgiven Perdonar
Forsake forsook forsaken Renunciar a algo
Freeze froze frozen Helar(se)
Get got got Coger
Gild gilded / gilt gilded / gilt Dorar
Gird girded / girt girded / girt Sujetar con cinturn
Give gave given Dar
Go went gone Ir
Grind ground ground Moler
Grow grew grown Crecer
Hang hanged / hung hanged / hung Colgar
Have had had Haber / tener
Hear heard heard Or
Hew hewed hewed / hewn Cortar con hacha
Hide hid hidden Esconder
Hit hit hit Golpear
Hold held held Sostener
Hurt hurt hurt Herir
Keep kept kept Mantener
Kneel knelt knelt Arrodillarse
Knit knit knit Tejer
Know knew known Saber
Lay laid laid Colocar
Lead led led Guiar
Lean leaned / leant leaned / leant Inclinar
Leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt Brincar
Learn learned / learnt learned / learnt Aprender
Leave left left Dejar
Lend lent lent Prestar
Let let let Permitir
Lie lay lain Echarse
Light lighted / lit lighted / lit Encender
Lose lost lost Perder
Make made made Hacer
May (modal verb) might ----- Poder
Mean meant / ment meant / ment Significar
Meet met met Encontrar(se)
Mow mowed mowed / mown Segar / cortar


207
Must (modal verb) had to ----- Deber
Ought to (modal
verb)
----- ----- Deber
Pay paid paid Pagar
Put put put Poner
read read / red read / red Leer
rend rent rent Alquilar
Rid rid rid Eliminar
ride rode ridden Montar (a caballo)
ring rang rung Sonar
Rise rose risen Subir
Run ran run Correr
Saw sawed sawed / sawn Serrar
Say said said Decir
See saw seen Ver
seek sought sought Buscar
Sell sold sold Vender
send sent sent Enviar
Set set set Poner
Sew sewed sewed / sewn Coser
shake shook shaken Agitar
shear sheared / shore sheared / shorn Esquilar
shed shed shed Perder (hojas)
shine shone shone Brillar
shoe shoed / shod shoed / shod Herrar
shoot shot shot Disparar
show showed showed / shown Mostrar
shrink shrank shrunk Encoger
shut shut shut Cerrar
sing sang sung Cantar
sink sank sunk Hundir
sit sat sat Sentarse
slay slew slain Matar
sleep slept slept Dormir
slide slid slid Resbalar
sling slung slung Lanzar (con fuerza)
slink slunk slunk Deslizarse con sigilo
Slit slit slit Cortar
smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt Oler
smite smote smitten Golpear
Sow sowed sowed / sown Sembrar
speak spoke spoken Hablar
speed speeded / sped speeded / sped Acelerar
spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt Deletrear
spend spent spent Gastar
spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt Derramar
spin spun spun
Dar vueltas, hacer
Girar
spit spat spat Escupir
split split split Dividir
spread spread spread Extender
spring sprang sprung Saltar
stand stood stood Levantarse


208
steal stole stolen Robar
stick stuck stuck Hincar
sting stung stung Picar
stink stank / stunk stunk Oler mal
strew strewed strewed / strewn Diseminar
stride strode stridden Andar a zancadas
strike struck struck Golpear
string strung strung Colgar algo
strive strove striven Esforzarse
swear swore sworn Jurar
sweep swept swept Barrer
swell swelled swelled / swollen Hinchar
swim swam swum Nadar
swing swung swung Balancearse
take took taken Coger
teach taught taught Ensear
tear tore torn Rasgar
tell told told Decir
think thought thought pensar
thrive thrived / throve thrived / thriven prosperar
throw threw thrown Tirar
thrust thrust thrust Clavar
tread trod trodden / trod Pisar
understand understood understood Comprender
undertake undertook undertaken Acometer
wake waked / woke waked / woken Despertarse
wear wore worn Usar
weave wove woven Tejer
weep wept wept Llorar
Wet wetted / wet wetted / wet Mojar
win won won Ganar
wind wound wound Serpentear
wring wrung wrung Retorcer
write wrote written Escribir





209











Appendix 2
Phonetics lab


211
VOWELS
//

It's a very short vowel. Its position is
open central. Its pronounced by the
middle of the tongue being slightly
raised in an open to half-open position.
The lips are neutral or spread.

//

Its a short vowel. Its position is open
front. Its produced by the front of the
tongue being raised slightly toward the
hard palate and held in a position
somewhat closer than fully open. The
lips are spread.


//

Its a long vowel. Its position is half-
open back. Its pronounced by the back
of the tongue being moved towards the
velum so as to form a relatively narrow
opening. The lips are rounded.


/ /

Its a long vowel. Its position is central.
Its produced by the middle of the
tongue being raised towards the palate
and held in a half open position. The lips
are spread to neutral.



212
DIPHTHONGS

/e/

From the position of front half-open /e/
the tongue rises in the direction of a
central /i/. Lip spreading increases
during pronunciation.

/a/

From an open centralized /a/ the tongue
moves up towards the position of /i/. Lip
position changes from neutral to spread
during pronunciation.


//

From a central position the tongue
moves towards the position of /u/. The
lip position changes from neutral to
loosely rounded.

CONSONANTS

/t/ /d/
Their position is alveolar. Theyre
pronounced by the tip and blade of the
tongue forming a full closure against the
teeth ridge. The sound is produced when
the closure is abruptly released so that
the air escapes as a puff or air. /t/ is a
voiceless sound and /d/ is voiced.


213

/f/ /v/
Labiodentals fricatives are produced by
the lower lip being placed against the
upper teeth so that friction is caused
when the air pressure builds up. The
labiodentals sounds form a pair, /f/ and
/v/, the first of which is voiceless and
the second one is voiced.


/t/ /d/
The palatoalveolar stops are formed by
the front of the tongue forming a full
closure against the area behind the
alveolar ridge. The tip of the tongue
would generally be placed behind the
lower teeth, and the closure would be
released with strong friction. /t/ variant
is never voiced, and the /d/ is voiced.






215









Glossary


217
WORD and
PRONUNCIATION
TRANSLATION DEFINITION
Acquaintance (n)
['kwentns]
Conocido
A person that you have met but who
is not a close friend.
Acquire (v)
['kwa]
Adquirir To get or obtain something.
Actually (adv)
['ktl]
De hecho
In fact: used to add new information
to what you have just said, to give
your opinion, or to start a new
conversation.
Ad (n)
[d]
(abr de advertisement)
Anuncio
A public announcement on the radio,
TV, Internet, etc which is intended to
persuade people to buy a service or
product.
Address (n)
['dres]
Direccin, seas
The details of the place where a
person lives or works such as the
number, street name, town, etc that
you use to send them emails, letters,
etc.
Affair (n)
['fe]
Asunto
Things connected with your financial
situation, life, etc.
Afford(v)
['fd]
Poder permitirse
To be able to pay or buy something
because you have enough time or
money.
Annoy (v)
['n]
Molestar,
fastidiar
To make somebody feel unhappy or
angry.
Annoying (adj)
['n]
Molesto,-a,
fastidioso,-a
Making you feel angry or annoyed.
Applicant (n)
['plknt]
Candidato
Somebody who has formally applied,
usually in writing, for something such
as a job, a grant of money, a
university place.
Application (n)
[pl'ken]
Solicitud
A formal, official and ,usually written,
request for something such as a job,
an admission to a college, etc.


218
Apply (v)
['pla]
Solicitar
To make a formal request, usually
written, for something such as a job, a
place in a university.
Approach (v)
['prt]
Enfoque
A way of considering, doing or solving
something.
Argue (v)
['gj]
Discutir
To speak angrily to someone,
expressing disagreement.
Argument (n)
['gjmnt]
Discusin, pelea
A situation in which two or more
people disagree, in which different
views are expressed, often angrily.
Attach (v)
['tt]
Adjuntar
To join a file such as a document,
picture or computer program, to an
email.
Attend (v)
['tend]
Asistir
To go to or be present at an event
such as a meeting or a class.
Bake (v)
[bek]
Cocer al horno
To cook inside an oven, without using
added liquid or fat.
Bald (adj)
[bld]
Calvo With little or no hair on the head.
Bay (n)
[be]
Baha
A part of the coast where the land
curves in.
Behave (v)
[b'hev]
Portarse,
comportarse
To act in a particular way that
expresses response to other people or
a particular situation or to do things
that are good according to a particular
society.
Besides (adv)
[b'sadz]
Adems Moreover, in addition to, also.
Bitter (adj)
['bt]
Amargo
Having a sharp strong unpleasant
taste such as the taste of black coffee
without sugar.


219
Blame
[blem]
Culpa
Echar la culpa
1. (n) Responsibility for something
wrong or for a mistake.
2. (v) To consider or think that
something or someone is
responsible for something wrong
or unfortunate that has happened.
Blow up (v)
[blp]]
Estallar, explotar
To be destroyed or killed by an
explosion or a bomb.
Board (n)
[bd]
Junta, consejo
A group of people chosen to control
and organize a company or
organization, making rules or
decisions.
Boil (v)
[bl]
Hervir
When a liquid boils, it reaches the
temperature at which a liquid starts to
turn into gas.
Borrow (v)
['br]
Pedir, tomar
prestado
To ask permission to receive or get
something belonging to somebody
else with the intention of giving it back
later.
Brainstorming (n)
['brenstmin]
Idea general,
lluvia de ideas
When a group of people meet to give
a lot of sudden ideas for a future
activity.
Break down (v)
[brekdan]
Derribar, acabar
con
Averiarse (una
mquina)
1. (v) To break or destroy
something.
2. (v) To stop working or stop
working effectively.
Break up (v)
[brekp]
Terminar
If a marriage breaks up or two people
in a love relationship break up, their
marriage or their relationship finishes.
Browse (v)
[braz]
Mirar, echar un
vistazo
Hojear
To look for something specific
following a path through different web
pages.
Calorie (n)
['klr]
Calora
Unit which is used to measure the
amount of energy that food produces.
Career (n)
[k'r]
Carrera,
profesin
The job or series of jobs that you do
during your working life.


220
Chairperson (n)
['tepsn]
Presidente,-a
Someone in charge of a meeting or
directs and presides over something
such as a board, committee, etc.
Challenge(n)
['tlnd]
Reto, desafo Something that tests skill or ability.
Charge (n)
[td]
Responsabilidad,
cargo
Responsibility for a person or group of
people for caring or controlling
something.
Charming (adj)
['tm]
Encantador Very pleasant or attractive.
Chart (n)
[tt]
Cuadro, grfico,
tabla
A diagram, table or drawing which
shows detailed information about
something, often using curves and
lines to show amounts.
Check (v)
[tek]
Examinar
To look at somebody in order to make
certain that he/she is fine.
Chemist
['kemst]
Qumico,-a
Famacetico,-a
1. (n) A scientist who works with
chemicals.
2. (n) Someone trained to prepare
and sell medicines and drugs in a
shop.
Chief
[tf]
Jefe,-a
Principal
1. (n) The most important person or
in charge of a company or
organization.
2. (adj) Highest in position, authority
and rank.
Chill (n)
[tl]
Resfriado,
constipado
An illness which causes a feeling of
cold, headache, slight fever, etc.
Choice (n)
[ts]
Eleccin
Possibility or act of choosing some
people or things in preference to
others.
Chore (n)
[t]
Faena, tarea
A job, that has to be done regularly.
Especially a task that you do to keep a
house clean.


221
Chubby (adj)
['tb]
Gordinfln
Fat in a way that looks pleasant and
attractive.
Complaint (n)
[km'plent]
Queja
A statement expressing unhappiness
about a situation which is not
satisfactory or wrong.
Conductor (n)
[kn'dkt]
Cobrador (de
autobs)
Revisor,-a
(ferroc, US)
Someone whose job is to collect
tickets from passengers on a bus,
train or other public vehicle.
Cough
[kf]
Toser
Tos
1. (v)To force or push air out of your
lungs through your throat with a
short and repeated sound.
2. (n)The sound you make when
coughing.
Covering letter (n)
['kvr let]
Carta de
presentacin
A letter that you send with documents
or a package which contains
information about the thing it is sent
with.
Current (adj)
['krnt]
Actual Existing now.
Customer (n)
['kstm]
Cliente
A person who buys a service or goods
from a company, shop, etc.
Cyber-(prefix)
['sab]
Ciber
Related to computers, especially to
information on the Internet.
Damage
['dmd]
Daar
Dao
1. (v) To cause physical injury to
something or to part of someone's
body.
2. (n) Physical injury that is done to
something or to a part of
someones body, so that it gets
less useful, valuable, or able to
function.
Deal (n)
[dl]
Mucho, gran
cantidad
Much, a large amount


222
Decrease (v)
['dkrs]
Disminuir
Disminucin
1. (v) To become less or to make
something go down to a lower
level.
2. (n) A reduction in the size,
strength, or amount of something
or the process of diminishing in
size, strength, or amount.
Delete (v)
[d'lt]
Suprimir, borrar
To erase something that has been
written down or stored in a computer
file or disk.
Deliver (v)
[d'lv]
Pronunciar (un
discurso, etc.)
To make a speech to an audience.
Development (n)
[d'velpmnt]
Desarrollo,
progreso
The process of gradually growing and
changing something.
Diet
['dat]
Dieta
Estar a rgimen
1. (n) A controlled and limited type
of food and drink which someone
takes, especially to lose weight or
for medical reasons.
2. (v) To limit the type and amount
of food and drink that you eat or
drink in order to lose weight.
Discuss (v)
[d'sks]
Hablar
To talk about a subject with someone
in order to exchange ideas or decide
something.
Dismiss (v)
[ds'ms]
Despedir
To stop employing somebody,
especially because they have done
something wrong.
Disobedient (adj)
[ds'bdnt]
Desobediente
Refusing to obey or do what you are
told to do by someone in authority.
Download (v)
[dan'ld]
Descargar
To move or copy data from one
computer to another, especially from
the Internet or a larger computer.
Employee (n)
[em'pl, empl']
Empleado, -a
Someone who is paid to work for
someone else, a paid worker.


223
Engagement (n)
[n'gedmnt]
Compromiso
An official arrangement to be present
at an event, especially a business or
social appointment, or to do
something at a particular time.
Enquiry (n)
[n'kwar]
Pregunta,
investigacin
A question you ask.
Especially (adv)
['spel]
En particular Particularly; for a particular reason.
Ever (adv)
['ev]
Nunca
Siempre
1. Never, at any time.
2. Continually, always.
Executive (n)
[g'zekjtv]
Ejecutivo,-a
A manager in a company or
organization, whose job is making
important decisions.
Expect (v)
[k'spekt]
Esperar
To believe or think it likely that
something will happen in the future.
Export (v)
[k'spt]
Exportar
To send goods for sale to another
country.
Face (v)
[fes]
Afrontar, hacer
frente, encararse
To deal with a problem or a difficult
situation.
Faithfully (adv)
['fefl]
Atentamente (en
una carta)
In a loyal way.
Fattening (adj)
['ftn]
Que engorda
Food that is high in fat or calorie
content and that would quickly make
people gain weight.
Fed up (with) (adj)
[fedp]
Harto, -a de Disappointed, annoyed or bored
Feed (v)
[fd]
Alimentar To give food to a person or animal.
Fever (n)
['fv]
Fiebre, calentura
A medical condition or illness in which
the body temperature is unusually
high.
Fianc (n)
[fi'anse]
Prometido
The man whom a woman is going to
marry.


224
Fiance (n)
[fi'anse]
Prometida
The woman whom a man is going to
marry.
Figures (n)
['fgs]
US ['fgjrs]
Nmeros,
Estadsticas,
Numbers representing an amount or
value.
File (n)
[fal]
Documento
Information stored on a hard drive,
disk, or other storage medium as one
unit with one name.
Finance (n)
['fanns]
US f'nns]
Finanzas,
asuntos
financieros
The management of money by
companies, large organizations, etc.
Fire (v)
['fa]
Despedir
To dismiss somebody from their job
either because they have done
something wrong, or as a way of
saving the cost of employing them.
Fit (adj)
[ft]
En forma
Strong and healthy people, especially
because they do exercise regularly
Flatmate (n)
['fltmet]
Compaero,-a de
piso
Somebody who shares a flat with
another or more people.
Flu (n)
[fl]
(abr de influenza)
Gripe
An infectious and common illness
which produces weakness and
tiredness, gives you a sore throat,
causes a fever, headaches, etc.
Fond (adj)
[fnd]
Carioso,-a,
tierno,-a
Feeling affection, love or liking for
someone or something.
To be fond of somebody.
Former (adj)
['fm]
Anterior,
antiguo, ex-
1. Having a particular position in the
past.
2. Happening or existing in an earlier
time or period, but not now.
Freckle (n)
['frekl]
Peca
Freckles are small brown spots on the
skin, especially on the face, which the
sun can increase in number and
become darker.


225
Fry (v)
[fra]
Freir To cook food in hot oil or fat.
Funding (n)
[fnd]
Fondo(s)
Money given by a organization or
government for a particular purpose.
Furthermore (adv)
['fm]
Adems In addition.
Get off (v)
[getf]
Apearse, bajarse
( de un vehculo)
To leave a bus, train, boat or aircraft.
Get on (v)
[getn]
1. Llevarse
2. Subir
(a bordo de un
vehculo)
1. To have a good relationship.
2. To enter into a bus, train, boat or
aircraft.
Give up (v)
[gvp]
Dejar (de hacer
algo)
To stop doing something, especially
something that you often do.
Global warming (n)
['glbl wm]
Calentamiento
global
An increase in the worlds
temperatures caused by polluting
gases which are collecting in the air
around the Earth and preventing heat
escaping into space.
Goods (n)
[gdz]
Mercancas,
bienes, gneros
Things or articles produced for sale.
Greasy (adj)
['grs]
Grasiento Covered with or full of grease or oil.
Grill (v)
[grl]
Asar a la parrilla
To cook food over direct heat without
fat or oil, especially outside on a
barbecue.
Growth (n)
[gr]
Aumento,
crecimiento
An increase in size, number or
amount.
Gulf (n)
[glf]
Golfo
A large area of sea partly enclosed by
land.
Hang out (v)
[hat]
Pasar el tiempo
To spend a lot of time in a place or
with someone.


226
Harm
[hm]
Hacer dao a
Dao
1. (v) To hurt someone or damage
something.
2. (n) Damage, injury, or trouble
caused by someone's actions or by
an event.
Head
[hed]
Director,-a
Dirigir
1. (n) Someone in charge of a group,
team or organization.
2. (v) To be in charge of a group,
team or organization.
Headache (n)
['hedek]
Dolor de cabeza,
jaqueca
A pain in your head lasting for some
time.
Healthy (adj)
['hel]
Sano,-a
Showing that you are physically and
mentally well and strong.
Hierarchy (n)
['hark]
Jerarqua
A system of organization in which
people or things are arranged in
ranks, depending on their importance.
Hill (n)
[hl]
Colina
An area of land, usually rounded in
shape, that is higher than the
surrounding land, like a mountain but
smaller.
Home page (n)
[hmped]
Pgina de inicio
The first page of a website, often
containing links to other pages.
Hope (v)
[hp]
Esperar
To want something to happen or to be
true, especially something that seems
possible or likely.
Illegal (adj)
['lgl]
Ilegal Against the law.
Immoral (adj)
['mrl]
Inmoral
Not accepting moral principles,
morally wrong.
Improve (v)
[m'prv]
Mejorar
To make something better or become
better in quality or.


227
Increase
['nkrs]
Aumentar
Aumento
1. (v) If you increase something, or if
it increases, it becomes larger in
amount or size.
2. (n) A rise in amount, number, or
degree or the amount by which
something is increased.
Interviewer (n)
['ntvj]
Entrevistador,-a
The person who asks somebody a
series of questions in an interview.
Issue (n)
['j]
Tema, cuestin,
asunto
A problem or subject of general
concern or for discussion.
Jealous (adj)
['dels]
Envidioso, celoso
Feeling bitter and unhappy because
someone has something that you wish
you had.
Junk food (n)
[dk fd]
Comida basura
Food that is not healthy and does not
form part of a well-balanced diet, for
example because it contains a lot of
fat, sugar.
Keep on (v)
[kpn]
Seguir, continuar
To continue doing something (many
times).
Laptop (n)
['lptp]
Ordenador
porttil
A personal computer, often battery
operated, which is small enough to be
carried around easily.
Launch (v)
[lnt]
Lanzar
To make a new product, book etc
available for sale for the first time and
begin promoting it.
Lazy (adj)
['lez]
Perezoso
Not willing to work or make any effort
to do anything.
Link (n)
[lk]
Conexin,
vnculo
A connection between areas or
documents on Internet.
Log off (v)
[lgf]
Salir del sistema
To stop or end a session on a
computer by giving it particular
instructions or typing in the
appropriate command.


228
Log on (v)
[lgn]
Entrar en el
sistema
To start or gain access to a computer
system by entering your name and
password so that you can start
working.
Look after (v)
[lk'ft]
Cuidar a,
ocuparse de
To take care of or be responsible for
someone or something.
Look forward to (v)
[lk'fwd't]
Esperar con
impaciencia
To feel pleased and excited about
something that is going to happen.
Look up (v)
[lkp]
Buscar (en un
diccionario, en
un libro, etc.)
To try to find information on a
computer, in a book, dictionary, etc.
Lose (v)
[lz]
Perder
To cease to possess or no longer
possess something because you dont
know where it is.
Matter
['mt]
Importar
Asunto
1. (v) To be important.
2. (n) A situation or subject which is
being considered or needs to be
dealt with.
Media (the) (n)
['md]
Medios de
comunicacin
All the organizations, such as
television, radio, newspapers and
magazines considered as a group.
Meeting (n)
['mt]
Reunin,
encuentro, cita
An event at which a group of people
have met to decide and discuss
things.
Midwife (n)
['mdwaf]
Comatrona,
partera
Somebody, usually a woman, who is
trained to help deliver babies and help
and offer support to pregnant women.
Mind (v)
[mand]
Importar
If you do not mind what someone
does or what happens, you do not
have an objection to it.
Minutes (n)
['mnts]
Actas (de una
reunin)
The written record of what is decided
or said at a meeting.
Mishap (n)
['mshp]
Contratiempo
An unfortunate or unlucky accident or
event that does not have very serious
results.


229
Moody (adj)
['md]
De humor
variable
If someone is moody, they often
change quickly from being in a good
temper to being in a bad temper.
Mow (v)
[m]
Cortar(el csped)
To cut grass or plants using a
machine.
Nearly (adv)
['nl]
Casi Almost, or not completely.
Notice (v)
['nts]
Darse cuenta
To see or become aware of something
or somebody and register the fact in
the mind.
Nowadays (adv)
['nadez]
Actualmente
Now, at the present time, compared
with what happened in the past.
Optician (n)
[p'tn]
US Optometrist
[p'tmtrst]
ptico,-a
Somebody whose job is testing
peoples eyes and supplying and
prescribing contact lenses or glasses.
Outgoing (adj)
['atg]
Extrovertido
A person who is friendly and energetic
and likes to meet and talk to new
people.
Outlook (n)
['atlk]
Opinin, punto
de vista, actitud
A general attitude or point of view
about something.
Partner (n)
['ptn]
Compaero,-a,
pareja
The person you are married to or
living together with or the person you
are having a sexual relationship with.
Pay
[pe]
Sueldo,paga
Pagar
1. (n) Money given in return for
doing your job or services
provided.
2. (v) To give someone money for a
service or for work done.
Peak (n)
[pk]
Pico, cima The pointed top of a mountain.
Plumber (n)
['plm]
Fontanero,-a
Someone whose job is to install,
connect or repair water pipes, toilets,
etc in a building.


230
Plump (adj)
[plmp]
Regordete
Rounded and somewhat overweight
but in a fairly pleasant way.
Pollution (n)
[p'ln]
Contaminacin
The process of making air, water etc
dirty and not suitable for people to
use, or the state of being dirty.
Prescription (n)
[pr'skrpn]
Receta (de un
medico)
A piece of paper on which a doctor
writes the details of a specific
medication for a patient and the
instructions to follow.
Profit (n)
['prft]
Ganancias,
beneficios
Money earned by doing business or
selling things after paying the costs.
Put on (v)
[ptn]
Ponerse (ropa,
zapatos, etc.)
To cover the body or part of the body
with a piece of clothing, shoes, etc.
Put up with (v)
[ptpw]
Aguantar,
soportar
To tolerate or continue to accept an
unpleasant experience or situation.
Queue
[kj]
Hacer cola
Cola
1. (v) To form or join a line of people
or vehicles waiting to do
something or go somewhere.
2. (n) A line of people, usually
standing, for example waiting to
enter a building, or a line of
vehicles waiting to move.
Quit (v)
[kwt]
Dejar,
abandonar, dejar
de
To stop doing something, especially
something annoying, irritating or bad.
Raise (v)
[rez]
Levantar
1. To lift something to a higher
position, place or level.
2. To increase an amount, number,
or level.
Realize (v)
['rlaz]
Darse cuenta de
To know and understand something,
or suddenly become aware of it.
Recruit (v)
[r'krt]
Contratar
To find new people to work in a
company or to become a new member
of an organization.


231
Recruitment (n)
[r'krtmnt]
Contratacin The act of enlisting people for a job.
Reduce (v)
[r'djs]
Reducir,
disminuir
To make something smaller or less in
amount, degree, price, size or
intensity.
Redundant (adj)
[r'dndnt]
Despedido
If you are made redundant, you are
dismissed because your employer no
longer needs you.
Reference (n)
['refrns]
Informe,
referencia
A letter containing information about
you, written by someone who knows
you well.
Refund (v)
['rfnd]
Reembolsar,
devolver
To give back money to someone.
Regards (n)
[r'gdz]
Consideracin,
respeto, buenos
deseos
Greetings or good wishes to
somebody.
Rent
[rent]
Alquiler
Alquilar
1. (n) The fixed amount of money
that someone pays regularly to
use a house, flat, etc and that
belongs to someone else.
2. (v) To pay a fixed amount of
money to live in a house, flat, etc
or to use something that belongs
to someone else.
Report (n)
[r'pt]
Informe
A written document which gives
information about a piece of research,
situation or event often put together
by a group of people.
Requirement (n)
[r'kwamnt]
Requisito
Something that is a necessary
precondition.
Research
[r'st]
Investigacin
Investigar
1. (n) A serious study of a subject,
in order to discover new
information or facts.
2. (v) To investigate a subject in
detail in order to discover facts or
test new ideas.


232
Resign (v)
[r'zan]
Dimitir,
renunciar
To give up your job or position by
announcing your employer that you
are leaving.
Resolution (n)
[rez'ln]
Propsito
A promise that you make to yourself
to do something.
Retire (v)
[r'ta]
Jubilarse
To stop working, usually because you
have reached a certain age or you
have ill health.
Rise
[raz]
Aumento, alza,
subida
Aumentar, subir
1. (n) An increase in number or
amount.
2. (v) To increase in number or
amount.
Roast (v)
[rst]
Asar
To cook food, for example meat, in an
oven or over a fire.
Rob (v)
[rb]
Robar
To take money or property illegally
from a person, bank, etc.
Role (n)
[rl]
Papel
The position or purpose that
something or someone has in a
situation, society, relationship etc.
Run out of (v)
[rnatv]
Quedarse sin
haberse
terminado
To use or sell all of something, so that
there is none left.
Sale (n)
[sel]
Venta
When you exchange something for
money.
Salty (adj)
['slt]
Salado Tasting of or containing salt.
Save (v)
[sev]
Ahorrar
To set aside money, for example in a
bank, to use it later, especially when
you often add more money to the sum
gradually.
Scruffy (adj)
['skrf]
Desaliado
Messy, dirty, untidy or run-down in
appearance.


233
Search
[st]
Buscar en
Bsqueda
1. (v) To look somewhere carefully
in order to find someone or
something.
2. (n) An attempt to find someone or
something.
Selfish (adj)
['self]
Egosta
Someone who is selfish only thinks of
their own interests, needs, advantage
and cares only about themselves and
not about other people.
Senior
['snj]
Mayor(de edad)
De mayor
antigedad (en
una empresa)
1. (adj)Older.
2. (adj) Higher in rank or position.
Sensitive (adj)
['senstv]
Sensible
Understanding other peoples feelings,
and being helpful and kind to them.
Set up (v)
[setp]
Erigir,
establecer,
levantar
To establish a new organization or
company in a formal way.
Sheet (n)
[t]
Hoja (de papel)
A piece of paper with information in it
used for writing.
Shore (n)
[]
Orilla
The land along the edge of an area of
water, such as a sea, lake or wide
river.
Shut down (v)
[tdan]
Cerrar (un
negocio)
Apagar
Stops operating or ceasing activity.
Shy (adj)
[a]
Tmido
Reserved, nervous and uncomfortable
with other people, especially people
you do not know.
Skill (n)
[skl]
Habilidad,
destreza
An ability to do an activity or job well,
especially because you have learned
and practised it.
Slightly (adv)
['slatl]
Ligeramente A little.
Spare (adj)
[spe]
De ms, de
sobra
If something is spare, it is available or
kept in reserve for emergency use.


234
Specially (adv)
['spel]
Especialmente,
sobre todo
For one particular purpose, person or
occasion.
Speech (n)
[spt]
Discurso
A formal talk about a particular
subject given to a large number of
people.
Spicy (adj)
[spas]
Picante,
sazonado
Food that is spicy has a strong taste
because it contains strong flavours
from spice.
Spiky (adj)
['spak]
De punta
Hair that is spiky is stiff and stands up
on top of your head.
Staff (n)
[stf]
Personal,
plantilla,
empleados
The group of people who work for a
company or organization.
Starve (v)
[stv]
Pasar hambre
1. To weaken or die because you do
not have enough to eat, or cause
somebody to do this.
2. To be very hungry (informal).
Steal (v)
[stl]
Robar
To take something that belongs to
somebody else without their
permission or knowledge and keep it.
Stream (n)
[strm]
Arroyo A narrow and shallow river.
Striking (adj)
['strak]
Llamativo
Very unusual and impressive or easily
noticed, and therefore attracting a lot
of attention.
Sugary (adj)
['gr]
Azucarado
Containing a great deal of sugar or
tasting like sugar.
Sum up (v)
[smp]
Resumir
To give the main points or information
in a speech, report, etc.
Supply
[s'pla]
Suministro,
abastecimiento
Proveer,
suministrar
1. (n) An amount of something
available for use.
2. (v) To provide people with
something needed or wanted,
often in large quantities and over
a long period of time.


235
Surf (v)
[sf]
Navegar por
internet
To spend time looking information on
the Internet.
Surgeon (n)
['sdn]
Cirujano,-a
A doctor trained to do operations in a
hospital.
Take off
[tekf]
Quitar (la ropa)
Despegar
1. (v)To remove clothes from ones
body.
2. (v) To begin to fly leaving the
ground.
Take over (v)
[tek'v]
Asumir,
encargarse de
To start doing a job or take control of
something that another person did or
had responsibility for before.
Talkative (adj)
['tktv]
Hablador,
parlanchn
Someone who is talkative tends to talk
a lot.
Tasteless (adj)
['testls]
Inspido
Food or drink that is tasteless is
unpleasant because it has no flavour.
Tasty (adj)
['test]
Sabroso
Describes food which has a pleasant
or full flavour.
Temperature (n)
['temprt]
Temperatura
(to have a)
Tener fiebre
The degree of heat in the body, used
as a measure of whether you are ill or
not.
The Net (n)
[net]
Internet Abbreviation for the Internet.
Throw out (v)
[rat]
Tirar (la basura)
To get rid of something, in this case
the rubbish.
Tonsil (n)
[tnsl]
Amigdala
One of the two small round organs at
the back of the mouth.
Tonsillitis (n)
[tns'lats]
Amigdalitis Infection of the tonsils of the mouth.
Tool (n)
[tl]
Herramienta
A piece of equipment or a skill that
helps you to do a particular job or
activity.
Toothache (n)
['tek]
Dolor de muelas A pain in your teeth.


236
Transfer (v)
['trnsf]
Trasladar
To change to a different job, place of
work, school etc., or to make
someone do this, especially with the
same organization.
Truly (adv)
['trl]
Verdaderamente,
sinceramente
(En una carta)
Atentamente
Used to emphasize that something is
really true.
Trust
[trst]
Confianza
Confiar en
1. (n) The strong belief in the
goodness, skill, honesty, etc of
someone or something.
2. (v)To have confidence in someone
or in someones good qualities,
such as the honour, the honesty,
etc.
Thrive (v)
[rav]
Prosperar To develop or be very successful.
Turn down (v)
[tndan]
Bajar (la radio, la
calefaccin, etc.)
To reduce the intensity of something,
for ex, to decrease volume, etc.
Turn off (v)
[tndf]
Apagar,
desconectar
To make a machine stop working by
operating a control or by turning a
handle.
Turn on (v)
[tndn]
Encender, poner
en marcha
To make a machine such as a light,
television, etc operate by turning a
key, pushing a button, etc.
Turn up (v)
[tndp]
Subir (el
volumen, la
calefaccin, etc.)
To increase something, for ex to make
the volume louder.
Unemployed (adj)
[nm'pld]
Parado, en paro Without a job.
Unfortunate (adj)
[n'ftnt]
Desgraciado,-a,
desafortunado,-a
Unlucky or never having good luck.
Upcoming (adj)
[pkm]
Venidero,-a,
prximo,-a
About to come or happening soon.


237
Upset (adj)
[p'set]
Apenado,-a,
disgustado,-
a,ofendido,-a
Angry, worried and unhappy because
of something that has happened.
Vacuum cleaner (n)
['vkjm'kln]
Aspiradora
An electrical machine which cleans
surfaces such as carpets and floors by
sucking up dirt and dust into a bag.
Vacuum (v)
['vkjm]
Pasar la
aspiradora por
To clean an object or a place using a
vacuum cleaner.
Valley (n)
['vl]
Valle
A long low area of land between hills
or mountains, often with a river
flowing through it.
Wash (sth) up (v)
[wp]
Fregar los platos
Lavarse US
1. (v) To clean the dishes, pans, etc
used to eat and cook.
2. (v) To wash your hands and face.
Waste (n)
[west]
Residuos,
deshechos
Unwanted materials or items,
remains, or byproducts, or household
garbage that are left after you have
used something.
Water (v)
['wt]
Regar (una
planta)
To pour water on plants to make them
grow.
Waterfall (n)
['wtfl]
Catarata
Place where water from a river or
stream falls over the edge of a steep
place.
Wavy (adj)
['wev]
Ondulado Wavy hair has a series of curves.
Web (n)
[web]
La red (Internet)
The system of connected documents
on the Internet which allows you to
look for information about a particular
subject and which is held on
computers all over the world.
Weight (n)
[wet]
Peso
How heavy something or someone is
when you weigh it.
Welfare (n)
['welfe]
Bienestar Health and happiness of a person.


238
Whether (conj)
['we]
Si
If, or not. Used to indicate alternatives
or express doubts in reporting
questions.
Whine (v)
[wan]
Quejarse,
lloriquear
To complain about something in a
repeated and irritating way.
Workmate (n)
['wkmet]
Compaero,-a de
trabajo
Somebody who works in the same
place as you.
Wound
[wnd]
Herida
Herir
1. (n) An injury to your body in
which the skin or an organ is
broken by a weapon such as a
knife, a blow or an incision with
damage to the underlying tissue.
2. (v)To injure somebody using a
gun, knife, etc.
Wrinkle (n)
['rkl]
Arruga
Wrinkles are lines on your face and
skin that you get as a result of aging
or exposure to the sun.
Write down (v)
[ratdan]
Anotar
Poner por escrito
To write something on a piece of
paper so that you dont forget or lose
the information.