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.
(1)
coeff(x,y) means DCT coefficient located (x, y), and (x, y) is
relative location of left-upper coefficient of TU. ac
1
, ac
2
, ac
3
have 4 coefficients respectively and located corner areas as
shown in Fig. 3 (a) and (b). The reason why we firstly calculate
these areas is that, in complex region, there are tendencies of
DCT coefficients are gathered at each corner of ACs, as shown
in Fig. 2. If sum_abs_ac equal to zero, we do not apply
transform skip mode to current TU and if it is not, we calculate
absolute sum of DC and AC regions by
( , )
_ _ ( , )
x y DC
sum abs DC coeff x y
(2)
( , )
_ _ ( , )
i
i
x y AC
sum abs AC coeff x y
.
1, 2, 3 for i
(3)
If sum_abs_DC is larger than accumulated sum_abs_AC
i
,
TSM is not applied for current TU because energy compaction
of current block is suitable for DCT. Otherwise, we add TSM as
a candidate of DCT mode and determine the best mode by
comparing RD-cost.
B. Scan Order Modification
For more speed enhancement, we modify scan patterns when
we calculate sum of absolute values, following characteristics of
coefficients.
Fig. 4 Scan order for early termination
The scan order is described in Fig. 4. The order of AC part is
AC
3
, AC
1
and AC
2
, and it is determined experimentally. For
each of AC
i
, the scan order is followed by arrows; since, the ac
1
,
ac
2
, ac
3
part have larger coefficients than others at edges and
text. Finally, we compare sum_abs_DC with accumulated
sum_abs_AC
i
as soon as the calculation of one row or column of
AC
i
is finished. If sum_abs_AC
i
is larger than sum_abs_DC,
TSM is added to DCT of HEVC. The entire procedure of
proposed algorithm is described in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Flowchart for proposed algorithms
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed early termination method for transform skip
mode is implemented in HM 12.0. We utilize the data set used
for the HEVC standard development and additionally, for
screen contents, we make our test sequences which are ICSP
test1 and ICSP test3, as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. For
experiments, all intra (AI) configuration of HEVC Main Profile
is used, and largest coding unit size is 64x64 and QP = 22, 27,
32 and 37. As a measure of consuming time, Time is defined
as follows,
(%)
( ( 12.0) ( ))
1 .
( 12.0)
Time
Time HM Time proposed method
Time HM
(4)
Table 1. Experimental results for proposed algorithms
BD-BR BD-PSNR Time BD-BR BD-PSNR Time
Average -0.790 0.103 108% -0.790 0.103 106%
Sequences
ET_TSM + SOM (MAX_TS =8) ET_TSM (MAX_TS =8)
104%
ChinaSpeed -0.655 0.060 -0.655 0.060
BasketballDrillText -0.164 0.009 -0.164 0.009
106%
108%
109%
0.129 106%
ICSP test3 -0.934 0.128 -0.934 0.128 107%
ICSP test1 -0.906 0.129 -0.906 108%
109%
SlideEditing -1.462 0.235 -1.462
SlideShow -0.616 0.057 -0.616 103%
109%
0.057 105%
0.235 112%
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing and Computers
ISBN: 978-1-61804-215-6 179
MAX_TS means maximum size of TU for transform skip,
and if MAX_TS is set to 8, we allow TSM for 4x4 and 8x8 TUs.
The experimental results for proposed algorithms are
summarized in Table 1, and it compared with HM 12.0. Early
termination for TSM (ET_TSM) has better coding efficiency in
point of BD-bitrate (BD-BR) and BD-peak-to-noise-ratio
(PSNR). The average Y-PSNR increased 0.103 dB and bit-rate
decreased 0.790 % with increasing time consuming. However,
we improve computation complexity of proposed algorithms by
the scan order modification (SOM) method. As we can be seen
in Table 1, ET_TSM + SOM reduce encoding time without any
loss of coding efficiency.
In Table 2, whole proposed algorithms (ET_TSM + SOM)
are compared with HM12.0 (MAX_TS is set to 8 and 16). HM
with extension of TSM and proposed algorithm both have good
coding efficiency for Class F (screen contents). Proposed
algorithm reduces computational complexity about 9% ~ 14%
compared with HM with small BD-rate loss.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we proposed algorithms for TSM of HEVC
transform coding. The proposed algorithm consisted of early
termination of TSM and scan order modification for speed
improvement reduce computation time of HM encoder with
extension of TSM. Using characteristics of DCT coefficients,
we can efficiently selects whether TSM is applied for HM or not,
and by changing scan order of calculating sum of absolute
values, we also save computational time of transform process of
HM. Therefore, our proposed algorithms are efficient for screen
contents and its application.
REFERENCES
[1] T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjntegaard, and A. Luthra, Overview of
the H.264/AVC video coding standard, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560576, Jul. 2003.
[2] B. Bross, W.-J. Han, G. J. Sullivan, J.-R. Ohm, and T. Wiegand, High
Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 10, document
JCTVC-L1003, ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video
Coding (JCT-VC), Jan. 2012.
[3] G. J. Sullivan, J.-R. Ohm, W.-J. Han, and T. Wiegand, Overview of the
Table 2. Experimental results for proposed algorithms
BD-rate BD-PSNR Time BD-rate BD-PSNR Time BD-rate BD-PSNR Time BD-rate BD-PSNR Time
NebutaFestival -0.009 0.001 117% -0.012 0.0009 126% -0.007 0.001 102% -0.009 0.001 108%
PeopleOnStreet -0.070 0.004 118% -0.080 0.0046 127% -0.029 0.002 107% -0.033 0.002 118%
SteamLocomotiveTrain -0.004 0.000 118% 0.001 0.0000 126% 0.004 0.000 107% 0.002 0.000 109%
Traffic -0.016 0.001 117% -0.024 0.0013 125% -0.002 0.000 107% -0.001 0.000 95%
BasketballDrive -0.046 0.001 115% -0.064 0.0019 123% -0.036 0.001 109% -0.018 0.001 111%
BQTerrace -0.157 0.009 118% -0.183 0.0102 125% -0.085 0.005 109% -0.093 0.005 109%
Cactus -0.102 0.004 117% -0.109 0.0040 125% -0.045 0.002 108% -0.050 0.002 109%
Kimono -0.013 0.000 116% -0.004 0.0002 124% -0.004 0.000 107% -0.004 0.000 108%
ParkScene -0.048 0.002 118% -0.050 0.0023 125% -0.014 0.001 107% -0.014 0.001 108%
BasketballDrill -0.246 0.012 116% -0.253 0.0123 125% -0.127 0.006 108% -0.153 0.007 109%
BQMall -0.149 0.009 117% -0.161 0.0096 126% -0.083 0.005 109% -0.083 0.005 111%
PartyScene -0.230 0.018 122% -0.249 0.0192 128% -0.155 0.012 110% -0.155 0.012 112%
RaceHorses -0.122 0.008 117% -0.119 0.0081 125% -0.073 0.005 109% -0.070 0.005 110%
BasketballPass -0.152 0.009 118% -0.162 0.0095 125% -0.078 0.005 108% -0.074 0.004 110%
BQ Square -0.128 0.008 120% -0.122 0.0074 129% -0.071 0.004 109% -0.066 0.004 110%
BlowingBubbles -0.283 0.025 118% -0.289 0.0260 127% -0.142 0.013 111% -0.169 0.015 113%
RaceHorses -0.063 0.004 118% -0.068 0.0047 127% 0.005 -0.001 109% 0.002 -0.001 109%
FourPeople -0.033 0.002 116% -0.025 0.0015 124% 0.016 -0.001 108% 0.018 -0.001 109%
Johnny -0.081 0.003 113% -0.123 0.0050 120% -0.025 0.001 108% -0.020 0.001 110%
KristenAndSara -0.073 0.004 114% -0.095 0.0048 122% -0.015 0.001 108% -0.020 0.001 111%
BasketballDrillText -0.305 0.016 117% -0.318 0.0168 124% -0.135 0.007 108% -0.131 0.007 109%
ChinaSpeed -0.902 0.083 115% -1.007 0.0926 122% -0.677 0.062 109% -0.743 0.068 111%
ICSP test1 -1.856 0.265 115% -2.158 0.3077 120% -0.933 0.133 110% -0.955 0.136 111%
ICSP test3 -1.595 0.218 114% -1.833 0.2494 120% -0.906 0.124 110% -0.968 0.132 112%
SlideEditing -2.193 0.352 116% -2.537 0.4072 123% -1.438 0.231 113% -1.678 0.271 116%
SlideShow -0.806 0.075 113% -0.875 0.0815 117% -0.614 0.057 107% -0.562 0.052 108%
-0.297 0.033 117% -0.334 0.0377 124% -0.170 0.020 108% -0.181 0.021 110%
MAX_TS =8 Proposed (MAX_TS =16) Proposed (MAX_TS =8) MAX_TS =16
Class A
2560x1600
Classes Test Sequences
Class B
1920x1080
OverallAverage
Class C
WVGA
Class E
720p
Class F'
(Screen
Contents)
Class D
WQVGA
Fig. 6 Screen shot of ICSP test1
Fig. 7 Screen shot of ICSP test3
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing and Computers
ISBN: 978-1-61804-215-6 180
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. Video Technol., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 16481667, Dec. 2012.
[4] Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of digital image processing, Prentice hall,
1989, 1st ed. pp. 150-154.
[5] M. Mrak, and A. Gabrellini, Transform skip mode, JCTVC-F077, Torino,
Italy, July, 2011.
[6] C. Lan, Intra transform skipping, JCTVC-I0408, Geneva, Switzerland,
May, 2012.
[7] X. Peng, Inter transform skipping, JCTVC-J0237, Stockholm, Sweden,
July, 2012.
[8] X. Peng, Non-RCE2: Transform skip on large TUs, JCTVC-N0288,
Vienna, Austria, July, 2013.
Do-Kyung Lee received a B.S degree from the School of Electrical
Engineering College of Engineering Chung-Ang University, Korea, in 2010.
He is currently puersuing a Ph. D. candidate in Electronic and Computer
Engineering at Hanyang University. His research interests include fast motion
estimation, true motion estimation and video codec.
Miso Park received a B.S degree the Department of Electronics and Computer
Engineering from Hanyang University, Korea, in 2013. She is currently
pursuing a M.S in Electronic and Computer Engineering at Hanyang
University. Her research interests include video processing, and high efficiency
video codec.
Hyung-Do Kim received a B.S degree the Department of Electronics and
Computer Engineering from Hanyang University, Korea, in 2013. He is
currently puersuing a M.S in Electronic and Computer Engineering at Hanyang
University. His research interests include fast motion estimation and video
codec.
Je-Chang Jeong received a BS degree in electronic engineering from Seoul
National University, Korea, in 1980, an MS degree in electrical engineering
from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in 1982, and a
PhD degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, in 1990. From 1982 to 1986, he was with the Korean Broadcasting
System, where he helped develop teletext systems. From 1990 to 1991, he
worked as a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, where he helped to develop various signal-processing algorithms.
From 1991 through 1995, he was with the Samsung Electronics Company,
Korea, where he was involved in the development of HDTV, digital
broadcasting receivers, and other multimedia systems. Since 1995, he has
conducted research at Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests
include digital signal processing, digital communication, and image and audio
compression for HDTV and multimedia applications. He has published
numerous technical papers.
Dr. Jeong received the Scientist of the Month award in 1998, from the Ministry
of Science and Technology of Korea, and was the recipient of the 2007 IEEE
Chester Sall Award and 2008 ETRI Journal Paper Award. He was also honored
with a government commendation in 1998 from the Ministry of Information
and Communication of Korea.
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing and Computers
ISBN: 978-1-61804-215-6 181