Some textile materials are sensitive to phenolic yellowing especially in the light shades. It is not the only yellowing risk. Through good agreements this can be prevented
Yellowing of textile is caused by a reaction. There are different kinds of yellowing (and other forms of discolouration). It can happen in different stages: during the production process, when storing and when using the goods. It can also have different causes. Often, yellowing concerns a reaction with phenols. This we call phenolic yellowing or gas fading by NO2. These phenols are present in packaging materials. Under certain conditions contact with the textile causes yellowing. When this type of yellowing is discovered in an early stage, the process can still be reversed. Which textiles have a propensity to yellowing Basically, in all textiles (and all colours) yellowing/discolouring is possible, but it is specially visible in the very light colours, so white and pastel colours. In the darker shades you can only see the colour getting a bit duller. Other kinds of textile yellowing * yellowing by (accelerated) ageing of fibres, e.g. by long term exposure to heat or light, or sometimes even by blending certain fibres * yellowing by industrial additives such as softeners (washing), lubricants, resins, optical brighteners (OBAs), or salts * yellowing by ozone (denim), sulphur dioxide or other elements (pollutants) in the air * yellowing by contamination from the consumer (perspiration, parfumes, lotions, medicines, detergents, washing softeners, starch, etc.) Where and when does it happen Phenolic yellowing is mostly occurring when storing fabrics or garments, so in the warehouse. Plastic packaging material, like polybags, can contain BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene). This is an antioxidant that prevents ageing of the plastic. This BHT can be transferred to the fabric. Also from carton boxes a phenol (derivate) can be carried over to the textile. It can react with the nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the air and forms nitrobenzenes or quinone (or chinone), which is a yellow chemical substance. The process needs alkaline (so non-acid) conditions. A cause of alkaline conditions can be insufficient washing out and neutralising of chemicals used for bleaching and dyeing.
More about phenol For general information see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoland for more technical details, see: Toxic Substances Portal. What to do about it Some examples: * make sure the fabric has the right acidity: use acid finishes instead of alkaline and/or apply an acid finish after having applied any alkaline finish * avoid volatile antioxidants in packaging material that come into contact with the textile * use phenol free carton boxes * minimalize the quantity of nitrogen oxide in the warehouse * further: There are tests that indicate the risk of yellowing of fabrics. Put the right test standard and requirement in your specifications, e.g. in the material requirements. Already for a long while the so-called Courtaulds method exists, which is a quite expensive method. From 2007 the method is standardised in an international standard. Convenient. For a maximum effect, make sure the required value is realistic and common in trade. Also requirements of packaging materials are possible
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