STUDENT NAME:

STUDENT NUMBER:

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING
Course No.: ENV2103

Course Name: HYDRAULICS I

Assessment No: 3

This assessment carries 700 of the total

Final Examination

1000 marks for this course.

On-Campus

External

Examiner: K Moore

Moderator: R Smith

Examination Date: End Semester 1, 2007

Time Allowed:

Perusal: ten (10) minutes

Working: three (3) hours

Special Instructions:
(a) This examination is RESTRICTED. Any type of hand-held, non-communicable, batteryoperated calculator may be used throughout the examination.
(b) Answer five (5) of the six (6) questions. Question 1 is compulsory. Answer Question 1 and any
four (4) of the remaining questions. Each question carries the same marks.
(c) Candidates must insert their name and student number in the space provided at the top of this
cover sheet.
(d) Formula Sheet is provided.
(e) Students may write on the examination paper during perusal time.
(f) All examination question papers must be submitted to the supervisor at the end of every
examination and returned to USQ.

Any non-USQ copyright material used herein is reproduced under the provision of Section 200(1)(b) of the Copyright Amendment Act 1980.

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

QUESTION 1

[140 marks]

A correct answer scores 4 marks.

An incorrect answer scores -1 mark.
No answer scores 0 marks.
Circle the correct answer below.
There is only one correct answer for each multiple choice question.
1.1 Newtonian fluids exhibit:
(a) high viscosity
(b) low viscosity
(c) a linear relationship between pressure and depth
(d) a linear relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient
(e) none of these answers

1.2 If an oil has a specific weight of 8.34 kN/m its relative density is approximately:
(a) 8.34
(b) 8.5
(c) 0.85
(d) 8340
(e) none of these answers
1.3 Stresses across the base of a gravity dam or weir will be compressive throughout when the line of
action of the resultant force passes through:
(a) the downstream toe
(b) the upstream toe
(c) the base
(d) the middle third of the base
(e) none of these answers
1.4 For a floating body, a negative metacentric height implies:
(a) stability under small angles of heel
(b) instability under small angles of heel
(c) that the body is totally submerged
(d) that the body is rotating
(e) none of these answers

Page 1 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.5 A motion of a fluid inside an open cylinder which is made to rotate at a constant speed about its
long vertical axis through the application of an external force is known as a:
(a) free vortex
(b) parabolic vortex
(c) forced vortex
(d) bathtub vortex
(e) none of these answers
1.6 In the Eulerian reference system, an acceleration can occur due to a change in velocity of the fluid
particle with respect to position. This type of acceleration is known as:
(a) temporal
(b) centrifugal
(c) convective
(d) laminar
(e) none of these answers
1.7 The section mean velocity for full flow in pipes is:
(a) the volume of the actual velocity profile divided by the inside diameter of the pipe
(b) the volume of the actual velocity profile divided by the internal cross sectional area of the
pipe
(c) the integral of the actual velocity with respect to cross sectional area
(d) the derivative of the actual velocity with respect to time
(e) none of these answers
1.8 The three forms of energy in the Bernoulli equation are:
(a) pressure, momentum and discharge
(b) kinetic, hydrostatic and heat
(c) pressure, kinetic and potential
(d) pressure, kinetic and inertia
(e) none of these answers
1.9 For full flow, the ratio of the section mean velocity upstream and downstream of a pipe reducer
with a diameter ratio of 4:1 is:
(a) 1:4
(b) 4:1
(c) 1:16
(d) 16:1
(e) none of these answers

Page 2 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.10 In the rough turbulent region of the Moody diagram the friction factor depends on:
(a)
(b)
(c)

only
and

only

(d) the thickness of the laminar sub-layer

(e) none of these answers
1.11 Hydraulically smooth condition in turbulent pipe flow occurs when:
(a) the roughness of the pipe material is very small
(b) the roughness elements of the pipe project through the laminar sub-layer into the flow
(c) the laminar sub-layer completely covers the roughness elements of the pipe
(d) the relative roughness is large
(e) none of these answers
1.12 Of the empirical pipe friction equations, the Manning formula is most applicable to which flow
regime:
(a) laminar
(b) transitional
(c) smooth turbulent
(d) rough turbulent
(e) none of these answers
1.13 In both the Manning and Hazen-Williams formulae for pipe flow it is implied that:
(a) friction loss is independent of pipe roughness
(b) friction loss is independent of Reynolds number
(c) the hydraulic gradient is different from the friction slope
(d) the flow is laminar
(e) none of these answers
1.14 For steady flow in pipelines arranged in series:
(a) head loss is additive and discharge is constant
(b) discharge is additive and head loss is constant
(c) head loss is proportional to the square root of discharge
(d) head loss is proportional to the square of the diameter
(e) none of these answers

Page 3 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.15 For steady flow in pipelines arranged in parallel:

(a) head loss is additive and discharge is constant
(b) discharge is additive and head loss is constant
(c) head loss is proportional to the square root of discharge
(d) head loss is proportional to the square of the diameter
(e) none of these answers
1.16 A pump with a low specific speed is best suited to which of the following applications:
(a) low head-high discharge
(b) low head-low discharge
(c) high head-high discharge
(d) high head-low discharge
(e) none of these answers
1.17 Cavitation in pumps occurs as a result of:
(a) the high head loss between inlet and outlet
(b) insufficient pressure at the pump inlet
(c) poor pump efficiency
(d) low peripheral impeller speed
(e) none of these answers
1.18 For steady uniform open channel flow:
(a) the hydraulic grade line and the energy line are in the same position
(b) the bedslope and friction slope are different
(c) the bedslope, friction slope and the slope of the hydraulic grade line are the same
(d) the depth changes only gradually with longitudinal distance
(e) none of these answers
1.19 The most efficient trapezoidal shape for a concrete-lined channel is one for which:
(a) the side batters are 2H:1V
(b) the depth is half the hydraulic radius
(c) the cross section forms a half-hexagon
(d) the side batters are vertical
(e) none of these answers

Page 4 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.20 Open channel flow is said to be subcritical when:

(a) the depth is greater than the critical depth
(b) the depth is less than the critical depth
(c) the depth is greater than the normal depth
(d) the depth is less than the normal depth
(e) none of these answers
1.21 Normal flow in an open channel is subcritical. A streamlined hump is placed in the bed of the
channel. The height of the hump is small compared to normal depth in the channel. Which one of
the following is most likely to occur?
(a) critical flow will be induced over the hump
(b) the hump will create an afflux upstream
(c) the specific energy will reduce as the flow passes over the hump
(d) a hydraulic jump will form upstream of the hump
(e) none of these answers
1.22 The depths before and after a hydraulic jump are known respectively as the:
(a) critical and subcritical depths
(b) subcritical and sequent depths
(c) alternate depths
(d) initial and sequent depths
(e) none of these answers
1.23 In open channel flow, the occurrence of a hydraulic jump is possible only if the flow is:
(a) subcritical
(b) supercritical
(c) rapidly-varied
(d) gradually-varied
(e) none of these answers
1.24 For constant discharge in an open channel flow, there are generally two depths of flow possible
for given specific force. These depths are known as the:
(a) normal and subnormal depths
(b) critical and subcritical depths
(c) conjugate depths
(d) alternate depths
(e) none of these answers

Page 5 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.25 If the depth of flow along a gradually-varied reach of channel is such that
profile is of type:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

M2 with

M2 with

S1 with

M3 with

then the

then the

positive
negative
positive
negative

(e) none of these answers

1.26 If the depth of flow along a gradually-varied reach of channel is such that
profile is of type:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

M2 with

M2 with

S1 with

M3 with

positive
negative
positive
negative

(e) none of these answers

1.27 In the direct step method of computation of a type M3 profile in an open channel, the calculations:
(a) begin at a downstream control and proceed in the downstream direction
(b) begin at a upstream control and proceed in the downstream direction
(c) begin at a downstream control and proceed in the upstream direction
(d) begin at a upstream control and proceed in the upstream direction
(e) none of these answers
1.28 For the sharp-edged orifice plate in pipe flow measurement, the coefficient of velocity accounts
for:
(a) the reduced cross sectional area of flow at the vena contracta
(b) the difference between the cross sectional area of the pipe and the orifice plate
(c) energy losses across the device
(d) changes in momentum across the device
(e) none of these answers

Page 6 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

1.29 Compared to that in a suppressed weir, the head losses in a contracted rectangular sharp-crested
weir are greater because:
(a) the suppressed weir has convergence of streamlines in two planes
(b) the contracted weir has convergence of streamlines in two planes
(c) the contracted weir is more streamlined
(d) the crest length in the suppressed weir is less than the channel width
(e) none of these answers
1.30 It is postulated that the dependent variable of a physical process is a function of six (6) independent
variables. The number of groups required to represent this process is:
(a) six
(b) seven
(c) four
(d) three
(e) none of these answers
1.31 In the dimensional analysis of flow over a sharp-crested V notch weir, the group

repre-

sents:
(a) Froude number
(b) Reynolds number
(c) Weber number
(d) Mach number
(e) none of these answers
1.32 The turbine in a hydro-electric power plant would be classified as:
(a) negative work machine
(b) negative heat machine
(c) positive work machine
(d) positive heat machine
(e) none of these answers
1.33 When lagging a hot pipe with two layers of different insulation material:
(a) less heat will be lost if you put the material with the lower conductivity adjacent to the pipe
(b) it makes no difference to the heat loss which material is applied first, but the interface temperature between the layers of lagging will be different
(c) it makes no difference to either the heat loss or the interface temperature which material is
applied first

Page 7 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

1.34

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

is an expression for finding the work for:

(a) polytropic process

(b) adiabatic process
(c) isentropic process
(d) isothermal process
(e) constant pressure process
1.35 The convective heat transfer coefficient

has units of:

(a) W/m
(b) W/mK

(c) W/m K
(d) W/m

(e) none of these answers

QUESTION 2

[140 marks]

The U tube differential manometer shown below measures the pressure difference between two points
along a horizontal water pipeline. Determine the pressure loss between A and B neglecting the weight
of the air in the manometer.

mercury (RD 13.6)

200mm

100mm

air

glycerine (RD 1.26)

(water)

FLOW

Page 8 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

QUESTION 3

[140 marks]

Water flows under gravity between two large open reservoirs through a 250 mm diameter, 1000 m long
galvanised steel pipeline. The difference in water level is 35 m and the sum of the minor loss coefficients,
including entrance and exit losses, is 15.6.

(a) Determine the discharge under gravity flow conditions.

(70 marks)

(b) If the discharge is to be boosted to 200 L/s by the installation of a 200 mm variable-speed, fixedimpeller centrifugal pump (pump curve on page 11 refers), determine the power consumption of
the pump.
(70 marks)

water

35 m

QUESTION 4

[140 marks]

(a) Water flows at a normal depth of 1.6 m in a 5 m wide rectangular, concrete-lined irrigation channel
( = 0.025 s/m , = 1 10 ). A suppressed broad-crested weir is constructed across the
channel to measure the flow rate. Using specific energy principles, determine the height of the
weir if it creates a maximum afflux of 480 mm at this discharge, neglecting any energy losses
associated with the structure.
(80 marks)

(b) If the ratio of the depths of flow before and after a hydraulic jump in a rectangular concrete-lined
channel is 1:2, determine the ratio of the corresponding Froude numbers.
(60 marks)

Page 9 of 16

ENV2103 Hydraulics I

Final Examination, Semester 1 2007

QUESTION 5

[140 marks]

(a) The phenomenon of vortex shedding occurs when vortices formed in the wake of a cylindrical
object in a flow field are shed alternately from one side of the cylinder to the other. The shedding
frequency is thought to be dependent on the flow velocity , the diameter of the cylinder and
the density and dynamic viscosity of the flowing fluid. Using dimensional analysis, prove that
the shedding frequency is dependent on a form of Reynolds number.
(100 marks)

(b) An oil with a kinematic viscosity 100 times that of water flows at a discharge of in a pipe
of diameter . In a dynamically similar system, water flows at a discharge of in a pipe of
diameter

. Determine the ratio

.
(40 marks)

QUESTION 6

[140 marks]

(a) A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12C is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless pistoncylinder device as shown below. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa. During
the process heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains
constant. Calculate the work input during this process. Note that the gas constant for air is R =
286.9 J/kgK.
(70 marks)

air

(b) A steam pipe 200 mm in diameter and 5 m long passes through a large basement room. The
temperature of the pipe is 500C, while that of the ambient air in the room and the room walls
is 20C. Determine the heat transfer rate by convection and radiation from the steam pipe if the
emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.8 and the natural convection heat transfer coefficient has been
determined to be 10 W/m K.
(70 marks)

End of Examination
Page 10 of 16