Chapter 1

Introduction to Computer Networks

Topics Covered:
1.1,1.2.1,1.2.2,1.2.3,1.2.4,1.2.5,
1.2.6,1.2.7,1.2.8.1.2.10,1.3
Weightage 6.66 %
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The Need of Share Resources
Networks are required for Resource Sharing
Network are simply use for providing different services like
Sending and receiving emails
Phone calls using Internet
To create blogs and to add the informations into the blogs
To access the database on the remote server
Audio and Video conferencing etc
Network are the Media for sharing Resources, Data,
Informations etc.
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Concept of Layering
When we have serious problemin real life or at any other
places, thecommonsolutiontosolvethoseproblemsarethe
policycalledDivideandConquer
All the problems of network are solved by the same policy
wherethesmall piecesof problemsarebeinggenerated.
These small problems are known as the layers.
To understands this problem we need to understands the,
Layering Example
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Benefits of Layering
Work of each employee is clearly defined in
advanced.
Complex task becomes very easy
Division of Work (No More Burden at one Place)
Standard Interfacing between components (Protocols
are of common category)
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Disadvantage of Layering
Layering mechanism is inefficient when dividing
small task in pieces.
Reduce Speed and Performance
When work is handled by multiple layers, its
speed of execution is decreases.
Different layer will perform at their speed and
thus the performance of the network will
decreases.
Increased Memory Usage
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TCP/IP and OSI Layering Models
TCP/IP and OSI are two famous layering schemes in TCP/IP and OSI are two famous layering schemes in
Networking.
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and
this OSI is a group of ISO (International Standards for
Organization)
The Practical solutions are accurately provided by
TCP/IP Model compare to OSI Model.
Nowadays all the machines uses TCP/IP model.
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OSI Model
(Open System Interconnection)
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1. Physical Layer: The physical layer is concerned with
transmittingrawbitsover acommunicationchannel.
2. TheData LinkLayer: The Data Link Layer is concerned with
thetransmissionof alines.
3. The Network Layer: The key feature of Network Layer is to
routethedatafromonenetworktoanother
4. TheTransportLayer: Thebasicfunctionof thetransport layer
istoaccept datafromabove, split it upintosmaller units.
5. TheSessionLayer: Thesessionlayer allows usersondifferent
machinestoestablishsessionsbetweenthem.
6. ThePresentationLayer: presentation layer is concerned with
thesyntaxandsemanticsof theinformationtransmitted.
7. The Application Layer: Used for making process to process
communication.
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TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP Model contains 5 different layers
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless (Transfer)
Connection Oriented: Connection Oriented:
-Connection must be establish
-Reliable service
-Gives guarantee that data arrive
in same order
-Includes three services
-Connection Establishment
(Handshaking), Data transfer &
Connection Termination
-TCP Protocol is a best example of
Connection Oriented service.
-Time Consuming
-Speed of sending packets /
datagram are slow compare to
Connection less service / transfer.
-It Increase the traffic in a network.
-Minimum Chances of data loss
Connectionless: Connectionless:
-Connection not necessarilybe
established
-Unreliable service
-Will never gives guarantee that
data arrive in same order
-UDP and IP Protocol is a best
example of Connectionless
service.
-Less Time Consuming
-Speed of sending packets /
datagram are faster compare to
Connection oriented service /
transfer.
- Less traffic generated
-Maximum chances of data loss.
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Difference: TCP/IP and OSI Model
OSI Model
7 Layers
Stands for Open System
Interconnection
ISO has defined OSI Model
OSI Model is based on Connection
Oriented services.
Eg: Like Telephone line
(Connection establishment, data
transfer, Connection loss)
Make distinction of services,
protocols etc.
OSI Model was developed before
protocols were developed.
Provide CO and CL services.
TCP/IP Model
5 Layers
Stands for Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol
Department of Defense has
defined TCP/IP Model.
TCP / IP Model is based on
Connection less services.
Eg: Like Telegram
(Sending without knowing that the
destination is available or not)
Doesnt make distinction of
services, protocols etc.
TCP/IP Model was developed
after protocols were developed
ProvideCL services
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Distributed System and Networks
-Network provides ability to make communication
betweennodes. (Nodesaremember of networks).
-We are using many servers in an internet through
whichweareaccessingthewebservices.
-Thats why these servers are known as Web
Servers
-Distributed system: When we accessing different
websites which has different servers in different
countries at that time our request moves fromone
server to another server whichishidefromtheusers
areknownasDistributedSystems.
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Thank you
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