The Evolution of Steam Attemperation

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11/01/2012 | Martin-Jan Strebe and Arvo Eilau, Tyco Valves & Controls

The fundamental design principles and process for modern steam desuperheating, or
the attemperation of superheated steam in the power generation industry, have been
evolving since the early 1930s. Meeting the requirement for steam quantity, quality, and
temperature consistency is the foundation of traditional attemperator component design,
particularly for fast-response combined cycle plants.
Increases in steam and combustion turbine operating temperatures and capacity that
are inherent in the quest to increase steam cycle efficiency are advancing metallurgy
technology. At the same time, diverse operational requirementsincluding cycling and
low-load and load-following operationshave added complexity to the design of todays
combined cycle (CC) plants. Increased final superheated steam volumes and
temperatures coupled with these diverse operational modes are, in turn, challenging
many other vital plant components and systems, particularly the steam attemperator
system.
Attemperator Design Overview
An excellent attemperation system for a modern CC plant requires a balance of design
efficiency, component flexibility, and system reliability. Rapidly varying load conditions
place strenuous duty cycles on steam attemperation components and downstream
apparatus. On average, the attemperator system will experience 700 to 1,000 thermal
cycles per year of normal operation. The thermal cycles can double in a cycling unit.
Most modern heat-recovery steam generation (HRSG) superheated steam attemperator
component designs can be characterized as either circumferential, probe, or a
combination of both technologies. As with many complex engineering components,
designs evolve from functional requirements derived from expected plant operations.
Each of these design categories has a unique set of requirements that must be met to
achieve expected levels of plant performance and efficiency.
One of the more common superheater attemperator designs used in the HRSG CC
market today is a circumferential spray design (Figure 1). The primary function of this
design is to inject water perpendicular to the steam flow through multiple fixed or
floating spray nozzles via a penetration in the main steam pipe wall and the
attemperators inner spray liner or protective shield located inside the pipe. The nozzles
produce mechanical atomization of the water droplets into the superheated steam flow.
This design will often utilize external circumferential piping to the main steam pipe for
water supply to the individual spray nozzles in conjunction with a remote spraywater
control station.

1. Circumferential in-line attemperator. In this design, water is injected perpendicular
to the pipe steam flow through spray nozzles to desuperheat steam. Source: Tyco
Valves & Controls
An alternative design for steam temperature control integrates a probe unit within the
pipe. This design is divided into two major categories: integrated units (IU) and
separated units (SU). Integrated probes incorporate the spraywater control valve
function within the component (Figure 2). SUs offer a probe-style spray for water
atomization with a remote spraywater control valve and external water supply piping
(Figure 3). The probe application, whether of IU or SU design, employs single or
multiple spray probes into the superheated steam flow, spraying water droplets parallel
with the steam flow.

2. Probe-style IU desuperheater. In this design, an integrated flow control valve is
inserted into a pipe through which water is injected into the flowing steam. A
downstream probe measures the downstream temperature and is used to control the
water flow. Source: Tyco Valves & Controls
Whether an attemperation system is circumferential or probe style in design, it must be
supported by robust integrated control components and control functionality. The
placement, design, and function of temperature probes are critical. A spraywater control
valve or valves must enable bubble tight shutoff, and manual valves required for
component and system isolation should be routinely inspected.
Most current HRSG steam attemperator systems are designed for minimal to zero water
flow at maximum steam flow. CC plants that are dispatched through automated load-
following management systems or automatic generation controls will
see constant superheated steam attemperation as load is increased or decreased to
meet fluctuating megawatt demand. This mode of operational dispatch will stress
existing design limitations of the attemperation system.
Common system and component failure issues associated with extreme cycling
conditions are:
Spraywater control valve packing leaks or packing blowout.
Wetting or droplet impingement of downstream thermal probes.
Nozzle spring failure.
Nozzle cracking or erosion.
Linear weld attachment (pin) cracking or complete line failure.
Main steam pipe cracking.
Foreign object damage to the steam turbine.
Engineering and Design Considerations
Attemperator system components are designed and engineered to an expected life
span, based on detailed 3-D finite analysis computer models, operational case histories,
material composition, and expected thermal cycles associated with each component.
Some shortened component life in the steam attemperator system can be attributed to
supporting operational systems, such as feedwater or condensate supply conditions,
water chemistry, distributed control system (DCS) settings, or response times. These
support systems are usually designed for no or minimum spray conditions at design or
baseload conditions for maximum efficiency.
The attemperator system installed at a plant designed for baseload may exhibit much
different operation when cycled. A functional field test often proves prior factory test
settings to be inaccurate. The following is a minimum list of supporting systems and
parameters associated with the attemperator that should be reviewed and/or inspected
to minimize the chance of downstream damage:
Feedwater or condensate supply pressure, flow rate, and temperature at the
spraywater control valve during various load conditions, or at the attemperator
probe if an integrated design is present.
Thermal probes, operational temperature, and location specifications should be
verified and/or tested.
DCS logic settings should be consistent with plant operation. The dead band of
the control signal should be within the required tolerance.
Water chemistry should be known throughout the steam and condensate systems
under various load conditions.

This equipment, if not originally designed for cyclical operation, can be redesigned or
modified to better suit current operational conditions. Often, a presumed shortage of
feedwater or condensate spray capacity can be attributed to a logic setting in the DCS
for valve position, or for response at a predetermined load condition.
Additionally, if the plant infrastructure has been in service for a period of years and has
experienced a series of routine control valve preventative and corrective maintenance
actions, operators may observe a minor, incorrect spraywater control valve stem
position setting. Thermal probes are often placed incorrectly during unit construction,
resulting in probe wetting or water droplet impingement, which will result in inaccurate
steam temperature measurement.
Locating the Attemperator
In addition to mechanical design and field operations, accurately predicting water
droplet atomization is very important. However, measuring droplet atomization in the
field is difficult. If atomization of spraywater into the steam system is negatively affecting
the ability of the temperature probe to measure downstream steam temperature
correctly, then severe overspray and underspray conditions can produce increased
thermal cycles and component damage.
Thermal probe location is a first step in verifying or eliminating probes as a possible
contributor topoor steam attemperator system performance. Here are two general rules
for measuring and verifying the proper location of upstream and downstream
attemperator thermal probes (in a straight pipe):
The upstream thermal probe should be a minimum of five pipe diameters from the
attemperator location.
The downstream thermal probe should be a minimum of 20 pipe diameters from
the attemperator location.
These rules of thumb should be used as a quick check of an existing installation in
straight pipe and are useful in determining if a gross error was made in thermal probe
placement. Droplet atomization calculations can be used to determine the exact
requirements and dimensions for the piping arrangement and thermocouple locations.
Advances in Steam Temperature Control
Precise steam temperature control has been a challenge for steam plant operators
since coal was first shoveled into a furnace. Todays superheat temperatures and daily
plant cycling place extraordinary stresses on critical components. Effective steam
temperature control is needed to protect expensive downstream equipment, such as the
steam turbine.
In a typical CC plant, precise steam temperature control often conflicts with compact
steam piping design. That makes it difficult to select an attemperator that can operate in
the shortest possible straight length of pipe yet with an effective evaporation rate. This
is particularly difficult when short pipe length is coupled with a high turndown ratio and
the desire for a flat temperature distribution across the steam pipe.
Primary atomization of the feedwater used to attemperate the steam is produced by the
nozzle design and geometry within the desuperheater and the pressure differential
between the cooling water and the steam. Together with the University of Eindhoven in
The Netherlands, Tyco Valves & Controls commissioned a joint research project to
develop theoretical modeling of primary atomization using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) analysis and laboratory laser diffraction to analyze water droplet size upon
discharge from the desuperheater.
The study examined two nozzle designs, spring-loaded and swirl nozzles. Initial results
have identified that when operating at 25 bar (263 psi) with a 0.05 mm lift and K
v
=
0.047 (K
v
is a function of the nozzle design, and it relates the flow through a nozzle as a
function of the fluid properties and the pressure drop across the nozzle), spring-loaded
nozzles produce droplet sizes of 87 m (the diameter of a human hair averages 30 m).
The same calculation for swirl nozzles at 25 bar, K
v
= 0.043 resulted in droplet sizes of
27 ma factor of two to four times smaller than spring-loaded nozzles, depending on
the operational pressure range. Basic engineering guidelines indicate that the smaller
droplet sizes will evaporate faster and provide better desuperheater controllability.
Using this data, Tyco analyzed the secondary atomization characteristics evident when
the speed differential and drag forces between the cooling water and pipeline media
cause the droplets to split into smaller sizes. By measuring the speed differential of the
two nozzle designs, Tyco is able to define which nozzle achieves higher speeds and
therefore faster secondary atomization. Optimum atomization will result in frictional
forces breaking the droplet size, which results in complete mixing and true temperature
control and measurement.

4. Small droplets desired. This is a laboratory image of droplet size analysis. The size
of the water droplets flowing into the steam determines the rate of water atomization
and steam temperature.Source: Tyco Valves & Controls
The results of the Tyco desuperheater research study demonstrate that swirl nozzle
designs offer enhanced performance and maximum use of water pressure drop for
atomization in the shortest possible length. Optimized spray injection angles of swirl
nozzles allow equal temperature distribution within the pipe and provide the highest
turndown ratio using mass flow control, rather than pressure control. Having no springs
or moving parts within the nozzle, and no pressure drop and cavitation in the control
valve, maximizes the operational life cycle of the swirl nozzle design compared to
spring-loaded nozzles.
Improving Desuperheater Design
The next generation of combustion turbines, HRSGs, and steam turbines will be able to
operate at final steam temperatures that are projected to reach 1,150F. As steam
temperatures rise, the need for tight steam control also increases, and multiple design
solutions are required, depending on the specific modes of operation expected from the
plant. At these higher steam temperatures it is imperative that potential weak points in a
steam temperature control system are identified before it is installed in the field. That
means relying on modern engineering techniques, 3-D design simulations, and the use
of CFD and finite element analysis (FEA) tools.
For example, using CFD and FEA allows effective spacing of the nozzle openings to
prevent areas of high stress. These tools can then be used to confirm whether the spray
water nozzles are designed at the optimum angle for the shortest evaporation time and
the reduction of cold spots on the inner steam line, which could lead to pipe cracking.
Understanding the stress of higher cycling on the attemperator system and
desuperheater nozzle units helps engineers to avoid future mechanical stress-related
failures and maximize system life.
CFD modeling techniques also enable close examination of the droplet distribution
within the pipeline from both probe-style and circumferential desuperheaters. This
identifies which design offers more equal droplet distribution between the hot steam flow
and cooling water and therefore faster and more effective evaporation. Using CFD
analysis provides greater understanding of attemperator system design and how
altering desuperheater geometry and spray nozzle angle can improve droplet
evaporation and minimize impingement on the pipe wall.
FEA offers particular advantages during the design and engineering phase of the
project by analyzing the heating and cooling cycles of critical desuperheater
components. Attemperator components in the hot zone are at increased risk of thermal
fatigue and shock. Using an FEA program, Tyco can identify where a crack may appear
in, for example, the desuperheater nozzle and predict the potential failure point over the
service life of the product.
Taking its steam temperature control testing further, Tyco has carried out thermal
fatigue cycle analysis on its desuperheater nozzle injection units in two material types
F91 and Inconnel 718at steam temperatures up to 1,150F, water temperature of
307F, and up to 10,000 thermal cycles. These analysis tools have allowed Tyco to
improve the design geometry and metallurgy of its severe service desuperheaters,
which then allow engineers to produce a design that will minimize stress points and
optimize the design and engineering characteristics of the attemperator system (Figure
5).

5. TempLowHT flow path. TempLowHT incorporates a spraywater control valve
located outside the heat-affected zone, reducing the risk of thermal shock to critical
components. A single probe provides water droplet atomization through a series of
nozzles located parallel to the steam flow.Source: Tyco Valves & Controls
The Future of Steam Attemperation Technology
Drawing on the results of the water droplet study, CFD modeling, and FEA, Tyco has
developed a new circumferential steam attemperation system for the power generation
industry. CircTemp has been designed and engineered to improve desuperheater
performance in severe-service boiler system applications. In developing the product,
Tyco used the advanced modeling techniques to establish the performance
characteristics and operational parameters. CircTemps design uses the high-
temperature, high-cycling experience Tyco has gathered through its Narvik-Yarway
TempLowHT probe desuperheater and applies it to the new product development.
Tyco started with a nozzle design that provided good primary atomization, ensuring that
droplets would only become smaller during secondary atomization with the shortest
possible evaporation time. This approach has reduced water droplet sizes from 100 to
20 , delivering shorter evaporation times. The key is the higher turndown ratio
achieved by the CircTemp desuperheater, compared with typical spring-loaded nozzle
circumferential designs. Using mass flow, rather than a pressure-reducing control valve,
maintains a constant pressure differential within the attemperator system. This
increases the velocity of the water discharged from the nozzle injection unit, producing
smaller water droplets. In spring-loaded nozzle designs, the control valve is the limiting
factor because the pressure after the valve determines the discharge velocity.
The CircTemp design enables individual nozzles to be shut off as the steam load
fluctuates. This means that a considerably higher turndown ratio can be achieved by
sequencing nozzle open and closing. As the load increases, smaller nozzles and then
larger nozzles can be opened one at a time, as the flow requires. When less flow is
needed, the nozzles can be closed in the reverse sequence: first the largest and then
the smaller nozzles.
Tycos study into optimum spraywater angles also determined that cooling water
entering the pipe perpendicular to the steam flow could impinge on the pipe wall.
Optimized spray angles and nozzle configuration creates different cooling water spray
patterns and ensures equal distribution. This research into desuperheater spraywater
characteristics has influenced the CircTemp design to prevent potential damage to
downstream pipe and liners by eliminating cold spots on the inner pipe wall and
maintaining constant steam temperature.
Striving for higher CC plant efficiency means higher steam temperatures and, probably,
high cycling duty over the lifetime of a plant. Components in direct contact with the
higher-temperature steam must have the best materials, be based on state-of-the-art
research, and integrate field operating experience into their design and manufacture.
One of those components, the critical yet problematic desuperheater valve, is ready
today for the next generation of combined cycle plants.
Martin-J an Strebe (mstrebe@tyco-valves.com) is director for global product
management control valves and Arvo Eilau is marketing manager, Tyco Valves &
Controls. As of October 1, 2012, Tyco Valves & Controls will be officially known as
Pentair Valves & Controls.