ELSEVIER Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133

Pr.lCA
Multistable nonlinear surface modes
Yuri S. Kivshar a,*, Fei Zhang b, Shozo Takeno c
a Optical Sciences Centre, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering,
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
b Department of Computational Science, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
c Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Sciences, Osaka Institute of Technology, Hirakata 573-01, Japan
Received 16 June 1997; received in revised form 4 September 1997
Abs t r a c t
We analyze the structure and stability of nonlinear surface modes in a simple one-dimensional lattice model of an adsorbed
layer. Applying the bifurcation analysis, we reveal the phenomenon of multistability that manifests itself in the existence, for
certain values of the total energy, of three distinct types of nonlinear surface modes with different structures and locations. We
find that two of these modes are stable while the other one is unstable, and we investigate numerically the switching between
the unstable and stable surface modes. 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
PACS: 63.20.Pw, 46.10.+z, 63.20.Ry, 61.70.Rj
Keywords: Surface waves; Multistability; Discrete breathers
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
Bi st abi l i t y (or, in general, mul t i st abi l i t y) is one of the f undament al physi cal phenomenon whi ch can charact eri ze
st rongl y nonl i near propert i es of physi cal syst ems. It was f ound f or a number of nonl i near syst ems of di fferent physi cal
context. The mos t fami l i ar is opt i cal bi st abi l i t y whi ch l ed t o the devel opment of numer ous opt i cal swi t chi ng devi ces
i nvol vi ng cavi t i es or Fabr y- Per ot resonat ors, gui ded modes at nonl i near interfaces, f our - wave mi xi ng, etc. (see,
e.g., [1,2] and references therein). Usual l y bistability is defi ned as the existence, in a cert ai n regi on of the syst em
paramet ers, of mul t i val ued sol ut i ons of a nonl i near syst em, e.g. mor e t han one out put at a fixed input.
Mul t i st abi l i t y was al so predi ct ed and anal yzed f or solitary waves, in the f r amewor k of the general i zed nonl i near
Schr 6di nger equat i on [3]. Recent l y, it was shown t hat paramet ri c solitary waves support ed by t hree-wave mi xi ng
in a diffractive opt i cal medi um can di spl ay mul t i st abi l i t y in a cert ai n paramet er regi on [4]. I n the case of spatially
l ocal i zed waves in cont i nuous model s, mul t i st abi l i t y implies t hat there exists mor e t han one possi bl e pr opagat i on
const ant of an opt i cal beam (or the f r equency o f an opt i cal pul se) and, consequent l y, mor e t han one possi bl e shape
of a solitary wave possessi ng a cert ai n val ue of the total power [3,5].
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 02 6249-3081; fax: 02 6249-5184; e-mail: ysk124@rsphysse.anu.edu.au.
0167-2789/98/$19.00 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
PI I S 0 1 6 7 - 2 7 8 9 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 7 1 - 2
126 ES. Kivshar et al. /Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133
Di f f e r e n t mo d e l s d e s c r i b i n g mi c r o s c o p i c p h e n o me n a i n s ol i d s t at e p h y s i c s a r e i nhe r e nt l y di s cr et e, wi t h t he l a t t i c e
s p a c i n g b e t we e n t he a t o mi c s t at es b e i n g a f u n d a me n t a l p h y s i c a l p a r a me t e r . I t i s we l l k n o wn t hat di s c r e t e ne s s c a n
dr a s t i c a l l y mo d i f y t he p r o p e r t i e s o f n o n l i n e a r s y s t e ms , i nc l udi ng i nt r i ns i c l o c a l i z e d mo d e s [6, 7] ( s ee a l s o t he r e v i e w
p a p e r s , [8]), mo d u l a t i o n a l i ns t a bi l i t y [9] a nd t he s t r uc t ur e o f n o n l i n e a r s t a ndi ng mo d e s [10]. Ho we v e r , t o t he b e s t
o f o u r k n o wl e d g e , t he p h e n o me n o n o f bi s t a bi l i t y ha s not b e e n d i s c u s s e d y e t f o r l oc a l i z e d mo d e s i n di s c r e t e l at t i ces.
I n t hi s p a p e r we e x t e n d t he c o n c e p t o f mul t i s t a bi l i t y o f s ol i t a r y wa v e s , i n t r o d u c e d e a r l i e r f o r c o n t i n u o u s mo d e l s , t o
l oc a l i z e d mo d e s i n di s c r e t e l at t i ces . We d e mo n s t r a t e t he e x i s t e n c e o f multistable nonlinear surface modes l oc a l i z e d
n e a r a c r ys t a l s ur f a c e ( e. g. , t he e n d o f a o n e - d i me n s i o n a l n o n l i n e a r l at t i ce) .
Th e n o n l i n e a r s ur f a c e mo d e s a n a l y z e d he r e c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d as a s pe c i a l t y p e o f t he s o- c a l l e d intrinsic localized
modes k n o wn t o e xi s t i n a p e r f e c t l at t i ce wi t h t he f r e q u e n c y a b o v e t he u p p e r c u t - o f f o f t he l i ne a r s p e c t r u m b a n d
[6, 7]. I nt r i ns i c l o c a l i z e d mo d e s r e qui r e e n e r g y l o c a l i z a t i o n o n a l e ngt h s c a l e o f o r d e r o f a l at t i ce s p a c i n g wh i c h i s
mo r e di f f i cul t t o r e a l i z e f o r a b u l k t ha n f o r a surface. Th a t i s wh y r e c e n t i nve s t i ga t i ons o f i nt r i ns i c l oc a l i z e d mo d e s
h a v e b e e n e x t e n d e d t o t he s t u d y o f n o n l i n e a r mo d e s l o c a l i z e d n e a r c r y s t a l s ur f a c e s [ 1 1 - 1 4 ] .
I n t hi s pa pe r , us i ng a s i mp l e o n e - d i me n s i o n a l mo d e l f o r a n a d s o r b e d l a y e r t o d e s c r i b e s t r o n g l y l oc a l i z e d s ur f a c e
mo d e s (i. e. t he mo d e s n e a r t he e nd o f a o n e - d i me n s i o n a l l at t i ce) , we a n a l y z e t he mo d i f i c a t i o n o f t he s t r uc t ur e o f
n o n l i n e a r s u r f a c e mo d e s due t o a va r i a t i on o f t he ma s s r a t i o o f t he s ur f a c e a nd l a t t i c e par t i cl es . We r e v e a l mu l t i v a l u e d
s ol ut i ons f o r n o n l i n e a r s ur f a c e mo d e s a nd i nve s t i ga t e t he i r s t a bi l i t y a nd s wi t c hi ng b e t we e n u n s t a b l e a nd s t a bl e st at es.
I mp o r t a n t l y , we r e v e a l a n o v e l t y p e o f mul t i s t a bi l i t y wh e n t he r e e xi s t s e ve r a l n o n l i n e a r l at t i ce mo d e s wi t h di f f e r e nt
structures and locations n e a r t he s ur f ace, c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t he s a me v a l u e o f t he mo d e ener gy.
2. Model and surface modes
We c o n s i d e r a s i mp l e mo d e l o f a n a d s o r b e d l a y e r d e s c r i b e d b y a o n e - d i me n s i o n a l s e mi - i nf i ni t e mo n o a t o mi c
l a t t i c e wh e r e t he pa r t i c l e s h a v e t he ma s s mn= M ( f or al l n > 1) di f f e r e nt f r o m t he ma s s mo = m o f a s ur f a c e
a t o m ( at n = 0) . We a s s u me t ha t t he pa r t i c l e s i nt e r a c t v i a a n e a r e s t - n e i g h b o r q u a d r a t i c - q u a r t i c pot e nt i a l , s o t hat t he
e qua t i ons o f mo t i o n f o r t he p a r t i c l e ' s d i s p l a c e me n t Un, at t he si t e n c a n b e wr i t t e n i n t he f o l l o wi n g f o r m:
M d2un
dt 2 = k2(un+! + Un--1 -- 2Un) + k4[(Un+l -- Un) 3 + (un-I -- Un)3], n > 1, (1)
wh i c h s houl d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r wi t h t he e q u a t i o n f o r t he s ur f a c e pa r t i c l e at n = 0 t ha t p l a y s t he r ol e o f a
b o u n d a r y c ondi t i on t o Eq. (1):
d2u0
m - - - ~ = k z ( u l - uo) + k 4 ( u l - uo) 3. (2)
I n t he c a s e o f a h a r mo n i c l at t i ce, i . e. , wh e n k4 = O, t he mo d e l (1), (2) ha s a s i mp l e s ol ut i on f o r a s ur f a c e mo d e ,
U n (t) = uoq n cos( ~ot ) , (3)
2 2
m 09 2 -- wmM (4)
q- m- M' 4r e ( M- m) '
wh e r e ~o 2 = 4k e / M i s t he m a x i m u m ( c ut - of f ) f r e q u e n c y o f t he s p e c t r u m b a n d o f a n i nf i ni t e h a r mo n i c chai n. As
f o l l o ws f r o m Eqs . (3) a nd (4), a s ur f a c e mo d e c a n e xi s t i n a h a r mo n i c l at t i ce p r o v i d e d m < M/ 2, i . e. , f o r a sufficiently
light s ur f a c e a t o m. Th i s mo d e h a s i t s m a x i m u m a mp l i t u d e at n = 0, i. e. i t i s c e nt e r e d at t he l i ght s ur f a c e a t o m. Th e
mo d e ' s f r e q u e n c y w i s h i g h e r t h a n t he u p p e r c u t - o f f f r e q u e n c y ogre, a nd t he a t o ms os c i l l a t e out o f p h a s e as q < 0.
Y.S. Kivshar et al./Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133 127
Similar to the case of a harmoni c lattice, n o n l i n e a r l oc al i z e d mo d e s should involve atoms oscillating with the
opposite phases. Therefore, we l ook for a stationary solution in the form
u n ( t ) = A ( - 1 ) n ~ n cos(wt ), (5)
where A is the characteristic value of the mode amplitude. Substituting Eq. (5) into Eqs. (1) and (2) and maki ng use
of the rotating-wave approximation [7,8], we obtain the equation for the mode amplitudes ~n (for n _> 1):
Mo)2~n = kz(~n+l -t- ~n-I - t - 2~n) -q- 3AZk4[( ~n+l "q- ~n) 3 -t- (~n-I -t'- ~n)3], (6)
and the boundary condition (at n = 0)
mo)2~0 = k2(~l n t- G0) -t- 3A2k4(~l + ~0) 3. (7)
Following the basic concepts of the theory of intrinsic localized modes [7,8], we consider a strongly localized
surface mode whose frequency o~ is mu c h h i g h e r than the upper cut -off frequency W,n of the phonon spectrum band.
In this case of strong nonlinearity, we can reduce the equations of mot i on (6) and (7) to a few coupled equations.
To do so, we introduce the rescaled variables
= ( 3 k 4 A 2 " ~ 1/2
0n ~ Mo92 ] ~n, (8)
and neglect all terms of order of 32, where 3 = Wm/~O is considered to be a small paramet er which characterizes
competition bet ween the linear and nonlinear interactions of the atoms in the discrete model. As a result, we obtain
a syst em of dimensionless algebraic equations from which we take only the first four equations for the particles
near the end of the chain,
4Z00 = (0t + 00) 3, 401 = (02 + 01) 3 + (00 + 01) 3,
402 = (03 + 02) 3 + (01 + 02) 3, 403 = 0 3 + ( 0 2 + 0 3 ) 3 , (9)
where Z = m / M is the mass ratio. To derive the syst em of the algebraic equations (9) we have assumed that the
strong nonlinearity leads to a surface mode localized on a few particles near the surface. Therefore, we consider
the oscillations of only four particles near the surface assuming 0n = 0 for all n > 4. As follows from the analysis
below, this assumption is consistent with the results of direct numerical simulations, provided the mode amplitude
is large enough.
In order to find the solutions for the amplitudes 0n (where n = 0, 1, 2, 3) for different values of the mass ratio
;~ =_ m / M , we rewrite the last three equations of the syst em (9) as follows:
02 = (403 -- 03) 1 / 3 _ 03, (10)
01 = [402 -- (02 "+- 03)3] 1/3 -- 02 ~--- 01 (03), (11)
00 = [401 - (0t + 0 2 ) 3 ] 1 / 3 - 0 1 ~-- 00(03). (12)
In addition, from the first equation of the syst em (9) we can obtain
(00 + 0 J ) 3
;~ - - = ) , ( 0 3 ) . ( 1 3 )
400
Using these relations we calculate the functions 0n (L) numerically. The numerical results for the mode amplitudes
0n are summari zed in Fig. 1.
128 Y.S. Ki vshar et al . / Physi ca D 119 (1998) 125-133
0.7
if)
.~_ 0. 5
Q.
E
c-
O 0 . 3
o
09
0 0.1
- 0 . 1
0
" " " " " ' : " : 1 " ' ' " " "
" ' . . . . _ , 3
---- . . . . i - ! %
. , I , , , . ,
1 2
Ma s s r at i o, m/ M
Fi g. 1. Dependence o f t he part i cl e ampl i t udes Cn (n = 0, 1, 2, 3) of st rongl y l ocal i zed nonl i near surface modes as f unct i ons o f t he mas s
rat i o )~ = m/ M. Resul t s are obt ai ned in t he rot at i ng-wave appr oxi mat i on by sol vi ng Eqs. (9).
Fig. 1 shows that for small values of the mass ratio ~., the surface mode has the largest amplitude at the site
n = 0, i.e. at the surface particle, similar to the case of a surface mode in a harmonic lattice discussed above.
Such a nonlinear surface mode looks similar to an intrinsic localized mode [7,8] centered at the light-mass surface
particle.
Increasing the mass ratio ), to exceed the critical value )~ = 0.976 leads again to a single solution for the surface
mode. In particular, for ~ = 1 (m = M) we find the surface mode with ~b0 ~ 43 ~ 0.107 and ~bl ~ 2 ~ 0.646. This
structure is in very good agreement with the surface mode structure reported previously [11-14]. Also, a nonlinear
surface mode can still exist for a heavy sturface at om ()~ >> 1) due to an interplay between nonlinearity, discreteness
and surface effects. This result is in a sharp cont rast with the theory of surface modes in harmonic lattices. However,
for large values of )~ the nonlinear surface mode is getting more and more shifted spatially from the lattice surface
into the bulk.
3. Multistability of nonl i near surface modes
The most interesting result we obtain for this simple model of an adsorbed layer is the existence of mul t i val ued
sol ut i ons for nonlinear surface modes. This effect becomes possible onl y for the case m # M, and that is why it
has been mi ssed in earlier analysis, see e.g., [ 11,12]. Indeed, as can be seen from Fig. 1, for any value of ~ taken in
the interval (0.876, 0.976), there exist three di f f erent structures for the surface modes. We present the structures of
these three different surface modes in Fig. 2 for ~ = 0.9. We show the value and sign of the particle displacements
for each of these nonlinear surface modes. It is clear that the structures A, B and C differ not only in the maxi mum
amplitude but also in the location of the center of the mass, which can be attributed to the existence of an effective
periodic potential affecting the mode mobility. Such an effective potential can be regarded as a combination of
a periodic (or Pei erl s-Nabarro) potential due to discreteness effect and an attractive potential arising from the
surface.
Y.S. Kivshar et al. /Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133 129
mode A
I
t
I
1 W
ql
mode B
q|
T
O
ql
mode C
q l
T
i
Fig. 2. Structure of the three different types (modes A, B, and C) of nonlinear surface mode in a monoatomic lattice with the mass ratio
L = 0.9, as follows from the results presented in Fig. 1.
To analyze the multivalued localized solutions for the nonlinear surface mode in more detail and to construct the
corresponding bifurcation diagram, we have calculated the system energy according to the expression:
n~>0{_~ ( d u n ~ 2 1 4 k4( un+l Un)4 }
E = \ dt I + -~k2(un+l - un) 2 + - . (14)
Calculating the energy (14) in the limit 09 >> o) m and averaging over the period of rapid oscillations yields the
result
/ E ' l /
E = Eo ()~ - 1)4~ 2 + ~ ~b 2 + ~(~n+l + ~n) 4 , ( 15)
n>_0
where the characteristic energy E0 is defined by the microscopic parameters and the mode frequency,
M2w 4
E0 -- (16)
12k4
The dependence E / E o vs. )~ is plotted in Fig. 3 for the numerical solutions presented in Fig. 1. As can be seen
from Fig. 3, in the intermediate region of the mass ratio )~, this dependence displays a multivalued dependence
well recognized in the catastrophe theory as "Whitney gather", or a low-dimensional Whitney surface (see, e.g.
[15] and references therein). According to the reasoning of the catastrophe theory applied to the analysis of the
solitary wave stability (see [15] for a general overview, and also [4] for an example of application) this type of the
bifurcation diagram should correspond to the existence of two s t abl e and one uns t abl e surface modes at a fixed
value of the mode energy. The cuspidal edges correspond, respectively, to a degenerate bifurcation point [15]. We
have verified this result of the bifurcation analysis of the mode stability by direct numerical simulations discussed
below.
Dynamical properties of the nonlinear surface modes obtained in the four-particle approximation have been
analyzed with the help of direct numerical simulations of Eqs. (1) and (2) for different values of the mass ratio
= m/ M. Numerical simulations of Eqs. (1) and (2) have been done in the way similar to the study of impurity
130 Y.S. Kivshar et al./Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133
1 . 5
LU
1. 0
0 . 5
0 . 0
3 5 , ,
/ 13o _ ........f
/ 1.25
1 . 2 0 '
0 . 8 5 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 5 1. 0
0 1 2
Ma s s r a t i o , m/ M
Fig. 3. Bifurcation diagram for the multistable nonlinear surface modes shown as the dimensionless energy E/Eo vs. the mass ratio L. The
occurrence of a Whitney gather (Whitney surface) corresponds to the mode multistability, as explained in the text. The unstable branch
corresponds to the mode B in Fig. 2 and it is shown by the dashed line. The insert shows an enlarged part of the multistability region.
modes report ed earlier i n [ 16], and t hey have been car ded out f or a chai n of 400 particles usi ng an opt i mi zed
f our t h- or der sympl ect i c i nt egrat or [17], whi ch can conser ve t he syst em' s total ener gy wi t h a ver y hi gh accuracy. I n
all t he cases simulated, t he structure of t he nonl i near surface mode has been used as an initial condi t i on.
I n numer i cal si mul at i ons, we have f ound t hat t he sol ut i on obt ai ned in t he f r amewor k of the four-part i cl e approx-
i mat i on gives a very good approximation t o a nonl i near surface mode. I n general, the four-part i cl e appr oxi mat i on
mode is stable pr ovi ded t he initial mode ampl i t ude A is l arger t han a cert ai n critical value. Thi s critical val ue Acr
depends on the mass ratio )~, e.g., Acr ~ 1.9 f or )~ = 1. Thi s is consi st ent wi t h t he fact t hat the rot at i ng-wave
appr oxi mat i on is val i d in pri nci pl e when the mode ampl i t ude (and t hus the mode frequency) is large enough. Of
course, this st at ement is valid f or monoat omi c lattices wher e t he mode f r equency is above t he upper cut - of f of the
linear spect r um band, in pol y- at omi c lattice t he val i di t y of t he rot at i ng wave appr oxi mat i on may become wor se
whi l e appr oachi ng one of t he upper bands.
As has been expect ed, f or rel at i vel y small values of t he mass ratio ~., t he surface mode attains its l argest ampl i t ude
at the surface at om wi t h t he site n = 0, si mi l ar t o t he convent i onal (linear) surface mode i n a har moni c lattice. We
find t hat a nonl i near mode can al so exist near a heavy mass surface at om ()~ > 1), even t hough t he heavy mass is
effect i vel y repul si ve t o the mode. Whe n the mass ratio increases, t he mode cent er get s shifted f r om the surface so
t hat f or ver y large values of )~ the mode osci l l at i on does not i nvol ve much t he surface at om at n = 0.
For t he val ues of ~ sel ect ed i n t he interval (0. 876, 0. 976) we confi rm t he results o f the bi furcat i on anal ysi s t hat t he
l ower and t he upper br anches (solid curves in Fig. 3) of the mode ener gy cor r espond t o stable solutions, whi l e t he
mi ddl e br anch (dashed curve i n Fig. 3) t o unstable. To show t he di fference in t he dynami cs of stable and unst abl e
surface modes, in Figs. 4( a) - ( d) we di spl ay t he evol ut i on of t he di spl acement s o f f our part i cl es near t he surface
obt ai ned f r om the si mul at i on of the full syst em of lattice dynami cs equations. The dynami cs of t wo stable modes
(solid lines and stars) and unst abl e mode ( open circles) are shown, si mul at ed at t he same value o f t he mode energy,
E = 10.0, i.e. wi t h scal ed amplitudes. Inst abi l i t y of t he mode B mani fest s i t sel f as a transition (or swi t chi ng) t o
one of t he stable modes ( mode C defined in Fig. 2) and peri odi c osci l l at i ons near t hat stable state.
Y.S. Kivshar et al . / Physi ca D 119 (1998) 125-133 131
2 I
u o ( a )
o
n
o o o
. . . . . . . . -o e ~ ~
I | I
0 1 O0 200
I
u = ( c )
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 0 0 u "0 0 .~
O0 0
2
0
0
0 ,~ , , , n 0 . 0
0 1 O0 2 0 0
T i m e
u l ' i ( b ) _]
. . . . . . . . ~ ~ , ~ ~ . ~, ~n
1
0 0 t I
0 1 O0 2 0 0
0 . 4 ,
,p o o %
0 . 2 o _ o 0 o
. . . . . . . . o o " o - |
l - o o o o o o o
~ ~o oo~ o%O %o~ %
oO oo oO
o o
/ o o
~ m . ! ,
0 1 O0 2 0 0
T i m e
Fi g. 4. Di r ect numer i cal s i mul at i ons of t he dyna mi c s of mul t i st abl e nonl i near s ur f ace mo d e s for t he ma s s rat i o ~. = 0. 9 (k2 = 0 and
k4 - - 1. 0) and t he mo d e ener gy E = 10.0. Shown are t he ma x i mu m osci l l at i on ampl i t udes , uo, u h u2, and u3, for t he f our par t i cl es near
t he s ur f ace s hown i n (a), (b), (c) and (d), respect i vel y. Sol i d l i nes: t he upper br anch or mode A. Ope n ci rcl es: t he mi ddl e br anch or mode
B. Stars: t he l ower br anch or mo d e C.
To demonstrate the further evolution of the unstable and stable modes more clearly, in Figs. 5(a) and (b) we show
oscillations of the lattice particles for the stable and unstable modes. It is clearly seen that, due to nonlinear effects,
large-amplitude oscillations of the unstable mode lead to the mode destruction and chaotic dynamics (Fig. 5(a)).
This should be compared with the evolution of one of the stable modes (mode C) shown in Fig. 5(b).
4. Concl usi ons
We have extended the concept of multistability, introduced earlier for solitary waves in continuous models, to
nonlinear localized modes in discrete lattices. Considering a simple model of an adsorbed layer, we have demon-
strated the existence of three distinct types of nonlinear modes localized near the crystal surface where the surface
particle is assumed to have a mass different from that of the lattice particles. The multistable surface modes have
been found to possess different amplitudes and different spatial locations near the surface. We have shown that this
novel type of "amplitude-position" multistability can be revealed by using a bifurcation analysis. In addition, we
have studied the switching between the unstable and stable states. The multistability phenomenon, which could be
found in other models of nonlinear localized modes, might be useful to explain the mode mobility in discrete lattices
as a transition between multistable states corresponding to the same value of energy but represented by different
spatial configurations.
132 YS. Kivshar et al . / Physi ca D 119 (1998) 125-133
U 5
U 4
U 3
U 2
U~
U o
U 5
U 4
U 3
U2
U~
U o
' ( a ) ' ~ k ~ 4
I * I n I i
I !
(b)
: ....... . . . . . . . = : , " . . . . . ? ; ; ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . T L T , ' S ' ? Z , ' Z E . . . . . . v . m w r o l l . r T r T I ~ ? r T W w w ~ v r W I . I I I 1 T T n . v , r l u m u l p - , ? T , F - V V i i ~ l i I ~ T ~
I
0 200 400 600
Time
Fig. 5. Direct numerical simulations of the longtime mode evolution for (a) unstable mode B and (b) stable modes C. The model parameters
are 3. = 0.9, k2 = 0, and k4 = 1.0.
Acknowledgements
Yuri Ki vs har i s a me mb e r of t he Aus t r al i an Phot oni cs Cooper at i ve Res ear ch Cent r e. A par t of hi s wor k was
s uppor t ed under t he Aus t r al i an Ac a d e my of Sci ences, and t he J apanes e Soci et y f or t he Pr omot i on of Sci ence Ex-
change Pr ogr am, whi ch i s f unded by t he Aus t r al i an and J apanes e Gover nment s . Yuri Ki vs har t hanks t he De pa r t me nt
of I nf or mat i on Sys t ems of t he Os a ka I nst i t ut e of Technol ogy f or a wa r m hos pi t al i t y dur i ng hi s st ay i n Japan. Fei
Zha ng' s wor k i s s uppor t ed by t he Ac a d e mi c Res ear ch Gr ant s ( No 950601 and No 960689) and t he Lee Kuan Yew
Endowme nt Fund at t he Nat i onal Uni ver s i t y of Si ngapor e.
References
[1] H.M. Gibbs, Optical Bistability: Controlling Light with Light, Academic Press, New York, 1985.
[2] N.N. Rozanov, Optical Bistability and Hysteresis in Nonlinear Systems, (in Russian), Nauka, Moscow, 1997.
[3] A.E. Kaplan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1291; R.H. Enns, S.S. Ragneker, A.E. Kaplan, Phys. Rev. A 35 (1987) 466; 36 (1987) 1270.
[4] A.V. Buryak, Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 3286.
[5] D.E. Pelinovsky, V.V. Afanasjev, Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. E 53 (1996) 1940.
[6] A.S. Dolgov, Sov. Phys. Solid State 28 (1986) 907.
[7] A.J. Sievers, S. Takeno, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 970.
[8] A.J. Sievers, J.B. Page, in: G.K. Horton, A.A. Maradudin (Eds.), Dynamical Properties of Solids VII. Phonon Physics: The Cutting
Edge, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995, p. 137; S. Flach, C.R. Willis, Phys. Rep. 295 (1998) 181.
Y.S. Kivshar et al./Physica D 119 (1998) 125-133 133
[9] Yu.S. Kivshar, M. Peyrard, Phys. Rev. A 46 (1992) 3198.
[10] Yu.S. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 3055; Phys. Rev. E 48 (1993) 4132; Yu.S. Kivshar et al., Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994) 3161.
[11] T. Watanabe, S. Takeno, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 63 (1994) 2028.
[12] R.E Wallis, A. Franchini, V. Bortolani, Phys. Rev. B 50 (1994) 9851; B 53 (1996) 5420.
[13] D. Bonart, A.P. Mayer, U. Schr6der, Phys. Rev. B 51 (1995) 13739.
[14] Yu.S. Kivshar, Fei Zhang, S. Takeno, Physica D 113 (1998) 248.
[15] F.V. Kusmartsev, Phys. Rep. 183 (1989) 1.
[16] Yu.S. Kivshar, E Zhang, A.S. Kovalev, Phys. Rev. B 55 (1997) 14265.
[17] R.I. McLachlan, P. Atela, Nonlinearity 5 (1992) 541.