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INV
is the DC/AC conversion efficiency.
However, to carry out detailed annual productivity
analysis of a PV plant by this method could be laborious
and inaccurate. In fact, to precisely determine PR values
with short time steps requires long analytic examination
and, in reverse, to adopt average PR values cause
imprecise results.
For the performance of PV systems, there are a
number of quick and user-friendly estimation tools, such
as the PV Potential Estimation Utility developed by the
Joint Research Center of the European Commission [5].
These allow to determine the average solar radiation
available in various European locations and consequently
the PV productivity. However, they assume approximate
PR values, so the final accuracy is not typically high.
In order to obtain more detailed analysis, on the
market some simulation software are available that can
perform energy calculations using the hourly climatic
data. To do so, it is possible to use methods based on the
reconstruction of a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY),
using statistical series of data acquired during several
years. Therefore, this procedure allows to evaluate
accurately the amount of all the previously-mentioned
influence factors.
In the present study, it was so decided to use a tool that
allows to carry out evaluation with high level of
accuracy, based on previously described criteria. Then,
by defining the climatic context and the PV plant
parameters, it was possible to simulate the performance
behavior of different configurations with the PVSyst
specialist software [6].
This software is used to predict in detail the
performance of a specific photovoltaic system, using the
hourly meteorological data for the analyzed location as a
reference. In particular, starting from the horizontal plane
irradiation, the software is able to simulate the incident
radiation on fixed or tracking surfaces. Subsequently, by
defining the technical characteristics of the selected
components, such as inverters and modules, it was
possible to simulate the PV plants behavior, depending
on the operating conditions of the selected site and the
assumed configuration.
The result of the described process is the energy
production estimation for the analyzed typologies of PV
plants.
167
VIII. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT PLANT
CONFIGURATIONS
On the basis of the choice of a reference configuration
of the PV plants components and the grounding-placing
layouts, detailed energy assessments have been carried
out for different climatic conditions. The reference
configuration is characterized by a 6.3 kW
p
plant which
consists in 30 modules (each of 210 W
p
), one single-
phase inverter and cables and connectors on DC side.
The chosen pick represents roughly the maximum peak
power connectable to a single-phase inverter. As
previously said, technological components have been
selected among those with higher efficiency, compared to
the available alternatives on the market. In particular,
regarding the PV modules, the choice fell on SANYO
HIP-210 NHE5, with a peak power of 210 W
p
.
With regard to the DC/AC converter, a POWER-ONE
OUT PVI-6000 inverter has been selected. This unit has a
rated power and an MPPT voltage range suitable for the
chosen modules configuration. Moreover, due to the lack
of isolation transformer and the presence of two separate
MPPT, it is capable to achieve high conversion
efficiencies of about 98%.
The performances associated to different spatial
variations and tracking logics were evaluated for the three
different representative climates sites. Table II shows the
results of energy performance for different configurations
of PV plant.
TABLE II
PR VALUES AND SPECIFIC ENERGY PRODUCTION
Site Plant type
H on
modules
surface
PR
Energy
production
kWh/m
2
% kWh/kWp
Fixed 30 0 1333 80.9 1114
1 axis E-O variable 0 1396 81.3 1170
1 axis N-S 0 variable 1556 82.2 1311
1 axis N-S
tilted
30 variable 1661 82.6 1407
M
i
l
a
n
2 axis variable variable 1703 82.8 1445
Fixed 30 0 1693 81 1414
1 axis E-O variable 0 1807 81.5 1514
1 axis N-S 0 variable 2035 82.3 1712
1 axis N-S
tilted
30 variable 2190 82.6 1850
R
o
m
e
2 axis variable variable 2249 82.8 1920
Fixed 30 0 1813 80.7 1509
1 axis E-O variable 0 1936 81.1 1614
1 axis N-S 0 variable 2228 82.1 1867
1 axis N-S
tilted
30 variable 2370 82.3 1989
P
a
l
e
r
m
o
2 axis variable variable 2427 82.4 2062
Analyzing the obtained results, following observations
can be made:
- PR increases for tracking configurations compared
to fixed ones, independently from the plant location;
- for tracking configurations, irradiation on the
modules surface and hence the productivity increase
more in southern locations, if compared with the
reference case. In facts, by moving towards South,
the ratio of beam and total available radiation is
higher than the North. In detail, in Milan the
average annual beam radiation is approximately
59% of the total, while in Palermo this ratio is
approximately 70% [7];
- the difference in productivity among various
specific configurations increases while decreasing
site latitude, in a proportional way to global
irradiation level;
- the maximum achievable enhancement with
tracking systems, compared to fixed ones, is
observed in Palermo, with values ranging between
7% for tracking systems with one-axis parallel to
north-south direction, and 37% for two-axis
systems.;
- biaxial configurations are always characterized by
highest energy production;
- the productivity of a biaxial configuration located in
Milan is higher than that of a fixed one placed in
Rome, and almost similar to the one generated by
fixed configuration placed in Palermo. As a
consequence, tracking systems could make more
productive a plant located in a place characterized
by low solar irradiation in comparison to a fixed
plant located in a higher solar irradiation climatic
zone.
Obtained results agree with literature data [8], which
confirms a maximum achievable performance
enhancement due to solar biaxial trackers placed in south
Europe ranging from 25% to 45%.
IX. COSTS ANALYSIS
In order to provide a complete evaluation about the
profitability of the described hypothesis, a market survey
was performed through some National System Integrators
[9] involved in turnkey PV systems implementation.
The first phase was useful to identify cost ranges for
each main category identified on the basis of market
prices of the various components. In addition, different
average cost impact was detected, in relation to
installation design and accessories for each plant type.
The total plant cost of each case, in fact, is determined by
both the variation of the market costs of component and
labour, but also by the contribution of each item on the
total cost. For example, in the configurations with
tracking system, the installation cost, expressed in /kW
p
,
is on average higher than that of fixed installations.
Once determined the initial investment costs, it was
also necessary to quantify the costs of annual
management, maintenance and insurance.
Obtained results are summarized in the table below.
168
TABLE III
AVERAGE CAPITAL COST AND ANNUAL MANAGEMENT, MAINTENANCE
AND INSURANCE COSTS FOR DIFFERENT PLANT TYPES
Fixed
1 axis
E-O
1 axis
N-S
1 axis N-
S tilted
2 axis
Specific
cost
/kWp 5500 6000 6000 6500 7000
Total cost 34650 37800 37800 40950 44100
Annual
costs
/year 500 550 570 600 660
X. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
In order to precisely determine the suitability of
different hypotheses analyzed, taking into consideration
the impact of the cost due to maintenance of service
charges / insurance, compared with revenues generated
from the plant operation, an economic analysis has been
carried out by determining IRR (Internal Rate of Return).
The IRR is a capital budgeting metric also called
discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or rate of
return (ROR). It is an indicator of the efficiency or
quality of an investment, as opposed to net present value
(NPV), which indicates only the value or magnitude.
The IRR is the annualized effective compounded
return rate, which can be earned on the invested capital,
i.e., the yield on the investment. Put another way, the
internal rate of return for an investment is the discount
rate that makes the net present value of the investment's
income stream total to zero. Given a collection of pairs
(time, cash flow) involved in a project, the internal rate of
return follows from the net present value as a function of
the rate of return. A rate of return for which this function
is zero is an internal rate of return.
So, once defined the NPV value according to the
following formula:
+
+ =
=
N
t
t
j
r
F
TC NPV
1 ) 1 (
where:
TC is the total capital cost of the analyzed PV plant.
F is the annual cash flow, including incomes generated
both by the feed-in tariff and the energy trading with the
national electric grid.
t represents the analyzed year; it can varies from 1 (that is
the first working year of the plant) and N (corresponding
to the end of the PV modules warranty period, provided
by the manufacturer).
IRR is the r value by which NPV=0.
The reference conditions adopted in the analysis are listed
below:
- plant size: 6.3 kW
p
;
- feed-in tariff: 0.372 /kWh (valid if the plant starts
working before 12/31/2009 [10]);
- yearly performance degradation coefficient: -0.5 %;
- tariff for the electricity sold to the grid: 0.98
/kWh.;
- average increment in yearly electricity cost: 3 %;
- plant working life: 25 years.
Figure 2 summarize the obtained results for different
configurations.
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
6,00%
8,00%
10,00%
12,00%
14,00%
Fixed 1 axis E-O 1 axis N-S 1 axis N-S
tilted
2 axis
Milan Rome Palermo
Fig. 2. IRR calculated for different location and plant
configurations
Observing reported data it is possible to assert that PV
plant with tracking system and N-S horizontal axis is the
one characterized by highest IRR in all the considered
climatic conditions, obtained values between 6.5%
(Milan) and 12% (Palermo). The second most profitable
ground-mounting configuration is the one with N-S tilted
axis tracking system, with IRR values very similar to the
first one. Configurations with lowest profitability, equal
to 4.9% in Milan and 9.6% in Palermo, are the ones
characterized by one E-O horizontal axis.
XI. CONCLUSIONS
According to obtained estimations, it is possible to
conclude that climatic context is not the main influence
factor on plants profitability. For example, a N-S singular
axis PV plant located in Rome, after 25 years working
life results more affordable than a fixed or an E-O axis
plant placed in Palermo, and generates almost the same
IRR than a two-axis installation situated in Palermo.
As a matter of fact, the biaxial configuration, always
characterized by the highest productivity, is not the most
economically profitable. N-S one-axis tracking systems,
despite lower specific energy production for each kW
p
,
resulted the best choice among all analysed locations
because of the lower capital and O&M costs.
On the contrary, tracking strategies are not always the
best choice under economical points of view. For
example, a fixed plant placed in Palermo guarantees
roughly the same profitability than a two-axis plant in
Rome.
The analysis carried out in the present work represents
just a first step for the designing of PV Plants, and further
examinations have to be carried out on large-scale ground
mounted PV central plants, evaluating shadowing
influence, ground costs and analyzing different
technological components.
169
REFERENCES
[1] A Jger-Waldau. Photovoltaics Status Report 2008. JRC
2008.
[2] F.Asdrubali, G.Baldinelli, Analisi tecnico economica di
impianti fotovoltaici dotati di dispositivi ad inseguimento
solare, 2007, 62 Congresso Nazionale ATI.
[3] D. Chianese, Direct performance comparison of PV
modules, 22
nd
EPVSEC, Milano, 2007 e N.Cereghetti,
Rapporto analisi sperimentale in condizioni outdoor di
moduli, SUPSI DACD ISAAC.
[4] METEOTEST, METEONORM meteorological reference,
www.meteonorm.com.
[5] Joint Research Centre - JRC - European Commission,
www.jrc.ec.europa.eu.
[6] PVSyst 4.3, developed by the University Center for the
Study of Energy Problems of Geneva.
[7] UNI 10349, Riscaldamento degli edifici - dati climatici.
[8] PV Potential Estimation Utility developed by the Joint
Research Center of the European Commission.
[9] Enerquos S.p.A., Solon S.p.A., Sunpower Corporation,
Enerpoint S.r.l..
[10] DECRETO 19/02/2007, Criteri e modalit per incentivare
la produzione di energia elettrica mediante conversione
fotovoltaica della fonte solare, in attuazione dell'articolo 7
del decreto legislativo 29 dicembre 2003, n. 387.
170