Matter

Matter is described as anything that has

a mass and occupies a space.
There are three states of matter:
Solid, liquid and gas.
All that you see around you is made of
some kind of material or other.
All materials are thus made of matter.
Atoms in a solid Atoms in a liquid Atoms in a gas
Matter & materials
All objects are either made from natural
or man-made (artificial) materials
Properties depend on composition of
material & uses of the material depend
upon its properties
Physical properties: appearance,
strength, electrical & heat conductivity
Chemical properties: how substances
react in chemical reactions.

States of matter
Mixtures
Mixtures are combinations of 2 or more
substances that maintain their physical
properties and may be separated by
physical means. i.e. screws and nails in a
bowl may be separated by hand.

There are 2 types of mixtures:

Homogeneous mixtures &
Heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
Have uniform composition
Cant visually distinguish components
of mixture
Often in the same phase

Examples: salt water
air
alcohol & water
Heterogeneous Mixtures
No uniform composition
Can visually distinguish components
Sometimes in different phases

Examples: oil & water
muddy water
sulphur & iron filings
Fe + S
Separating oil & water
Separation of mixtures
Mixtures can be separated by physical
means i.e. magnetism, boiling points,
solubility etc.

How could the following be separated?
Sulphur & iron filings
Water and alcohol
Muddy water
Salty water
Nails & screws
Water & salt separation
Fe & S separation
Chromatography
This occurs when ink is separated into the
different colours making up the ink.
Chromatography
Absorbent paper with ink marks
Solvent: mixture of ethanol & water
The different colours travel through the paper at
different speeds.
Different effects:
Pure substances
Pure substances consist of only one type
of substance and cant be separated by
physical means.

Elements and compounds are pure
substances.
Elements: gold, copper, oxygen, iron etc.
Compounds: water, table salt,
copper sulphate & sugar
Compounds & mixtures
Elements & compounds
Elements cant be broken down into simpler
substances. They consist of atoms.

Compounds are made of 2 or more elements
& can be broken down (by chemical means)
into the elements making up the compound.

Compounds usually consist of molecules or
formula units. The elements making up the
compound always occur in a fixed ratio.
Elements in the periodic table
Elements
Elements are classified according to their
chemical properties and their structures.

Elements consist of:
Metals (about 80)
Metalloids (or semi-metals about 7)
Non-metals (about 20)

Elements are arranged in the periodic
table according to their structures.
General properties of elements
Metals on left of table usually hard, shiny
& good conductors of electricity & heat.
Non-metals on right of table usually softer,
dull in colour & dont conduct electricity or
heat.
Metalloids have properties of both metals
and non-metals & situated in a diagonal
down the table next to the non-metals
Metalloids can conduct electricity under
certain conditions & are called
semiconductors Periodic Table
Classification of elements
Write down the symbols & names of:

3 metalloids:

7 non-metals:


15 metals
Electrical conductivity of elements
Some metals conduct well: Cu, Ag

Some not so well: Ni, Zn & Cr

Conductivity of metals decreases with an
increase in temperature.

Conductivity of metalloids usually
increase with an increase in temperature.
Conductivity of substances
Insulators
Metals have electrons available to allow
electrical conductivity.

Non-metals do not have electrons available
to allow electrical conduction & are poor
conductors.

Materials that do not allow electrical
conduction are called insulators

Insulators: glass, wood, china,
sulphur.
Conductors & insulators
Thermal conductors & insulators
Diamond
Silver & copper
Aluminium, steel
Lead
Ice, marble, glass
Human tissue (excluding blood)
Rubber, wood
Polystyrene
Cork, wool
air
Worst
conductor
Best
conductor
Worst
insulator
Best
insulator
Great insulation!
Hot water
Unmelted
wax
Melted
wax
Different rods are connected to a trough containing hot
water. The rods were dipped into molten wax & the wax
was allowed to solidify on the rods.
Discuss the heat conductivity of these rods.
Different heat conductors
Heating a metal
Magnetic and non-magnetic
materials
Only 3 really important magnetic
materials:
Iron, nickel &cobalt

All other materials are less non-
magnetic: zinc, wood, paper etc
Substances affected
by magnets
Compounds
Compounds are named according to
the elements making up the compound
and we use formulae to represent the
compound.

Sodium chloride: NaCl
Magnesium oxide: MgO
Copper sulphate: CuSO
4
Molecules in elements
and compounds
NaCl CuSO
4
CO
2 MgO