What Is the Internet?

A network of networks, joining many government,

university and private computers together and
providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail,
bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents,
databases and other computational resources
The vast collection of computer networks which
form and act as a single huge network for transport
of data and messages across distances which can be
anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the
world.
The largest network of networks in the
world.
Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .
Runs on any communications substrate.
What is the Internet?
From Dr. Vinton Cerf,
Co-Creator of TCP/IP
Brief History of the Internet
1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create
ARPAnet
1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf
1984 On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts
use TCP/IP for its messaging
1989 - The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)
initiated the development of the NSFnet, which even
now provides a major backbone communication service
for the Internet
Brief History of the Internet
1989 - The web was initially conceived and
created by Tim Berners-Lee, a computer
specialist from the European Particle Physics
Laboratory (CERN) in 1989. He and his partner
Robert Cailliau created a prototype web for
CERN and released it to the Internet
community for testing and comments.
1991 - NSF dropped its funding of the Internet
and lifted the ban on commercial traffic on its
backbone (Up until 1991, all NSF traffic came
from government and educational institutions)
TCP/IP Addresses
Every host on the Internet must have a
unique IP address
The IP address is a 32-bit number which
we write in dotted decimal notation
The first part of the IP address is the
network address the remainder is the
host ID
A subnet mask is used to determine the
network address from a IP host address
All hosts on the same network are
configured with the same subnet mask
Network Address Example
Host address: 192.252.12.14
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
11000000.11111100.00001100.00001
110
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000
000
11000000.11111100.00001100.00000
000
To obtain the network address, AND the host IP with
its subnet mask:
Host IP:
Mask:
Net addr:
192.152.12.0
Obtaining an Internet Network
Address
IP network addresses must be unique, or
the Internet will not be stable
The Internet Network Information Centre
(InterNIC) was originally responsible for
issuing Internet network addresses
Today, the Internet Assigned Number
Authority (IANA) issues network
addresses to Information Service
Providers (ISPs)
ISPs split networks up into subnets and
sell them on to their customers
Domain Name System (DNS)
IP addresses are used to identify hosts on a
TCP/IP network
Example: 134.220.1.9
Numbers are not friendly people prefer
names
DNS is a protocol used to map IP addresses
to textual names
E.g. www.wlv.ac.uk maps to 134.220.1.9
DNS on the Internet
DNS names have a hierarchical structure
Example: www.wlv.ac.uk
com net fr uk us
Root Level
ac co
aston wlv staffs
ftp www clun
Top-level domain
Second-level
domain
Server name
Internet Email Addresses
The Local part is the name of a special
file stored on the mail server called the
users mailbox
The Domain name is resolved using DNS
The mail server is also known as a mail
exchanger
Local part
Domain name of mail server @
mel.ralph@wlv.ac.uk
A protocol is nothing more than a set of
rules. On the Internet, it is a set of rules
computers use to communicate across
networks. As long as everyone follows
the rules, communication can occur
freely
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/
INTERNETWORKING PROTOCOL (TCP/IP)
HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
TELNET
GOPHER
TCP/ IP
TCP/ IP is a standard Internet protocol suite
used to communicate over the Internet
TCP/ IP suite consist of two components:
1. Internetworking Protocol (IP)
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
IP
Functions performed by IP:
1. Envelop the data and write the IP address of source
and destination
2. Allow networks to verify the IP address
3. Leave the packet on the network as it is
connectionless protocol
TCP
Functions performed by TCP:
1. Break the data into packets and number them.
2. Since TCP is connection-oriented protocol, it make a
session between source and destination to make sure
that every packet reach the destination
3. Error detection and error correction
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Request
Browser app
WWW server
The
Internet
(TCP/IP)
Web page
HTTP is the protocol consisting of set of rules
that governs how the hypertext documents
will be transferred between computers
HTTP is the protocol used to access
resources on the World Wide Web
A browser application is used to send a
request to the WWW server for a
resource, e.g. a web page, graphics file,
audio file, etc.
The server responds by sending the
resource (a file) to the client and closing
the connection
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
URL is the standard for specifying the
whereabouts of a resource (such as a web page)
on the Internet
A URL has four parts:
The protocol used to retrieve the resource
The host where the resource is held
The port number of the server process on the
host
The name of the resource file
http://www.wlv.ac.uk:80/index.html
Protocol
Host
Port number
Name of web page
URL Defaults
A server will normally be setup to use
standard defaults
This enables the URL to be simplified
In the case of a Web server for example
Default port will be 80
Default name for home page will be index.html
Hence the previous URL can be shortened to
http://www.wlv.ac.uk/
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Protocol for copying files between client
and an FTP server
Uses a TCP connection for reliable
transfer of files with error-checking
Most browsers support FTP, or you can
use a dedicated FTP client program, e.g
WS_FTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a
lightweight version for small memory
devices
Telnet
Telnet allows a user to run commands
and programs remotely on another
computer across the Internet
The user runs a Telnet client program on
the local host
A Telnet server process must be running
on the remote host
The user must have the necessary
permissions and password to access the
remote host
GOPHER
The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP
Application layer protocol designed for
distributing, searching, and retrieving
documents over the Internet, and was
a predecessor, and later, an
alternative to the
World Wide Web(WWW)
Its central goals were:
A file-like hierarchical arrangement
that would be familiar to users
A simple syntax
A system that can be created quickly
and inexpensively
Extending the file system metaphor
to include things like searches
User friendliness of the WWW, with its
integration of text and graphics, made Gopher
less appealing.
Gopher has an inflexible structure when
compared to the free-form HTML of the Web.
With Gopher, every document has a defined
format and type, and the typical user must
navigate through a single server-defined menu
system to get to a particular document.
STAGNATION OF GOPHER:
Some Port Assignments
21 FTP
23 Telnet
25 smtp (mail)
70 gopher
80 HTTP
A Web browser
is a software application for
retrieving, presenting, and traversing
information resources on the
World Wide Web.
Can also be used to access information
provided by Web servers in private networks
or files in file systems
REQUEST
(URL)
MARKUP
LANGUAGE
HYPERTEXT
DOCUMENT
FROM SERVER
TO BROWSER
INTERACTIVE
DOCUMENT
The history of the web browser dates back to the late
1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the
foundation for the first web browser, WorldWideWeb,
by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That browser brought
together a variety of existing and new software and
hardware technologies.
The major web browsers are:
MOSAIC: 1993 one of the first graphical web browsers
NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR: 1994
INTERNET EXPLORER: 1995
OPERA:1996
MOZILLA FIREFOX:1998 - by open source software model
APPLE SAFARI: 2003
FEATURES
TEXT BASED USER INTERFACE
E-MAIL, USENET
MULTIPLE TABS FUNCTIONALITY
BOOKMARKED PAGES
POP-UP BLOCKERS
PLUG-INS (downloadable components for
additional features)
Search engine is a software program that
searches for sites based on the words that you
designate as search terms.
Search engines look through their own
databases of information in order to find what
it is that you are looking for.
Search engine is the popular term for an
Information Retrieval (IR) system.
INTRODUCTION
Archie (1990) First search tool for the
Internet
Gopher indexed plain text documents
Veronica - keyword search of most
Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher
listings
Jughead tool for obtaining menu
information Gopher servers
Wandex(June1993) first Web search
engine index by web-robot
HISTORY
ALIWEB (NOV 1993) first webs search
engine; didnt use web-robots; notified
by administrators
JUMPSTATION(Dec 1993) used web-
robot to build the index; web form
WebCrawler (1994) any word in web
page
GOOGLE (2000) PageRank algorithm
MICROSOFTS BING (June 2000)
Spiders
Robots
How search engine works?
TYPES OF SEARCH ENGINE
Crawler-Based Search Engines
Human-Powered Directories
Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed
Results
Google use spiders
Large index of keywords.
Googles PAGE RANK .
1.frequency and location of keywords within the
Web page
2. Web page history.
3. number of other Web pages that link to the
page in question