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Class
TABLE OF CONTENT
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS---------------------------------------------------- 1
TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION------------------------------------------------------ 1 - 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION---------------------------------------- 2 - 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES----------------------------- 3 - 4
COMPLEX NUMBERS---------------------------------------------------------------- 4
PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS------------------------------------------ 5
BINOMIAL THEOREM---------------------------------------------------------------- 5
SEQUENCE AND SERIES----------------------------------------------------------- 6
STRAIGHT LINES---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
CONIC SECTIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY--------------------------------------------- 8
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-------------------------------------------------------- 9
CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS----------------------------------------------------- 10
DIFFERENTIAL AND APPLICATION--------------------------------------------- 10 - 11

INTEGRAL CALCULUS-------------------------------------------------------------- 12 - 13
PROBABILITY-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
MATRICES------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 - 16
DETERMINANT------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
VECTORS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 - 18
STATISTICS----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS------------------------------------------------------ 19
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1

1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) , . f x f x x x x x X = = "
( ) ( ( )) gof x g f x x A = "

X
gof I =

Y
fog I =
sin( ) sin cos cos sin a b a b a b = m m
cos( ) cos cos sin sin a b a b a b = m
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
a b
a b
a b
=

m
m

sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
A B A B
A B
+ -
+ =

sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
A B A B
A B
+ -
- =

cos cos 2 cos cos
2 2
A B A B
A B
+ -
+ =

cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
A B A B
A B
+ -
- = -

2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =

2 2 2
cos
2
b c a
A
bc
+ -
=

tan cot
2 2
B C b c A
b c
- -

=

+


( )( )
sin
2
A s b s c
bc
- -
=



( )( )
tan
2 ( )
A s b s c
s s a
- -
=

-

1
sin sin
2 2
sin sin( ) sin( 2 ) ...... ; 2
sin( / 2)
n n
tonterms n
b
a b
a a b a b b p
b
-
+


+ + + + + =
RELASTIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION
1. A function f :
2. A function f: is onto (or surjective) if given any such
that
3. A function f: is one one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one- one and onto
4. The composition of functions f: and g is the function
given by
5. A function f: is invertible if such that and
6. A function f: is invertible if and only if f is one - one and onto.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8. Sine Rule:
9. Cosine rule: 10.
11. 12.
13.
X
XY ,
f x y
XY
A B C : C
XY $g : YX
XY
Y
y Y $
( ) =
: B gof A
is one-one (or injective) if
x X
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2

1
cos sin
2 2
cos cos( ) cos( 2 ) ...... ; 2
sin( / 2)
n n
tonterms n
b
a b
a a b a b b p
b
-
+


+ + + + + =
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2 4
abc
ab C bc A ac B rs
R
D = = = = =

( )( )( ) s s a s b s c D = - - -

4 sin . sin . sin
2 2 2
A B C
r R

=



cos cos a c B b C = +
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION
14.
15. 16.
17. 18.

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Class
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3

2
0 ax bx c + + =
2
4
2
b b ac
x
a
- -
=

0, 0
0, 0
a c
a c
> >

< <


0, 0 0
0, 0, 0
a b c
a b c
> > >

< < <

0, 0, 0
0, 0, 0
a b c
a b c
> < >

< > <

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
1. For the quadratic equation ,
(i) If b = 0
(ii) If c = 0 one root is zero other is b /a
(iii) If b = c =0 both roots are zero.
(iv) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other
(v) If Roots are of opposite signs.
(vi) If both roots are negative
(vii) If both roots are positive
(viii) If signs of a = sign of b sign of c Greater root in magnitude is negative

roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
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4

1 i = -

1 2
( ) ( ) z z a c i b d + = + + +

1 2
( ) ( ) z z ac bd i ad bc = - + +

2 2 2 2
a b
i
a b a b
-
+
+ +
1
z

1
z
-

( )
2 2 2 2
1 0 1
a b
a ib i i
a b a b
-
+ + = + =

+ +


4 4 1 4 2 4 3
1, , 1,
k k k k
i i i i i i
+ + +
= = = - = -

1 2
| | | | z z z z l - + - =

1 2
| | z z l - <

1 2
| | z z l - =

( ) ( )
1 1
1, 1 3 , 1 3
2 2
- + - - - -

2 2
1, cos sin
3 3
i
p p
+



4 4
cos sin
3 3
i
p p
+



(cos sin ) cos sin
n
i n i n q q q q + = +

cos sin z i q q = +
1
2 cos ;
n
n
z n
z
q + =
1
2 sin
n
n
z i n
z
q - =
2. If p +iq (p and q being real) is root of the quadratic equation, where
also a root of the quadratic equation.
th
3. Every equation of n degree
than n roots, it is an identity.
4. An inequality of the form log f (x) > b is equivalent to the following systems of
a
inequalities :
b
(a) f(x) > 0, f (x) > a for a > 1.
b
(b) F(x)>0, f(x) < a for a < 1.
1. Let and
(a)
(b)
2. For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib , there exists the complex
number , denoted by or called the multiplicative inverse of z such
that
3. For any integer k,

4. , represents an ellipse if , having the points and as its
foci. And if , then z lies on a line segment connecting and .
5. Cube root of unity The three cube root of unity are , which are
the same as and
6. De Moivre's Theorem: for all real values of n,
If , using De Moivre's Theorem
, then p iq is
has exactly n roots and if the equation has more
Then
(n
z a ib c id
2
(a 0, b 0)

z z
1 2
1)
= +
1
z
COMPLEX NUMBERS
z = +
1 2
z
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PERMUTATION AND COMBINATIONS
BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repetition is
allowed, is denoted by and given by
2. The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time. Where repetition is
r
allowed, is n .
3. The number of permutations of n objects where p objects are of first kind, p objects
1 2
th
are of the second kind, ..., p objects are of the k kind and rest, if any, l are all
k
different is

4. The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by
, is given by

5. Number of circular permutations of n things when p alike and the rest different taken
all at a time distinguish clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement is
1. The expansion of a binomial for any positive integral n is given by Binomial Theorem.
which is
The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in an array. This array is called Pascal's
triangle. When the index is other than a positive integer such as negative integer or
n n
fraction. The number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x) is innite and the symbol C
r
cannot be used to denote the coefficients of the general term.
2. The general term of an expansion is
The total number of terms in the expansion of is n +1.
3. In the expansion , if n is even, then the middle term is the term. If n is odd,
then the middle terms are and terms.
, where
,

r
p
n
!
( )!
r
p
n
n
n r
=
-

0 r n

1 2
!
! !..... !
k
n
p p p

r
c
n
!
!( )!
r
c
n
n
r n r
=
-

0 r n
( 1)!
!
n
p
-

0
1 2 2 1
1 2 1
( ) ..... .
n n n n n n
n n
a b nC a nC a nC a b nC a b nC b
- - -
-
+ = + + + + +

( )
n
a b +

1
.
r
n r r
r
T nC a b
-
+
=

( )
n
a b +

( )
n
a b +

1
2
th
n
+


1
2
th
n +



1
1
2
th
n +
+


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Class
6
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
STRAIGHT LINES
th n
1. The general term or the n term of the A.P is given by a = a + (n -1)d.
The sum S of the first n terms of an A.P is given by
n
2. The sum S of the first n terms of G.P is given by or if r
n
3. A series who's each term is formed, by multiplying corresponding terms of an A.P.
and a G.P., is called ar Arithmetic-geometric series. Summation of n terms
4. Harmonical progression is dened as a series in which reciprocal "of its terms are in
A.P. The standard from of a H.P. is
1. An acute angle (say and is given by
,
2. Equation of the line passing through the points (x , y ) and (x , y ) is given by
1 1 2 2
y - y = .
1
3. Equation of a line making intersects a and b on the x- and y- axis, respectively, is
.
4. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By +C =0 from a point (x , y )is given by
1 1
5. Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By +C =0 and Ax + By +C =0, is given by
1 2
.
1
q) between lines L m 1 2 1 2 L m with slopes and

[ ] 2 ( 1) ( )
2 2
n
n n
S a n d a l = + - = +

( 1)
1
n
n
a r
S
r
-
=
-

( 1)
1
n
a r
r
-
-

1
2
(1 ) [ ( 1)
.
1 (1 ) 1
n
n
n
a dr r a n d
S r
r r r
-
- + -
= + -
- - -
1 1 1
......
2 a a d a d
+ + +
+ +

2 2
1 2
tan
1
m m
mm
q
-
=
+

1 2
1 0 mm +

2 1
1
2 1
( )
y y
x x
x x
-
-
-

1
x y
a b
+ =

1 1
2 2
| | Ax By C
d
A B
+ +
=
+

1 2
2 2
| | C C
d
A B
-
=
+
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7
CONIC SECTIONS
2 2 2
1. The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius r is (x h) + (y k) = r .
2. Equation of tangent: xx + yy +g(x + x ) +f(y + y ) +c =0
1 1 1 1
2
3. The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and directrix x = - a is y =4ax.
4. The equation of the parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola, through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
2
5. Length of the latus rectum of the parabola y = 4ax is 4a.
2
6. The parametric equation of the parabola is x = at , y = 2at.
7. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two
xed points in the plane is a constant.
8. The equations of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is ; its parametric equation
is
9. Latus rectum of the ellipse is
10.The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre of the
ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
11.A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from two
xed points in the plane is a constant.
12. The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is
Two asymptotes:
13.Latus rectum of the hyperbola : is

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
cos ; sin x a y b q q = =

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =

2
2b
a

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
- =

2 2
2 2
0
x y
a b
- =

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
- =

2
2b
a
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Class
8
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. The coordinates of the points R which divides the line segment joining two points
P(x , y , z ) and Q(x , y ,z ) internally and externally in the ratio m : n are given by
1 1 1 2 2 2
and , respectively.
2. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose vertices are (x , y , z ), (x ,
1 1 1 2
y ,z ), (x , y ,z ) are
2 2 3 3 3
3. If l, m ,n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line then
4. If l , m ,n and l , m ,n are the direction cosine of two lines; and is the acute angle
1 1 1 2 2 2
between two lines; then
5. Equation of a line through a point (x , y , z ) and having direction cosine, m, n is
1 1 1
6. Shortest distance between and is
7. The equation of plane through a point whose position vector is and perpendicular to
the vector is
8. Vector equation of a plane that passes through the line of intersection of planes
and is where is any nonzero constant.
9. The distance of a point whose position vector is from the plane is
10.Skew line: Two straight line are said to be skew lines if they are parallel nor
intersecting.
Shortest distance:
11. Equation of a sphere: where centre is (a,b,c) and radius
R
General form:
Centre and
q

=0

2 1 2 1 2 1
, ,
mx nx my ny mz nz
m n m n m n
+ + +

+ + +


2 1 2 1 2 1
, ,
mx nx my ny mz nz
m n m n m n
- - -

+ - -


1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, ,
3 3 3
x x x y y y z z z + + + + + +



2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, ,
a b c
l m n
a b c a b c a b c

= = =
+ + + + + +

1 2 1 2 1 2
cos | | l l mm n n q = + +

1 1 1
x x y y z z
l m n
- - -
= =

1 1
r a b l = +
r ur ur

2 2
r a b m = +
r uur uur

( )( )
1 2 2 1
1 2
. b b a a
b b
-

ur uur uur ur
ur uur

a
r

N
uur

( )
. r a N -
r r uur

1 1
. r n d =
r ur

2 2
. r n d =
r uur

( )
1 2 1 2
. r n n d d l l + = +
r ur uur

l

a
r

. r n d =
r r

$
. d a n -
r

( )( )
( )
2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
x x mn m n
mn m n
- -
-

2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x a y b z c R - + - + - =

2 2 2
( ) 2 2 2 0 x y z ux vy wz d + + + + + + =

, ,
u v w
a a a
- - -


2 2 2
2 2 2
u v w d
a a a a
+ + -
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9
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
LIMIT
1. A function f has the limit L as X approaches a if the limit from the left exists and both
limit are L that is, remember x a
Let and . If l and m are finite then:
(i)
(ii)
, provided

(iii)
; where k is a constant.

(iv)
, where k is a constant.

(v)
If then
(vi)
2. Limit in case of composite function:
; provided f is continuous at X

3.
(Where x is measured in radian)
4. ,
m0

lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x a x a x a
f x f x f x

= =

im
x a
L it

im ( )
x a
L f x l

=

im ( )
x a
L g x m

=

( )
im ( ) ( )
x a
L f x g x l mf

=

im ( ). ( ) .
x a
L f x g x l m

=
( )
im
( )
x a
f x l
L
g x m

=

im ( ) im ( )
x a x a
L Kf x k L f x kl

= =

[ ]
im ( ) im ( )
x a x a
L f x k L f x k

+ = +
( ) ( ), f x g x

im ( ) im ( )
x a x a
L f x L g x

[ ]
( )
im ( ) im ( )
x a x a
L f g x f L g x

=

1
1
0 0 0 0
sin sin
im im im im 1
sin sin
x x x x
x x x x
L L L L
x x x x
-
-

= = = =

( )
1/
0
1
im 1 im 1
x
x
x x
L L x e
x


+ = + =



( )
/
0
1
im 1 im 1 im 1
x ax
a x a
x x x
a
L L x L e
x x


+ = + = + =


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Class
10
CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL AND APPLICATION
1. All Polynomials, Trigonometrically, exponential and logarithmic function are
continuous in their domain.
2. If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at x =0 then the product function
is not necessarily be discontinuous at x =a.
e.g. f(x) & g(x)
n
3. For any positive integer n and any continuous function f, [if (x)] and
continuous. When n is even, the inputs of f in are restricted to inputs x for which
4. If f(X) and (g(x) are continuous, then so are f(x) + g(x), f(x)- g(X), and f(x). g(x).
5. If f(X) and g(x) are continuous, so is g(x) / f(x), so long as the inputs x do not yield
outputs f(x) =0.
1. Interpretation of the Derivative: If y = f(x) then,
(a) m = f'(a) is the slope of the tangent line to y =f(x) at x =a and the equation of
the tangent line at x =a is given by y= f(a) +f'(a) (x-a).
(b) f'(a) is the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x =a.
(c) If f(x) is the position of an object at time x then f'(a) is the velocity of the object
at x =a.
2. Basic Properties and Formulas : If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions (the
derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers
1. (cf') = cf' (x)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
are
(fg)' = f'g +fg

f(x) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) x f x g x f =

sin , 0
0, 0
x
x
x
p

=

( )
n
f x

( )
n
f x

( )
' '( ) '( ) f g f x g x =

'
2
' ' f f g fg
g g
-
=



1
( )
n n
d
x nx
dx
-
=

( ( ( )) '( ( )) '( )
d
f g x f g x g x
dx
=
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3. Increasing / Decreasing:
(i) If f'(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is increasing on the interval I.
(ii) If f'(x)<0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is decreasing on the interval I.
(iii) If f'(x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is constant on the interval I.
4. Concave Up / Concave Down:
(i) If f''(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave up on the interval I.
(ii) If f''(x)< 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave down on the interval I.
st
5. 1 Derivative Test: If x =c is a critical point f(x) then x =c is
1. A rel. max. of f(x) if f'(x) > 0 to the left of x =c and f'(x) < 0 to the right of x =c.
2. A rel. max. of f(x) if f'(x) < 0 to the left of x =c and f'(x) > 0 to the right of x =c.
3. Not a relative extrema of f(x) if f'(x) is the same sign on both sides of x=c.
nd
2 Derivative Test: If x =c is a critical point of f(x) such that f' =0 then x =c.
1. Is a relative maximum of f(x) if f''(c ) < 0.
2. Is a relative maximum of f(x) if f''(c ) > 0.
3. F(x) may have a relative maximum and minimum, or neither if f''(c ) =0.
6. Mean value theorem: If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b) then there is a number a < c< b such that
7. Rolle's theorem: If a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable in an interval (a,b) and also f(a) = f(b), then there exist at least one
value of c of x in the interval (a,b) such that f' =0.
8. L' Hospital's Rule:
If f(a) =0 or

9. Length of Sub- tangent = ; sub- normal = .
Length of tangent =

Length of normal =
10. Any curve which cuts every member of a given family of
curves at right angle, is called an orthogonal trajectory of the family.
,
Orthogonal trajectory:
=0 or

1
( ) ( )
'( )
n
n
f b f a
f c nx
b a
-
-
= =

-

( ) '( ) ''( )
lim
( ) '( ) ''( )
x a
f x f a f a
x a a f f f

= =
'( ) a f

1 1 1
( , )
dx
y x y
dy




1 1 1
( , )
dy
y x y
dx




1 1
2
1
( , )
1
x y
dx
y
dy



+






1 1
2
1
( , )
1
x y
dy
y
dx


+



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Class
12
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1. Fundamental theorem of calculus:
Part I: If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] then is also
continuous on [a,b] and
Part II: f(x) is continuous on [a,b], F(x) is an anti- derivative of f(x) i.e.
then
2. Integration by Substitution: The substitution u = g(x) will convert
using du = g'(x)dx.
3. Integration by parts: and . Choose u and dv from integral
and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using
4. Integration by partial fraction: If integrating where the degree of P(x) is
smaller than the degree of Q(x). Factor denominator as completely as possible and
find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial
fraction decomposition (P.F.D).
5. Some properties of definite integral:
(a) If an interval [a, b] (a < b), the function f(x) and satisfy the
condition , then
(b) If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval
[a,b] and then
(c) , where a < c < b
(d)
(e) , where a is the period of the function and
(f)

= -
v =dv


a b
n I
udv uv vdu

( ) ( )
x
a
g x f t dt =

'( ) ( ) ( )
x
a
d
g x f t dt f x
dx
= =

( ) ( ) F x f x dx =

( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx F b F a = -

( )
( )
( ( )) '( ) ( )
g b b
a g a
f g x g x dx f u du =


|
b b
b
a
a a
udv uv vdu = -

( )
( )
P x
dx
Q x

( ) x f
( ) ( ) f x x f

( ) ( )
a b
b a
f x dx x dx f


( ) ( ) ( )
a
b
m b a f x dx M b a - -

( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x = +


( )
b
a
f x dx =

( )
b
a
f a b x dx + -

( )
na
a
f x dx
-
=

0
( )
a
n f x dx

0
2 ( ) , if f(x) is even function, i.e. f(-x) =f(x)
( )
0, if f(x) is odd function, i.e. f(-x) =f(x)
a
a
a
f x dx
f x dx
-

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(g)
6. Leibnitz Rule:
7. If a series can be put in the form
or , then its limit as is
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
8. Net area: represents the area between the curve y =f(x), x axis and two co-
ordinates at x =a and x =b (b > a) with area above x axis positive and area below x
axis negative.
9. Area between curve:

And
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually.
10 The volumes of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis of the area
bounded by the curve y =f(x), the x- axis and the ordinates x =a, x =b is
n


2
0
0
2 ( ) , f(2a-x)=f(x)
( )
0, if f(2a-x)=-f(x)
a
a
f x dx
f x dx

( )
( )
( ) '( ) ( ( )) '( ) ( ( ))
g x
f x
d
f t dt g x F g x f x F f x
dx
= -

1
0
1
r n
r
r
f
n n
= -
=

1
1
r n
r
r
f
n n
=
=

0
1
( ) f x dx

( )
b
a
f x dx

( ) [upper function]-[lower function]dx
b
a
y f x A = =

( ) [right function]-[left function]dy
b
a
x f y A = =

2
dx
b
a
y p

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14
PROBABILITY
1. Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally likely outcomes
Probability of an event where n (A) = number of elements in the set A,
n(S) = number of elements in the set S.
2. If A and B are any two events, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A and B)
Equivalently,
3. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
4. If A is any event, then P (not A) = 1 P(A)
5. The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is given
by
6. Theorem of total Probability: let {E , E , .,E } be an partition of a sample space
1 2 n
and suppose that each of E1, E2, ..,En has nonzero probability. Let a be any event
associated with S then P(A) = P(E ) P(A |E )+P (E )P(A|E ) +..+P(E ) P(A|E )
1 1 2 2 n n
7. Bayes' theorem: If E , E , .,E are events which constitute a partition of
1 2 n
sample space S, i.e. E , E , .,E are pair wise disjoint and and
1 2 n
A be any event with non zero probability, then
8. Let X be a random variable whose possible values x , x , x ,.x occur with
1 2 3 n
probabilities p , p , p ,..,p respectively. The mean of X, denoted by is the number
1 2 3 n
The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation of X, denoted by
E(X).
9. Trails of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trails, if they satisfy the following
conditions:
(a) There should be a finite number of trails.
(b) The trails should be independent.
(c) Each trail has exactly two outcomes: success or failure.
(d) The probability of success remains the same in each trail.
For Binomial distribution
n-x
B (n, p), P (X = x) = n q , x = 0, 1, , n (q = 1- p)
Cx
,
( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n S
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p A B P A P B P A B = + - U I
( )
( | ) , ( ) 0
( )
P E E
p E F P F
P F
=
I

1 2
....
n
E E E S = U U U

1
( ) ( | ))
( | )
( ) ( | )
i i
i
n
j j
j
P E P E A
P E A
P E P A E
=
=

1
n
i i
i
x p
=

m
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15
MATRICES
1. Order of a matrix: A matrix which has in rows and n columns is called a matrix of
order .
J=1,2,n
th th
Here denotes the element of i row and j column.
2. Properties of scalar Multiplication : If A, B are Matrices of the same order and p, q are
any two scalars then
i. p(A + B) = pA + pB
ii. (p + q) A = pA + qA
iii. P(qA) = (pqA) = q(PA)
iv. (-pA) = -(pA) = p(-A)
v. tr(kA) = k tr(A)
3. Multiplication of matrices: If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will
be defined only when number of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If
and then their product , will be matrix of order ,
where
4. Positive Integral Powers of Matrix :
For any positive integral m, n
m n m+n
i. A A = A
m n mn n m
ii. (A ) = A = (A )
n m
iii. I = I, I = I
iv. A =I where A is a square of order n.
0 n
5. Transpose of a matrix: The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its
rows into columns or columns into rows is called transpose of matrix A and is denoted
T
by A or A'. From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is
.Properties of Transpose
T T
i. (A ) = A
ii.
T T T
iii. (AB) = B A
T T
iv. (kA) = k(A) K is scalar
T
v. I = I
T
vi. tr (A) = tr (A)
T T T T T T
vii.(A A A .A A ) = A A A A A
1 2 3 n-1 n n n-1 3 2 1
m
a
m p
nm
n
ij

where i=1,2,..m
ij
m n
A a

=


ij
m n
A a

=


ij
n p
B b

=


ij
AB C c = =


1
( )
n
ij ij ir rj
r
AB c a b
=
= =

( )
T T T
A B A B =
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6. Inverse of matrix: If A and B are two matrices such that AB = I = BA then B is called
-1 -1
the inverse of A and it is denoted by A , thus A = B
To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use following formula
Thus exists
1. To find the value of a third order determinant
Let
Be a third order determinant. To find its value we expand it by any row or column as
the sum of three determinants of order 2. If we expand it by first row then
2. Minor: The Determinant that is left by cancelling the row and column intersecting at
a particular element is called the minor of that element.
i+j
3. Cofactor: The cofactor of an element a is denoted by F and is equal to (-1) M
ij ij ij
where M is a minor of element a .
ij
4. Multiplication of two determinants: Multiplication of two third determinants is
defined as follows:
5. System of linear equation in three unknowns : Using Crammer's rule of determinant
we get i.e.
Case-I: If and
I. If at least one of
ii. is not zero then the system of equation is inconsistent i.e. has no solution.
ii. If d = d =d = 0 or
1 2 3
iv. are all zero then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.

| |
D0
D ,D D3
D1,D2,D3
AB = I = BA
A 0
1 2,
DETERMINANT

1
.
| |
adj A
A
A
-
=

1
A
-


11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
D =

22 23 21 23 21 22
11 12 13
32 33 31 33 31 32
a a a a a a
a a a
a a a a a a
D = - +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3
a b c l m n a l b l c l a m b m c m a n b n c n
a b c l m n a l b l c l a m b m c m a n b n c n
a b c l m n a l b l c l a m b m c m a n b n c n
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

1 2 3
1 x y z
= = =
D D D D

3 1 2
, , x y z
D D D
= = =
D D D
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17
VECTORS
1. Triangle law of vector addition of two vector Magnitude of
2. Components of vector: Consider a vector
The quantities A and A are called x- and y- components of the vector is itself
x y
not a vector but is a vector and so is and
3. Scalar Product :
4. Vector product: =
5. Given vectors , , where are non coplanar
vectors, will be coplanar if and only if
6. Scalar triple product :
(a). If k, and then
(b). [a b c] = volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are formed by
(c). are coplanar if and only if [ ] = 0
(d). Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors respectively are coplanar if
and only if =0 i.e. if and only if
(e) Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges
(f) Volume of prism on a triangle base with three coterminous edges
7. Lagrange's identity:
8. Reciprocal system of vectors:
If be any three non coplanar vector so that then the three vectors
defined by the equations are called the reciprocal
system of vectors to the given vector
:
that lies in xy plane as shown
(here


is the angle between the vectors)

R
ur

2 2
2 cos R A B AB q = + +

A
ur

1 2
A A A = +
ur uur uur
$
1 2
,
x y
A A i A A j = =
uur uur
$ $
x y
A A i A j = +
ur
$

x
A A =
ur

x
A i
$ $
. cos
y x
A j A A q =

sin
y
A A q =

. cos AB AB q =
ur ur

q

C A B =
ur ur ur
$
cos AB n q

1 1 1 2 2 2
, x a y b z c x a y b z c + + + +
r r r r r r

3 3 3
x a y b z c + +
r r r

, , a b c
r r r

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
x y z
x y z
x y z
=
$
1 2 3
a a i a j a = + +
r ur uur uur
$
$
1 2 3
b b i b j b k = + +
r ur uur ur
$
$
1 2 3
c c i c j c k = + +
r ur uur ur
$

( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
. [ ]
a a a
a b c abc b b b
c c c
= =
r r r r rr

, , a b c
r r r

, , , a b c d
r r r ur

, , a b c
r r r

, , a b c
r r r

[ ] ABACAD
uuuruuuruuur

[ ] 0 b ac ad a - - - =
r rr rur r
1
, , | [ ] |
6
a b c abc =
r r r rrr
1
, , |[ ]|
2
a b c abc =
r r r r rr

. .
( ).( ) ( . )( . ) ( . )( . )
. .
a c a d
a b c d a c b d a d b c
b c b d
= = -
r r r ur
r r r ur r r r ur r ur r r
r r r ur

' , ' '
[ ] [ ] [ ]
b c c a a b
a b c
abc abc abc

= = =
r r r r r r
r ur r
r rr rrr rrr

abc
r rr
[ ] 0 abc
rrr

' ' ' a b c
r rur

, , a b c
r r r
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9. Application of vector in geometry:
(a) Vector equation of a straight line passing through two points and is
(b) Vector equation of a plane passing through the points is
or
( c ) Vector equation of a plane passing through the point and perpendicular to
is
(d) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a line passing through and parallel
to is given by
PM = =
(e) Perpendicular distance of a point P from a plane passing through the points
and is given by PM =
1. Mean deviation for ungrouped data
2. Mean deviation for grouped data , where
3. Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data ,
4. Variance and standard deviation of a distance frequency distribution
,
5. Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution
,
6. Coefficient of variation (C.V) = ,
For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard deviation is more
consistent or less scattered.

N=
STATISTICS
fi

a
r

b
r

( ) r a t b a = + -
r r r r

, , a b c
r r r

(1 ) r s t a sb tc = - - + +
r r r r

.( ) [ ] r b c c a a b abc + + =
r r r r r r r rrr

a
r

n
r

. . r n a n =
r r r r

a
r

b
r

| ( ) |
| |
r a b
b
-
r r r
uur

1/ 2
2
2
( ).
( )
| |
r a b
r a
b

-
- -




r r r
r r
uur

( ).( ) r a b c c a a b
b c c a a b
- + +
+ +
r r r r r r r r
r r r r r r

a
r

b
r

c
r

| |
. ( )
i
x x
M D x
n
-
=

| |
. ( )
i
x M
M D M
n
-
=

| |
. ( )
i i
f x x
M D x
N
-
=

2
2
1
( )
i
x x
n
s = -

2
1
( )
i
x x
n
s = -

2
2
1
( )
i i
f x x
n
s = -

2
1
( )
i i
f x x
n
s = -

2
1
( )
i i
f x x
n
s = -

2
2
1
i i
i i
f x
f x
n N
s

= -

100
x
s

0 x
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1. A differential equation of the form
functions of x only is called a first order linear differential equation.
(a)Differential equation of the form
(b)
(c)
(d)Differential equation of homogeneous type: An equation in x and y is said to be
homogeneous if it can be put in the form where and are both
homogeneous functions of the same degree in x & y.
(e)Differential Equation reducible to homogeneous form:
A differential equation of the form , where can be reduced to
homogeneous form by using
X = X + h, y = Y + k so that
2. Linear differential equations:

=
is called the integrating factor for this equation.
, where P and Q are constants or
f x y g x y

( , ) ( , )
dy
Py Q
dx
+ =

( ) : ( )
dy
f x y f x dx c
dx
= = +

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
dy dy
f x g y f x dx c
dx g y
= = +


( ) :
( )
dy dv
f ax by c dx
dx a bf v
= + + =
+

( , )
( , )
dy f x y
dx g x y
=

( )
dx dv
c
x f v v
= +
-


1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b x c dy
dx a x b x c
+ +
=
+ +

1 1
2 2
a b
a b

dY dy
dX dx
=

;
dy
Py Q
dx
+ =
pdx
ye

pdx
Qe c

pdx
e

Class
Delhi / NCR
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