Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Following the banking crisis of 2007, even those who strongly held the
view that capitalism can organize itself were forced to reconsider. Alan
Greenspan told the United States Congress on October 23, 2008, "The
whole intellectual edifice collapsed. I made a mistake in presuming that
the self-interests of organizations, specifically banks and others, were such that they were best capable of protecting
their own shareholders. ... I was shocked."
[128]
See also
Anti-capitalism
Communism
Corporatocracy
Criticisms of capitalism
Economics
Market economy
Market socialism
Perspectives on capitalism
Rhine capitalism
Socialism
Varieties of Capitalism
Notes
1. ^ "Capitalism" (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism) Oxford Dictionaries. "capitalism. an
economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit,
rather than by the state." Retrieved 4 January 2013.
2. ^ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of
manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for
profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labour of workers in
exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labour of
the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity
produced by him/her to generate that profit." London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi,
India: SAGE. p. 383.
3. ^ Heilbroner, Robert L. "capitalism." (http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000053)
Durlauf, Steven N.and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.0198)
4. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism "an economic system characterized by private or
corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices,
production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market"
5. ^
a
b
Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
6. ^
a
b
Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas." First Edition. Oxford University Press.
Melbourne, Australia. 2002.
7. ^
a
b
c
Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.
8. ^
a
b
Capitalism. Encyclopdia Britannica. 2006.
9. ^ James Fulcher, Capitalism, A Very Short Introduction, "In one respect there can, however, be little doubt that
capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems." p. 99, Oxford University Press,
2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7.
10. ^ Tucker, Irvin B. (1997). Macroeconomics for Today. p. 553.
11. ^ Case, Karl E. (2004). Principles of Macroeconomics. Prentice Hall.
12. ^ Fulcher, James (2004). Capitalism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
13. ^ Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962.
14. ^ Krugman, Paul, Wells, Robin, Economics, Worth Publishers, New York, (2006)
15. ^ Caritas in veritate paragraph 36 (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-
xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html)
16. ^ The Rise of Capitalism, 2011. Socialist Standard, no. 1284, August 2011.
17. ^ ""capitalism, n.2". OED Online" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27454?
rskey=ZVI1hr&result=2&isAdvanced=false).
18. ^
a
b
Williams, Raymond (1983). "Capitalism". Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition.
Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-19-520469-7.
19. ^ Ragan, Christopher T.S., and Richard G. Lipsey. Microeconomics. Twelfth Canadian Edition ed. Toronto:
Pearson Education Canada, 2008. Print.
20. ^ Robbins, Richard H. Global problems and the culture of capitalism. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2007. Print.
21. ^ Taylor, Timothy (2011). Principles of Economics: Economics and the Economy
(http://www.texbookmedia.com). USA: Textbook Media. p. 744. ISBN 1-930789-13-0.
22. ^ Reisman, George. "Economics and capitalism"
(http://www.capitalism.net/Capitalism/Economics%20and%20Capitalism.htm). CAPITALISM: A TREATISE ON
ECONOMICS. The Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics, and Psychology. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
23. ^ Scott, Bruce R. "The Political Economy of Capitalism Bruce R." (http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/07-037.pdf).
Harvard Business School. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
24. ^ Musacchio, Aldo. "Economist Debates: State capitalism: Statements"
24. ^ Musacchio, Aldo. "Economist Debates: State capitalism: Statements"
(http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/802).
25. ^ Werhane, P.H. (1994). "Adam Smith and His Legacy for Modern Capitalism". The Review of Metaphysics
(Philosophy Education Society, Inc.) 47 (3).
26. ^
a
b
c
"free enterprise." Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition. Philip Lief Group 2008.
27. ^ Mutualist.org (http://www.mutualist.org/). "... based on voluntary cooperation, free exchange, or mutual aid."
28. ^ Barrons Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. 1995. p. 74
29. ^ "Market economy" (http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged?va=market%20economy),
Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary
30. ^ "About Cato" (http://www.cato.org/about.php). Cato.org. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
31. ^ "The Achievements of Nineteenth-Century Classical Liberalism"
(http://www.cato.org/university/module10.html).
Although the term "liberalism" retains its original meaning in most of the world, it has unfortunately
come to have a very different meaning in late twentieth-century America. Hence terms such as
"market liberalism," "classical liberalism," or "libertarianism" are often used in its place in America.
32. ^ Shutt, Harry (2010). Beyond the Profits System: Possibilities for the Post-Capitalist Era. Zed Books. ISBN 1-
84813-417-7.
33. ^
a
b
c
Braudel p. 232
34. ^ Harper, Douglas. "cattle" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cattle). Online Etymology Dictionary.
35. ^
a
b
c
d
e
James Augustus Henry Murray. "Capital". A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
(http://www.archive.org/details/oedvol02). Oxford English Press. Vol 2. p. 93.
36. ^ e.g., "L'Angleterre a-t-elle l'heureux privilge de n'avoir ni Agioteurs, ni Banquiers, ni Faiseurs de services, ni
Capitalistes?" in [Etienne Clavier] (1788) De la foi publique envers les cranciers de l'tat: lettres M. Linguet sur
le n CXVI de ses annales p. 19 (http://books.google.com/books?id=ESMVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA19)
37. ^ Arthur Young. Travels in France (http://books.google.com/books?
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38. ^ Ricardo, David. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. 1821. John Murray Publisher, 3rd edition.
39. ^ Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Tabel The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
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40. ^ Braudel, Fernand. The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism 15th18th Century, Harper and Row,
1979, p. 237
41. ^ Karl Marx. Chapter 16: "Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value". Das Kapital.
Die Verlngrung des Arbeitstags ber den Punkt hinaus, wo der Arbeiter nur ein quivalent fr den
Wert seiner Arbeitskraft produziert htte, und die Aneignung dieser Mehrarbeit durch das Kapital
das ist die Produktion des absoluten Mehrwerts. Sie bildet die allgemeine Grundlage des
kapitalistischen Systems und den Ausgangspunkt der Produktion des relativen Mehrwerts.
The prolongation of the working-day beyond the point at which the laborer would have produced
just an equivalent for the value of his labor-power, and the appropriation of that surplus-labor by
capital, this is production of absolute surplus-value. It forms the general groundwork of the
capitalist system, and the starting-point for the production of relative surplus-value.
42. ^ Karl Marx. Chapter Twenty-Five: "The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation". Das Kapital.
Die Erhhung des Arbeitspreises bleibt also eingebannt in Grenzen, die die Grundlagen des kapitalistischen
Systems nicht nur unangetastet lassen, sondern auch seine Reproduktion auf wachsender Stufenleiter
sichern.
Die allgemeinen Grundlagen des kapitalistischen Systems einmal gegeben, tritt im Verlauf der
Akkumulation jedesmal ein Punkt ein, wo die Entwicklung der Produktivitt der gesellschaftlichen Arbeit
der mchtigste Hebel der Akkumulation wird.
Wir sahen im vierten Abschnitt bei Analyse der Produktion des relativen Mehrwerts: innerhalb des
kapitalistischen Systems vollziehn sich alle Methoden zur Steigerung der gesellschaftlichen Produktivkraft
kapitalistischen Systems vollziehn sich alle Methoden zur Steigerung der gesellschaftlichen Produktivkraft
der Arbeit auf Kosten des individuellen Arbeiters;
43. ^ Saunders, Peter (1995). Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 1
44. ^ Karl Marx. Das Kapital.
45. ^
a
b
Warburton, David, Macroeconomics from the beginning: The General Theory, Ancient Markets, and the Rate
of Interest. Paris: Recherches et Publications, 2003.p49
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b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Burnham, Peter (2003). Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University
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the UPM (Madrid)
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"laissez-faire" (http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/laissezf.html).
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[citation needed]
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References
Bacher, Christian (2007). Capitalism, Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self-Exploitation
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w_6PqBp64y0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2). Munich: GRIN Verlag. p. 2.
ISBN 978-3-638-63658-2.
De George, Richard T. (1986). Business Ethics. New York: Macmillan. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-02-328010-8.
Fulcher, James (2004). Capitalism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
280218-7.
Lash, Scott; Urry, John (2000). "Capitalism". In Abercrombie, Nicholas; Hill, Stephen; Turner, Bryan S. The
Penguin Dictionary of Sociology (4th ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 3640. ISBN 978-0-14-051380-6.
McCraw, Thomas K. (August 2011). "The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism"
(http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-current-crisis-and-the-essence-of-capitalism.php). The Montreal
Review. ISSN 0707-9656 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0707-9656).
Obrinsky, Mark (1983). Profit Theory and Capitalism (http://www.questia.com/read/4995070/profit-theory-and-
capitalism). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press via Questia (subscription required). p. 1. ISBN 978-0-
8122-7863-7.
Wolf, Eric R. (1982). Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-
0-520-04459-3.
Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2002). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View (http://books.google.co.uk/books?
id=FZPyKjVguVoC). London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-392-5.
Further reading
Block, Fred; Somers, Margaret R. (2014). The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05071-6.
Musacchio, Aldo; Lazzarini, Sergio G. (2014). Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and
Beyond. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72968-1.
Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American
Empire. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9
Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-
43000-6.
Roberts, Paul Craig (2013). The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World.
Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5
External links
Capitalism (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545kv) on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p00545kv/In_Our_Time_Capitalism))
Hessen, Robert (2008). Capitalism (http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Capitalism.html). The Concise
Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658.
OCLC 237794267 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267).
Center on Capitalism and Society (http://capitalism.columbia.edu/) at Columbia University
Center for the Study of Capitalism (http://capitalism.wfu.edu/) at Wake Forest University
Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A
Debate October 22, 2012 (http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/dr-yaron-brook-
and-dr-david-callahan-capitalism-moral-debate-102212)
Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org
(http://www.textbooksfree.org/Economics_3_Basic_Characteristics_of_Capitalism.htm)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&oldid=583575898"
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