Chapter 2

Quiz for Class 1

2.1 Topics for Class 1 Quiz
2.1.1 Topics from the Notes on Vectors
Inner Products (questions 1-4)
Length (questions 5-7)
The Least Squares Problem (questions 8-10)
Inequalities for Vectors (questions 11-12)
The Angle Between Two Vectors (questions 13-15)
Vectors, Lines, Planes and Hyperplanes (questions 16-17)
2.1.2 Topics from the Notes on Open Sets, Closed Sets
and Continuous Functions
Boundaries, Open and Closed Sets (questions 18-20)
Closed Sets, Bounded Sets, Compact Sets and Continuous Functions (ques-
tions 21-24)
Continuity for Consumer Theory (question 25)
2.1.3 Topics from the Notes on Introduction to Multivari-
ate Calculus
Derivatives and Approximations (questions 26-27)
Level Sets and Vectors of Partial Derivatives (question 28)
5
6 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
2.2 Class 1 Quiz
2.2.1 Inner Products (essential topic, questions 1-4)
Class 1 quiz question 1
The inner product (sometimes called the dot product) of the n vectors x and y
is dened as:
x
0
y =
n
X
i=1
x
i
y
i
.
If x and y are n vectors is the statement x
0
y 6= y
0
x
1. true for all n vectors x and y
2. true for some but not all n vectors x and y
3.
true for no n vectors x and y
4. I dont know.
Answer: x
0
y =
P
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
=
P
n
i=1
y
i
x
i
= y
0
x, therefore the statement is
true for no n vectors x and y.
Class 1 quiz question 2
If x and y are n vectors and k is a real number is the statement
k(x
0
y) = (ky)
0
x = x
0
(ky)
1.
true for all real numbers k and all n vectors x and y
2. true for some but not all real numbers k and all n vectors x and y
3. true for no real numbers k and all n vectors x and y
4. I dont know.
Answer: if k is a scalar
k(x
0
y) = k

n
X
i=1
x
i
y
i
!
=
n
X
i=1
(kx
i
)y
i
= (kx)
0
y =
n
X
i=1
x
i
(ky
i
) = x
0
(ky)
Therefore the statement is true for all real numbers k and all n vectors x
and y.
2.2. CLASS 1 QUIZ 7
Class 1 quiz question 3
Think about the n vectors t, u, v and w, and the scalars a, b, c, d. Click the
correct statements
1.
t
0
(u +v) = t
0
u +t
0
v for all t, u, v and w
2. (u +v)
0
t 6= t
0
(u +v) for some t, u, v and w.
3.
(t +w)
0
(u +v) = t
0
u +w
0
u +t
0
v +w
0
v for all t, u, v and w.
4. (t +w)
0
(u +v) 6= u
0
t +u
0
w+v
0
t +v
0
w for some t, u, v and w.
5.
(at+bw)
0
(cu+dv) = act
0
u+bcw
0
u+adt
0
v+bdw
0
v for all a, b, c, d, t, u, v and w.
Answer: Statements 1, 3 and 5 are correct. They are implied by the
denitions of vector addition, inner products and scalar multiplication as
t
0
(u +v) =
n
X
i=1
t
i
(u
i
+ v
i
) =
n
X
i=1
t
i
u
i
+
n
X
i=1
t
i
v
i
= t
0
u +t
0
v =
n
X
i=1
(u
i
+ v
i
) t
i
= u
0
t +v
0
t
and
(t +w)
0
(u +v) =
n
X
i=1
(t
i
+ w
i
) (u
i
+ v
i
) =
n
X
i=1
(t
i
u
i
+ w
i
u
i
+ t
i
v
i
+ w
i
v
i
)
= t
0
u +w
0
u +t
0
v +w
0
v
= u
0
t +u
0
w+v
0
t +v
0
w.
Similarly
(at+bw)
0
(cu+dv) = (at)
0
(cu) +(bw)
0
(cu) +(at)
0
(dv) +(bw)
0
(dv)
= act
0
u+bcw
0
u+adt
0
v+bdw
0
v.
Class 1 quiz question 4
If y and x are n vectors and b a scalar, click the correct statements.
1. (ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y +x
0
xb
2
.
2. (ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y+bx
0
y+by
0
x +x
0
xb
2
.
3.
(ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y x
0
yby
0
xb+x
0
xb
2
.
4. (ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y+2x
0
yb+x
0
xb
2
.
5.
(ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y2x
0
yb+x
0
xb
2
.
Answer: Statements 3 and 4 are correct because, as x
0
y = y
0
x
(ybx)
0
(ybx) = y
0
y x
0
yby
0
xb+x
0
xb
2
= y
0
y2x
0
yb+x
0
xb
2
.
8 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
2.3 Length (essential topic, questions 5-7)
Class 1 quiz question 5
What is the length of the vector (x
1
, x
2
) in 2 dimensional space?
1. x
2
1
+ x
2
2
2. x
1
+ x
2
3. x
1
x
2
4. (x
1
+ x
2
)
1
2
5.

x
2
1
+ x
2
2
1
2
6. none of the above
7. I dont know.
Answer: Pythagoras Theorem implies that answer 5 is correct.
Class 1 quiz question 6
What is the length of the vector (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) in 3 dimensional space?
1. x
2
1
+ x
2
2
+ x
2
3
2. x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3. x
1
x
2
x
3
4. (x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
)
1
2
5.

x
2
1
+ x
2
2
+ x
2
3
1
2
6. none of the above
7. I dont know
Answer: Pythagoras Theorem implies that answer 5 is correct.
2.4. THE LEASTSQUARES PROBLEM(USEFUL TOPIC, QUESTIONS 8-10)9
Class 1 quiz question 7
By denition x
0
x =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i
.
As x
2
i
0 for all i, x
0
x 0.
If x = 0, then x
i
= 0 for all i so x
0
x = 0.
Thus x
0
x 0 and x =0 implies that x
0
x = 0.
If x
0
x = 0 what does this tell you about x?
1.
x 0
2.
x 0
3.
x
1
x
2
x
3
..... x
n
4. x = 0
5. none of the above
6. I dont know.
Answer: If x
0
x =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i
= 0 then as x
i
is real number x
2
i
0 for all i
and x
2
i
= 0 if and only if x
i
= 0. Thus x
0
x 0 for all x and x
0
x =0 if and only
if x
i
= 0 for all i, that is if x =0. If x = 0 so statement 4 holds then statements
1, 2, and 3 also hold.
2.4 The Least Squares Problem (useful topic,
questions 8-10)
Class 1 quiz question 8
Let
x =

0
1

and y =

4
3

Find the value of the scalar b that minimizes kybxk . Note that this is the
same as the value of b that minimizes kybxk
2
, which is easier to work with.
Show x, y, bx and ybx on an accurate diagram. Which of the following
statements are true?
1. b = 2
2. b = 3
3. b = 4
4. x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =1.
10 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
8 6 4 2 0
8
6
4
2
0
x
y
x
y
x
1
x
2
y - 3x
y
3x
x
Figure 2.1: Question 8
5.
x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =0.
6. The vectors x and ybx are parallel.
7.
The vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other.
Answer:
ybx =

4
3

0
1

4
3 b

so
kybxk
2
= 4
2
+ (3 b)
2
which is minimized by setting b = 3, so
ybx =

4
3

0
1

4
0

x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =
2
X
i=1
(y
i
bx
i
) x
i
= (0 4) + (1 0) = 0.
From Figure 2.1 the vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other.
Class 1 quiz question 9
Let
x =

1
2

and y =

10
5

2.4. THE LEASTSQUARES PROBLEM(USEFUL TOPIC, QUESTIONS 8-10)11

Find the value of the scalar b that minimizes kybxk . Note that this is the
same as the value of b that minimizes kybxk
2
, which is easier to work with.
Show x, y, bx and ybx on an accurate diagram. Which of the following
statements are true?
1. b = 2
2. b = 3
3. b = 4
4. x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =1.
5.
x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =0.
6. The vectors x and ybx are parallel.
7.
The vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other.
Answer:
ybx =

10
5

1
2

10 b
5 2b

so
kybxk
2
= (10 b)
2
+ (5 2b)
2
= 125 40b + 5b
2
.
Completing the square
125 40b + 5b
2
= 5 (b 4)
2
+ 45
which is minimized by setting b = 4, and has a minimum value of 45.
ybx =

10
5

1
2

6
3

x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =
2
X
i=1
(y
i
bx
i
) x
i
= (1 6) + (2 (3)) = 0.
From the diagram the vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other. Another

way of saying this is that vectors x and ybx are orthogonal to each other.
This is illustrated in Figure 2.2.
12 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
(10,5)
(4,8)
(1,2)
(6,-3)
0
x = (1,2)
4x = (4,8)
y = (10,5)
y 4x = (6,-3)
Figure 2.2: Question 9
Class 1 quiz question 10
Let
x =

x
1
x
2
.
.
x
n

y =

y
1
y
2
.
.
y
n

Assume that x 6=0. Find the value of the scalar b that minimizes kybxk.
Note that the value b that minimizes kybxk is the same as the value of b that
minimizes kybxk
2
, which is a quadratic function of b. If possible nd the
minimum by completing the square.
Note also that bx is a vector that is a scalar multiple of x so lies on the same
line as x. The vector ybx joins a point on this line y. Thus bx is the point
on the line through x that is closest to y. Draw a pair of vectors x and y and
use this property to nd bx.
Which of the following statements are true?
1. b = (x
0
x) x
0
y =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i

(
P
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
) .
2. b = (x
0
x) x
0
y =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i

(
P
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
) .
3.
b = (x
0
x)
1
x
0
y =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i

1
(
P
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
) .
4. x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =1.
5.
x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =0.
2.5. INEQUALITIES FORVECTORS (USEFUL TOPIC, QUESTIONS 11-12)13
6. The vectors x and ybx are parallel.
7.
The vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other.
Answer b = (x
0
x)
1
x
0
y =
P
n
i=1
x
2
i

1
(
P
n
i=1
x
i
y
i
), x
0
(ybx) = (ybx)
0
x =0
and the vectors x and ybx are at 90

to each other.
2.5 Inequalities for Vectors (useful topic, ques-
tions 11-12)
Class 1 quiz question 11: the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality
Click the statements that hold for all vectors x and y.
1. x
0
y
1
kxk kyk
2. x
0
y (x
0
x) (y
0
y)
3.
x
0
y (x
0
x)
1
2
(y
0
y)
1
2
4. x
0
y (x
0
x)
1
(y
0
y)
1
5.
x
0
y kxk kyk
6.
|x
0
y| kxk kyk
Answer: Statements 3, 5 and 6 are correct. Statement 6 is the Cauchy-
Schwarz inequality.
The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality states that
|x
0
y| (y
0
y)
1
2
(x
0
x)
1
2
= kxk kyk .
Class 1 quiz question 12: the Triangle Inequality
Click the statements that hold for all vectors x and y.
1. kx +yk < kxk + kyk
2.
kx +yk kxk + kyk
3. kx +yk = kxk + kyk
4. kx +yk > kxk + kyk
5. kx yk < kxk kyk
6.
kx yk kxk + kyk
Answer: statements 2 and 5 are correct. This is the triangle inequality,
(see notes on vectors).
14 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
2.6 The Angle Between Two Vectors (essential
topic, questions 13-15)
Class 1 quiz question 13
Which of the following statements is true?
1. x
0
y =
cos
kxk kyk
2. x
0
y = (x
0
x) (y
0
y) cos
3.
x
0
y = (x
0
x)
1
2
(y
0
y)
1
2
cos
4. x
0
y = (x
0
x)
1
(y
0
y)
1
cos
5.
x
0
y =kxk kyk cos
6. dont know.
Answer: The notes on vectors show that
x
0
y = (x
0
x)
1
2
(y
0
y)
1
2
cos = kxk kyk cos .
Given this statements 1, 2, and 4 can only hold for particular values of kxk and
kyk .
2.6.1 Class 1 quiz question 14
If x
0
y = 0 what is the angle between x and y?
1. 0

2. 45

3. 90

4. 135

5. 180

6. none of the above

7. I dont know
Answer: If x
0
y = 0 the angle between x and y is 90

.
2.6. THE ANGLE BETWEENTWOVECTORS (ESSENTIAL TOPIC, QUESTIONS 13-15)15
45
1
1
2
Figure 2.3: Question 15
Class 1 quiz question 15
If x
0
= (3, 4) and y
0
= (

2, 7

2) what is the angle between x and y?

1. 0

2. 45

3. 90

4. 135

5. 180

6. none of the above

7. I dont know
Answer:
x
0
= (3, 4) so k x k= (3
2
+ 4
2
)
1
2
= 5 and y
0
= (

2, 7

2) so k y k=
(2 + 98)
1
2
= 10. Moreover x
0
y = 3

2 + 28

2 = 25

2. As x
0
y = k x k
k y k cos where is the angle between x and y we have
cos =
x
0
y
k x kk y k
=
25

2
50
=

2
2
=
1

2
which implies that = 45

.
To see why cos 45

=
1

2
think about the triangle in Figure 2.3. The vertical
and horizontal sides of this triangle both have length to 1 . From Pythagoras
Theorem the hypotenuse of this right angled triangle is

1
2
+ 1
2
=

2 so
cos 45

=
1

2
.
16 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
x
0
x
1
x
2
p( x - x
0
) = 0
a
d
a
c
b
Figure 2.4:
2.7 Vectors, Lines, Planes and Hyperplanes (es-
sential topic, questions 16-17)
Class 1 quiz question 16
Figure 2.4 shows the line p
0
(x x
0
) = 0 and four vectors a, b, c and d. Which
of these vectors could not be p?
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d
Answer The vector p must be orthogonal (at 90

to) the line p

0
(x x
0
) so
could be b or d or indeed any vector of the form b where 6= 0 is a real
number.
Class 1 quiz question 17
If p,x and x
0
are elements of R
3
the set of points satisfying p
0
(x x
0
) = 0 is
a:
1. line
2.
plane
2.8. BOUNDARIES, OPENANDCLOSEDSETS (USEFUL TOPIC, QUESTIONS 18-20)17
x
1
0
x
2
S
U
T
Figure 2.5: Question 18
3.
hyperplane
4. none of the above
Answer The set is a plane (see notes on vectors section 7.7) and also, by
denition a hyperplane.
2.8 Boundaries, Open and Closed Sets (useful
topic, questions 18-20)
The questions now move to chapter 8 on "Open Sets, Closed Sets and Contin-
uous Functions".
Class 1 quiz question 18
In Figure 2.5 the black lines at the edge of the sets are the parts of the boundary
of the set that lies within the sets. The notation S
C
means the complement
of the set S. Which of the sets are open?
1. S
2. S
C
3. T
4. T
C
5. U
18 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
6. U
C
Answer Set T is open because no points in its boundary lie within the set.
Set S is closed because all points in its boundary lie within the set. As S
is closed its complement is open. The set U contains some but not all of its
boundary points so is neither open nor closed. As the boundary of U is the
same as the boundary of U
C
the set U
C
is neither open nor closed.
Class 1 quiz question 19
Look again at the sets in Figure 2.5 Which of the following sets are closed?
1. S
2. S
C
3. T
4. T
C
5. U
6. U
C
Answer S is closed because it contains its boundary, T
C
is closed because it
is the complement of the open set T.
Class 1 quiz question 20
Consider an innite collect of open sets A
1
, A
2
....... Click the correct state-
ments.
1.
The union of a nite number of these sets must be open.
2.
The union of a nite or innite number of these sets must be open.
3.
The intersection of a nite number of these sets must be open.
4. The intersection of a nite or innite number of these sets must be open.
Answer See notes. An example of a situation where statement 4 does not
hold is the intersection of all intervals of the form

1
n
,
1
n

, or in open ball
notation B (0, 1/n) where n = 1, 2..... Each of these intervals is an open set,
but their intersection {0} is not open.
2.9. CLOSEDSETS, BOUNDEDSETS ANDCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (MORE CHALLENGINGTOPIC, QUE
2.9 Closed Sets, Bounded Sets and Continuous
Functions (more challenging topic, questions
21-24)
Class 1 quiz question 21
Which of the following intervals are closed? Come to class ready to explain
your answer using the denition of a closed set as one whose complement is
open, and the denition of an open set in terms of open balls.
1. (10, 11)
2. (12, )
3. [10, 11)
4.
[12, )
5.
[10, 11]
Answer
1. (10, 11) is not closed because 10 is not in the interval, but elements of
B (10,) are in the interval for any > 0. Thus the complement is not
open and the set is not closed.
2. (12, ) is not closed because 12 is not in the interval, but elements of
B (12,) are in the interval for any > 0. Thus the complement is not
open and the set is not closed.
3. [10, 11) is not closed because 11 is not in the interval, but elements of
B (11,) are in the interval for any > 0. Thus the complement is not
open and the set is not closed.
4. [12, ) is closed because its complement (, 12) is open. To see this
note that x < 12 for all x in (, 12) which implies that x <
12+x
2
< 12
so the open ball B

x,
12x
2

is a subset of (, 12).
5. [10, 11] is closed because its complement is open. To see this note that
if x < 10 then x <
10+x
2
< 10 so the open ball B

x,
10x
2

is a subset of
(, 10) so (, 10) is open. Similarly if x > 11 then x >
11+x
2
> 11 so
the open ball B

x,
11x
2

is a subset of (11, ) so (11, ) is open. Thus

the complement of [10, 11] is the union of two open sets, so is itself open.
20 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
Class 1 quiz question 22
Which of the following intervals are bounded?
1.
(10, 11)
2. (12, )
3.
[10, 11)
4. [12, )
5.
[10, 11]
Answer Sets 1, 2, and 3 are bounded, because for all x in these sets |x| < 13.
Sets 2 and 4 are not bounded because all suciently large x are in these sets.
Class 1 quiz question 23
Which of the following intervals are compact?
1. (10, 11)
2. (12, )
3. [10, 11)
4. [12, )
5.
[10, 11]
Answer Subsets of R are compact if they are closed and bounded. Only set
5 is closed and bounded.
Class 1 quiz question 24
On which of the following intervals does the function f (x) = x
2
have a mini-
mum?
1. (10, 11)
2. (12, )
3.
[10, 11)
4.
[12, )
5.
[10, 11]
2.10. CONTINUITYFORCONSUMERTHEORY(MORE CHALLENGINGTOPIC, QUESTION25)21
Answer
1. (10, 11) no, the function has a lower bound (100), but does not reach it.
In detail the argument is for any > 0 however small there is an element
x of (10, 11) with x
2
< 100 + thus any minimum cannot be greater than
100. However as 10 < x for all x in the interval 100 < x
2
for all x in the
interval so 100 is not a minimum.
2. (12, ) no, it has a lower bound (144), but does not reach it. The
argument is the same as for interval 1.
3. [10, 11)
yes. 10 is an element of the interval and 10
2
= 100 x
2
for all x in the
interval.
4. [12, )
yes. 12 is an element of the interval and 12
2
= 144 x
2
for all x in the
interval.
5. [10, 11]
yes. 10 is an element of the interval and 10
2
= 100 x
2
for all x in the
interval. Also this interval is compact so the continuous function x
2
has
a minimum on the interval.
2.10 Continuity for Consumer Theory (more chal-
lenging topic, question 25)
Class 1 quiz question 25
Which of the following conditions on the function f : R
n
R ensure that the
function f is continuous?
1.
For all y the sets {x : x R
n
, f (x) < y} and {x : x R
n
, f (x) > y} are open.
2. For all y the sets {x : x R
n
, f (x) y} and {x : x R
n
, f (x) y} are
open.
3. For all y the sets {x : x R
n
, f (x) < y} and {x : x R
n
, f (x) > y} are
closed.
4.
For all y the sets {x : x R
n
, f (x) y} and {x : x R
n
, f (x) y} are closed.
Answer See the proposition in the notes, section 9.3 which gives answer 1.
As the complement of an open set is closed, and the sets in answer 4 are the
complements of the sets in answer 1, answer 4 is also correct.
22 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
2.11 Derivatives and Approximations (more chal-
lenging topic, questions 26-27)
The questions now move to chapter 9 , "Introduction to Multivariate Calculus".
Class 1 quiz question 26
Consider the function f : R
2
R given by
f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
x
2
Click the correct statements.
1.
Both partial derivatives of f (x
1
, x
2
) at (0, 0) are zero.
2.
The partial derivatives of f (x
1
, x
2
) exist and are continuous at (0, 0) .
3.
The function is well approximated by f (0, 0) +
f(0,0)
x
1
x
1
+
f(0,0)
x
2
x
2
when (x
1
, x
2
) is close to (0, 0) .
Answer The partial derivatives of the function f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
x
2
are
f(x
1
,x
2
)
x
1
=
x
2
and
f(x
1
,x
2
)
x
2
= x
1
. These are continuous for all x
1
and x
2
which implies
that the approximation is a good one. See notes section 3.
Class 1 quiz question 27
Consider the function f : R
2
R given by
f (x
1
, x
2
) = max [0, min(x
1
, x
2
)] .
This function is 0 when one or both of x
1
and x
2
is strictly negative or 0. It
is f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
when 0 < x
1
x
2
and f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
2
when 0 < x
2
< x
1
.
Click the correct statements.
1.
Both partial derivatives of f (x
1
, x
2
) at (0, 0) are zero.
2. The partial derivatives of f (x
1
, x
2
) exist and are continuous at (0, 0) .
3. The function is well approximated by f (0, 0) +
f(0,0)
x
1
x
1
+
f(0,0)
x
2
x
2
.
2.11. DERIVATIVES ANDAPPROXIMATIONS (MORE CHALLENGINGTOPIC, QUESTIONS 26-27)23
x
1
x
2
Figure 2.6:
24 CHAPTER 2. QUIZ FOR CLASS 1
Answer Figure 2.6 shows the graph of the function in 3 dimensional space.
The functions is 0 when one or both of x
1
and x
2
are 0, that is on the axes.
Thus is has partial derivatives at 0 which are
f (0, 0)
x
1
= 0,
f (0, 0)
x
2
= 0.
The function does not have partial derivatives when x
1
= 0 and x
2
> 0 or when
x
1
> 0 and x
2
= 0 or when x
1
= x
2
> 0. When 0 < x
1
< x
2
the function
f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
the partial derivatives are
f (x
1
, x
2
)
x
1
= 1,
f (x
1
, x
2
)
x
2
= 0.
When 0 < x
2
< x
1
then f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
2
so the partial derivatives are
f (x
1
, x
2
)
x
1
= 0,
f (x
1
, x
2
)
x
1
= 1.
Thus the partial derivatives are not continuous at 0 which suggests that the
approximation is not a good one. The approximation argument is impossible
to make rigorously from the information in the notes, but when for example
0 < x
1
< x
2
so f (x
1
, x
2
) = x
1
, the best approximation to f (x
1
, x
2
) is y = x
1
,
rather than y = 0 that comes from the derivative.
2.12 Level Sets and Vectors of Partial Deriva-
tives (essential topic, question 28)
Class 1 quiz question 28
Think about the two good model of consumer choice. Let u(x) be a dieren-
tiable utility function and x
0
a particular value of x. (x is a 2 vector.). Let h
be the vector whose i
th
component is h
i
=
u(x
0
)
x
i
. Assume that h 6= 0. Click
the correct statements.
1. The vector h whose i
th
component is h
i
=
u(x
0
)
x
i
is tangent to the
indierence curve at x
0
.
2.
The vector h whose i
th
component h
i
=
u(x
0
)
x
i
is at 90

to the tangent to the indierence curve at x

0
.
3.
The set of vectors x satisfying h
0
x = h
0
x
0
is the tangent to the indierence curve at x
0
.
4. The set of vectors x satisfying h
0
x = h
0
x
0
is at 90

to the tangent to the

indierence curve at x
0
.
2.12. LEVEL SETS ANDVECTORS OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVES (ESSENTIAL TOPIC, QUESTION28)25
5. If x
0
is the utility maximizing choice at price p then h
i
=
u(x
0
)
x
i
= p
i
.
6.
If x
0
is the utility maximizing choice at price p then h
i
=
u(x
0
)
x
i
= p
i
for all i for some > 0.
Answer See chapter 9.3.