What are truss? When can the trusses be rigid trusses?

State the condition

followed by simple
Sol.: A structure made up of several bars (or members) riveted or welded together
is known as frame or truss. The member are welded or riveted together at their
joints, yet for calculation purpose the joints are assumed to be hinged or pin-joint.
We determine the forces in the members of a perfect frame, when it is subject to
some external load.
Rigid Truss: A truss is said to be rigid in nature when there is no deformation on
application of any external force.
Condition followed by simple truss: The truss which follows the law n = 2j 3.
is known as simple truss. Where n = Number of link or member j = Number of
joints A triangular frame is the simplest truss.

Define and explain the term: (a) Perfect frame (b) Imperfect frame (c)
Deficient frame (d) Redundant frame.

Perfect Frame
The frame, which is composed of such members, which are just sufficient to keep
the frame in equilibrium, when the frame is supporting an external load, is known
as perfect frame. Hence for a perfect frame, the number of joints and number of
members are given as: n = 2j 3

Imperfect Fram
An Imperfect frame is one which does not satisfies the relation between the
numbers of members and number of joints given by the equation n = 2j 3.
This means that number of member in an imperfect frame will be either more or
less than (2j-3) It may be a deficient frame or a redundant frame.

Deficient Frame
If the numbers of member in a frame are less than (2j-3), then the frame is known
as deficient frame.
Redundant Frame
If the numbers of member in a frame are more than (2j-3), then the frame is known
as redundant frame.
What are the assumptions made in the analysis of a simple truss?
Sol.: The assumptions made in finding out the forces in a frame are,
(1) The frame is a perfect frame.
(2) The frame carries load at the joints.
(3) All the members are pin-joint. It means members will have only axial force and
there will be no moment due to pin, because at a pin moment becomes zero.
(4) Load is applied at joints only.
(5) Each joint of the truss is in equilibrium, hence the whole frame or truss is also
in equilibrium.
(6) The weight of the members of the truss is negligible.
(7) There is no deflection in the members on application of load.
(8) Stresses induced on application of force in the members is negligible.
How you can find the force in the member of truss by using method of joint?
What are the steps involved in method of joint ?
Sol.: In this method, after determining the reactions at the supports, the equilibrium
of every joint is considered. This means the sum of all the vertical forces as well as
horizontal forces acting on a joint is equal to zero. The joint should be selected in
such a way that at any time there are only two members, in which the forces are
unknown.
The force in the member will be compressive if the member pushes the joint to
which it is connected whereas the force in the member will be tensile if the
member pulls the joint to which it is connected.

Steps for Method of Joint
To find out force in member of the truss by this method, following three Steps are
followed.
Step-1: Calculate reaction at the support.
Step-2: Make the direction of force in the entire member; you make the entire
member as tensile. If on solving the problems, any value of force comes to
negative that means the assumed direction is wrong, and that force is compressive.
Step-3: Select a joint where only two members are unknown.
1- First select that joint on which three or less than three forces are acting. Then
apply lamis theorem on that joint.
Step-4: Draw free body diagram of selected joint since whole truss is in
equilibrium therefore the selected joint will be in equilibrium and it must satisfy
the equilibrium conditions of coplanar concurrent force system.
V = 0 and H = 0
Step-5: Now select that joint on which four forces, five forces etc are acting. On
that joint apply resolution of forces method.
Note: If three forces act at a joint and two of them are along the same straight line,
then for the equilibrium of the joint, the third force should be equal to zero.

What is meant by pure Torsion?
Generally two types of stresses are induced in a shaft.
1. Torsional (Shear) stresses due to transmission of torque.
2. Bending stresses due to weight of pulley, gear etc mounted on shaft.
A circular shaft is said to be in a state of pure torsion when it is subjected to torque
only, without being acted upon by any bending moment or axial force.
OR; if the shaft is subjected to two opposite turning moment it is said to be in pure
torsion. and it will exhibit the tendency of shearing off at every cross-section
which is perpendicular to longitudinal axis.

Define Section modulus. What is torsional section modulus or polar modulus?
Polar Moment of Inertiaj(J)
The M.I. of a plane about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the area is called
polar moment of inertia of the area with respect to the point at which the axis
intersects the plane.
Polar moment of inertia of solid body (J) = Ixx + Iyy = /32.

Polar moment of inertia of hollow body (J) = Ixx + Iyy = /32. (

)
Section Modulus(Z)
Section modulus is the ratio of MI about the neutral axis divided by the most
distant point from the neutral
axis.
Z= I/ymax
Section modulus for circular solid shaft (Z D4)/D/2 = 32.D3
Section modulus for circular hollow shaft (Z Do
4 Di
4)]/DO/2 = Do
4 Di
4)/DO
Section modulus for rectangular section (Z) = (bd3/12)/d/2 = bd2/6
Polar Modulus(Zp) (Dec04, 05)
It is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to outer radius.
Zp= J/R
Polar Modulus of solid body (Zp D4]/D D3/16
Polar modulus of hollow body (Zp Do
4 Di
4)]/D Do
4 Di
4)/Do]/16
What are the assumption made in deriving the torsional formulas?
Sol.: The torsion equation is based on the following assumptions:
1. The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
2. The shaft circular in section remains circular after loading.
3. A plane section of shaft normal to its axis before loading remains plane after the
torques has been applied.
4. The twist along the length of shaft is uniform throughout.
5. The distance between any two normal cross-sections remains the same after the
application of torque.
6. Maximum shear stress induced in the shaft due to application of torque does not
exceed its elastic limit value.