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Advantages Of Shell Structures Health And Social Care Essay
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Generally, the buildings are closed form
structures which are supposed to cover the
open spaces in order to make a safe place to
stay inside. Such need was usually fulfilled by the covering system and supporting system. For a system of
covering roof slab were constructed while the support for that covering is provided by the system of beam
and column. But for the reinforced concrete shell structure both of these systems are compiled as one. So that the
structure covers the large free spaces between columns, providing more free spaces.
The structure whose thickness is very less compared to the length and breadth of the structure are considered as
the thin shell structures. For these types of structures the aim is to reduce its self weight by making the structure
as thin as possible, permitted by the practical requirements. Which now will behave as a membrane which is free
from the large bending stresses. By which optimum structural benefit is obtained in more economic ways, with the
use of less material.
Figure: Roof shell structure (Dekker, 2001)(Introduction To The General Shell Theory 2001)
Nowadays, mostly used in commercial buildings, storage facilities, residential buildings, well matched for
constructing complex curves and so on.
1.1 SHELLS IN ENGINEERING
As the shell structures have more strength with respect to its self weight, it is gaining the popularity in the areas
where there is a risk of earthquake and hurricane. There are many places on earth where there is a risk of these
natural disasters.
It is therefore necessary to analyze the shell structures to ensure the best and safe design method for future, to
avoid the potential accidents. The basic mechanics of the 3-D structure are different then the 2-D structure,
therefore there is not any necessary that the model combination method which yield the correct result for the 2-D
structure should be valid for 3-D structure as well. The fact that the less research done so far in the dynamics of
shell structure is startling. Moreover there were various limitations on the research done. On the basis of available
research done so far , it is difficult to conclude anything about the shell structure. Therefore there is a need for
more research in the area to come to one conclusion. (Shadi Ostavari Dailamani, 2008). This research paper
examines the different model combination methods for shell structures and checks their accuracy for shell
structures.
1.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURES
High strength with respect to its self weight. (Major criteria to measure efficiency )
Very High Stiffness
Large space covered
Lowers the construction cost
Aesthetic value
1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES
Concrete being the porous material may lead to the problem of seepage
Due to its geometry, it is not possible to add another floor above it. Basically it is the roof covering structure.
1.2 MAJOR SHELL TYPE STRUCTURES
Dome structure
Cylindrical Shell
Hyperbolic paraboloid Shell
Toroidal Shell
In real life practice cylindrical shells are often selected for covering massive open spaces, as it requires less
number of internal supports. We see the common examples of cylindrical shells used for covering the roofs near
us, such as power stations, garages, large supermarket, warehouses etc.
1.3 AIMS OF A PROJECT
The main aim of the research is to come up with the result which shows the accuracy of the different model
combination methods in shell structure with the aid of deeper knowledge and
understanding about the dynamic response of shell structures under earthquake
loading.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
To understand the development of the shell theories in the course of time.
To acquire the knowledge of dynamic response and model combination for a shell
structure.
To understand the mathematical and mechanical theory underpinning numerical modelling techniques for the
response of structures subjected to earthquake loading.
To verify the FEM programme by cross checking the frequency, displacement, stress etc.
To be able to develop and analyze the 3-D civil engineering problems by the use of available finite element
program (ABAQUS).
To interpret the response spectra of various earthquakes.
To share the findings and knowledge of the shell structure to the global community.
1.5 PROJECT DELIVERABLES
Documentation of a literature review and methodologies developed.
A model is created
Verification the FEM program (ABAQUS)
Accuracy of model combination for shell structure is known
Presentation of research outcomes and suggestions
Preparation of a professional draft
CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE LINEAR SHELL THEORIES
Many theories have been put forward in past years. These theories were based on the linear elasticity concepts.
Generally it predicts the stresses and deformation for thin shells subjected to the minutest deformation. That
means the Hooke's law can be applied to the shell structure. 2D analysis of shell structures leads to the wrong
direction, therefore to get the correct result 3-D analysis should be done. Then the analysis is done with the aid of
the theory of linear elasticity. Due to the complexity of the analysis of this structure it is further deduced into the
analysis of deformation of the middle surface only, by the adoption of some hypothesis. i.e the structure can be
considered as the 2D. (Dekker, 2001)
Love was the pioneer of the shell theory devised a shell theory which is also known as first- order approximation
shell theory. This theory was based in the classical linear elasticity. Several drawbacks were seen in the Loves
theory which needs some corrections.
E. Resistor later develops the first order approximation theory which eliminated some deficiency in the Loves
theory. The equilibrium equation, strain-displacement relation and stress resultant equation were developed from
by using the same Love-Kirchhoff hypothesis by neglecting the higher order z/Ri , (Where Ri i= 1,2) are the radii
of curvature of the middle surface) which yeilds the small values.
Timoshenko's theory is somewhat like the Love theory which adopts the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis and ignored
the ratio of z/Ri near to the one.
Higher order approximation theory is separately developed by Lur'ye, Flugge, and Byrne. This theory combines
the assumptions of Kirchhoff hypothesis and small deflection to give the general solution. Special consideration is
taken to omit the values of z/Ri .
As this theory seems to be not elegant, various other theories were proposed then after. Stress conditions,
geometry, range of deformation and loading were the basic factors that affect the different shell theories.
Novozhilov, Vlasov, E. Reissner, Leissa and many more proposed the shell theory which was based on the basic
principle of Love- Kirchhoff's assumptions. Gol'denveizer was the first man to formulate the conditions for
compatibility of strain components and his contribution is considered as a precious in the history of shell theories.
During the last century, the membrane theory established by Beltrami and Lecornu was getting popularity.
Sokolovskii modified the membrane theory and introduced the various characteristic properties.The
usefulness of the Airy's stress function for solving the membrane problem was discovered by Pucher.
Shallow shells are the next example of specialized shell theories developed by
Donnel, Vlasov and Mustari. The thin shell which has generally low rise compared to
the span and used as roof covering are known as the shallow shells. Due to their
comfort and ease the governing equation of this idea were found to be amazingly
easy in solving the problems. Additional assumptions were made for simplification of
strain-displacement relation, equilibrium and compatibility equations along with the
classical Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis to come up with a new equation.
According to the D'Alambert principle the dynamic equation of motion can be
obtained by the sum of inertial force and body force and body moment produced by the ground acceleration of the
mass. At first the equation was developed by Love and then various improvements were proposed in the course of
time by different researchers like Kraus, Flugge and many others. (Dekker, 2001)
2.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The basic theoretical analysis is described by Anooshiravan Farshidianfar on his paper "free vibration analysis of
circular cylindrical shells". (Anooshiravan Farshidianfar, 2012). A cylindrical shell was considered with the constant
thickness(h), axial length(L), mean radius(R), poission's ratio() density() and the Young's modulus of
elasticity(E) as shown by the figure.
Figure: cylindrical shell with coordinate system (Anooshiravan Farshidianfar, 2012)
The equation of motion can be expressed by the following equations
In which Lij (i,j=1, 2,3) is differential operators with respect to x, and t. Various solutions are provided by the
various personal, but in this paper Love-Timoshenko method is used to calculate the natural frequencies and
corresponding mode shapes.
Assumption of the synchronous motion is made in order to solve the equation 1
Where,
f(t) represents the scalar mode coordinate respective to mode shapes U(x, ), V(x, ) and W(x, ).
The spatial dependence of the model shape between the longitudinal and circumferential direction is carried out
by the varying separation method. Hence the deformation in three dimensions (u,v,w) is obtained by
Where,
m is the axial wave number
And n is the circumferential wave parameter.
is the circular frequency of the natural vibration
And A, B and C are the constants
Substituting the equation (3) in the previous equation (1) and solving it by using theory gives the homogenous
matrix solution.
Where,
| Cij | (i,j=1,2,3) are the function of m , n and a frequency parameter .
According to Love-Timoshenko The coefficient matrix, | Cij | can be obtained by
For nontrival solution the determinant of the coefficient matrix in equation (4) must be zero.
det |Cij | = 0; i,j=1,2,3 (7)
On solving the equation the following two eigenvalue problems are obtained
For the known value of m there exist one or more proper values for so the equation (7) vanishes.
Similarly, for the given value of one or multiple values exist so the equation (7) vanishes.
The cubic equation in terms of the non dimensional frequency parameter 2 is obtained by solving the
equation (7). The three positive roots obtained are the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shells classified
as axial, tangential and radial. A low frequency usually associated with the radial motion.
2.3 RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The basic mode superposition methodology, that is restricted to linear elastic analysis, produces the entire time
history response of member forces and displacements. Within the past there are two
major drawbacks by the use of this approach. First, the tactic produces an
oversized quantity of output data that may require a big quantity of process effort to
conduct all doable style checks as a operate of your time. Second, the
analysis should be recurrent for many different earthquake motions so as to
assure that every one frequencies are excited, since a response spectrum for one
earthquake during a such that direction isn't a swish function.
The response spectrum method has computational benefits on predicting the
displacement and member forces in any structural analysis. The strategy involves
the calculation of solely the utmost values of the displacements and member forces
in every mode of response spectra that which is the common of many earthquake motion. A recent development
in the field of technology and computer has made easy and fast to analyze the lots of response spectra in less
time than it used to take before.
The typical model response is given by the following equation
....................(8)
The participation factors can be calculated as
where i represent to three orthogonal direction x, y or z. In order to obtain the approximate response spectrum
one needs to pass the basic two hurdles. First, for the known ground motion the highest possible optimum
displacements and forces must be estimated. Second, after the reaction for the three orthogonal guidelines is
fixed it is necessary to calculate the highest possible reaction due to the three elements of earthquake movement
performing simultaneously. (Wilson, n.d.)
Typical examples of response spectrahttp://eqtap.edm.bosai.go.jp/useful_outputs/report/fujino/images/figure_4.gif
Fig: 1 (a)
Fig: 1 (b)
Fig: 1 (a) Acceleration response spectrum. (F. Yozo, 2003)
Fig :1(b) Displacement response spectrum (Spyrakos, 2012)
2.4 MODEL COMBINATION METHODS
As the maximum response of any structure cannot be taken simply the maximum of different modes, this problem
gives rise to the model combination methods for estimating the optimum response. Combination methods include
the following:
Absolute - peak values are added together
Square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)
Complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on SRSS for closely spaced modes
Complex complete quadratic combination method (CCQC)
Impulsive mass contribution (IMP )
Convective mass contribution(CONV)
The absolute maxima of the model responses plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the remaining
model responses (NRL)
The average of the absolute maxima of the model responses plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the
model responses (CFE)
The most traditional technique that is used to calculate an optimum value of displacement or force within a
framework is to use the sum of the overall of the modal response values. This strategy represents that the highest
possible modal principles, for all ways, occur simultaneously.
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
Other alternative common method to estimate the maximum model displacement and force, is to use the
Square Root of the Sum of the Squares, SRSS. The SRSS technique represents
that all of the highest possible modal values are statistically independent.
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
For three dimensional structures, in which a large number of frequencies are almost
identical, SRSS assumption is not justified. Previously carried out studies indicates
the SRSS method is suited to most of the two dimensional structures. Good facts
and the reliability with this SRSS technique containing the great outcomes on simple
two dimensional structure, it's been used for dynamic analysis of the three
dimensional structure, with no proof. (E.L Wilson, 1981)
As the various studies were done then after it was confirmed that the SRSS method is good for analyzing the two
dimensional structure with well separated model frequencies. This drawback leads to the new method of modal
combination based on the random vibration theories, Complete Quadratic Combination, CQC, a method that was
first put out in 1981.
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
It was widely accepted by engineers and has made place in the many latest seismic analysis computer programs
too. It's observed which regarding nonclassical damped linear method, which has complicated eigenvalues as well
as eigenvectors, the particular seismal responses rely on not merely the modal shift response but also the modal
velocity reaction.
A similar procedure is followed to dectuct the CQC method. Since deduction associated with CQC algorithm
regarding characteristically damped linear system, any closed-up formula associated with response-spectrum
complex mode superposition calculation regarding highest seismal outcomes at virtually just about almost every
place of a linear elastic construction having intricate modal features is actually deduced, as well as a brand new
modal displacement-velocity correlation coefficient are participating form long-familiar modal displacement
correlation throughout typical CQC formula. The new criteria for calculation of highest seismal outcomes of
structures with nonclassical damping complex complete quadratic combination (CCQC) method is developed. (Xi-
Yuan ZHOU1, 2004) .
(Xi-Yuan ZHOU1, 2004)
Others seems to have be not importance, however they are calculated as
The average of the absolute maxima of the model responses plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the
model responses (CFE)
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
And the absolute maxima of the model responses plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the remaining
model responses (NRL)
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
Where,
Sj is the maximum of i | Si |
2.5 RELEVANT WORK
A Replacement For The SRSS Method In Seismic Analyis
Various issues in using the classical SRSS method on dynamic analysis was illustrated by E.L Wilson and his
colleagues in the year 1981. A symmetrical four storey building was used to illustrate the result. Center of mass of
the model building was located 25 inches from the geometric center on each floor of the building. Earthquake
motion was applied from one direction and first 12 natural frequencies are obtained. Out of which some are
closely spaced, like 13.869 and 13.931 are first and second, 108.32 and 108.80 are eighth and ninth respectively.
These closely spaced frequencies show that the three dimensional building is designed to resist earthquake
equally.
A response spectrum analysis was conducted by the use of 12 frequencies, the building was subjected to
one component of Taft, 1952. The result shows that the SRSS method produces the values of base shear by
less than 30 percent approx, while the sum of the absolute values overestimated all values. On the other
hand use of CQC method results were realistic and come into agreement with the
exact time history solution. The CQC method also gives the direction of the model
base shear which indicates the elimination of SRSS method error. (E.L Wilson,
1981)
This paper showed that the CQC method is better than the SRSS method in model
analysis. As it has a sound theoretical basis and accepted by many experts. While it
does not indicate any signs that CQC method is relevant to the shell structures as
well.
On the accuracy of response spectrum analysis in seismic design of concrete
structure
Three prototype multi storey pre-cast building with varying connections (hinged, hybrid and moment resisting) was
studied. The purpose of the study was to show the importance of higher modes with varying structural connection.
Three prototype namely model 1 (frame system with connection), model 2 (frame system with emulative
connection only on the top floor) and model 3 (frame system with emulative connection) were subjected to
pseudo-dynamic test at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment of the joint research center of the
European Community (ELSA). For experimental analysis the east-west component of the modified Tolmezzo
accelerogram was used for the investigation. The results predicted by the model analysis is found to be lower than
the accurate nonlinear analysis. The result showed the nature and values of displacement is in agreement while
the storey forces did not. Thus, the paper also demonstrates that it is not a good idea to rely on the conservative
approach of seismic design depending on modal analysis with response spectrum. It also explains that the
difference in the results is due to the role of higher vibration modes. The force along the height is redistributed due
to the effect of opposing vibration. (Fabio Biondini, n.d.)
According to this paper the traditional method of structural analysis for multi storey building is found to be
unreliable. While there is not any evidence that it holds the same for shell structure.
Numerical Investigation on accuracy of mass spring model for cylindrical tanks
under seismic Excitation
This paper compares the simplified Mass Spring Model (MSM) proposed by Malhotra and his colleague,
(Malhotra, 2000) method for determining the base shear, overturning moment and Maximum Sloshing Wave
Height (MSWH) with the Results of Finite Element Modelling (FEM) under the action of an earthquake. The
analysis was conducted on three different models of cylindrical tank which has the various heights to the radius
(H/R= 2.6,1.0, 0.3). Common cause of failure is pointed out to be the shell bucking towards the bottom. Three
models were studied by the excitation of five available earthquakes whose peak ground acceleration ranges from
2.9 to 8.3 m/s2 .The time history analysis was performed and the results were obtained by using SUM (summation
of the maximum computed values), SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares), IMP (Impulsive mass contribution)
and CONV ( Convective mass contribution). The period obtained by the use of convective and impulsive and FEM
shows an agreement while it also explains that the accuracy of the MSM in predicting natural period is directly
proportional to sloshing mode. SRSS method is found to be better than SUM. However it is stated that the
simplified MSM may provide the error up to 70% with respect top FEM results. (M.A. Goudarzi, 2009)
This paper provides that the simplified MSM method cannot be trusted as the results may vary immensely
that may mislead the structure design. However the method of analyzing the roof shells may vary.
Dynamic Analysis of Slender Steel Distillation Towers
Two steel distillation towers have been studied due to its high slenderness ratio and
the risk of installation it in the seismic zone. The result was compared between five
different model combination method to show the effect of choosing various methods.
1. Absolute sum of the model responses (ABS) 2. The square root of the sum of the
squares of the model response (SRSS) 3. The absolute maxima of the model
responses plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the remaining model
responses (NRL) 4. The average of the absolute maxima of the model responses
plus the square root of the sum of the squares of the model responses (CFE) 5. The
complete quadratic combination (CQC). The material property of the steel is A-516 steel, grade 70, modulus of
elasticity 187.3 GPA, and Yield stress 254.9 MPa. Soil influence is neglected, mass distribution and load were
symmetrical except the wind load. Only the stress is compared with various model combination methods and it
illustrated that ABS gives the upper bound response while the CFE and NFL rule exhibits the similar nature and
CQC and SRSS almost come up with the same magnitude. As the structure was to be built on high seismic risk
area CFE method was followed and it suggests that the CQC can be used in case of economic profitability.
Moreover it also states that the even a small variation on damping may influence significant change in response.
(Alberto Lopez, 1996)
They do not take the influence of soil while the soil may be the integral factor in designing in the place of high
seismic risk, the paper did not do any time history nonlinear analysis and low damping was considered. In my
personal view the findings may not be effective to use the results for roof shell structure.
The research paper has shown that the classical SRSS method is good for estimating the response of two
dimensional structure, but fails to hold the reputation for three dimensional or multi storey structures with closely
spaced frequency. That error is minimized by the use of CQC method. Simplified MSM cannot be also trusted, but
the interesting result is shown by the paper written by Fabio Biondini and his colleagues, that even the response
spectrum may not always produce the correct result. But none of them mentioned that the theory holds the same
for roof shells as well. So there is a huge need of research needed to know the real gap and understanding in roof
shells.
2.6 DAMAGE OF STRUCTURES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
The primary factor that governs the design of the building is its self weight and the live load that it is expected to
carry. Generally the small vibration and the Rayleigh movement in the vertical direction created by the small
tremors are tolerated by the most buildings. Those buildings which are situated on the lateral side of the epicenter
are prone to more damages as it induces the to and fro motion. Structural failure may be of various types, Some
basic mode of failures are (Khan, 2007)
Foundation settlement
It may occur due to the difference in foundation settlement. As the additional moments/ stresses will be
developed, it will cause the serious cracking of walls, sagging of the floor and distress to the structural frame.
Shear Movement of structural columns
Shear Movement of the Column due to Cold Joint
Collapse of Block-Masonry Cladding
Alligator Cracking of the Brick-Masonry
Buckling of main Reinforcement of Columns
Fig b: Shear movement of column due to cold joint
Fig b: Cracks due to non-uniform
foundation settlement
Fig a, Fig b,. Different modes of failure (Khan, 2007)
Fig c: Chilean Earthquake Damage, Credit: U.S. Geological Survey, Photo: Walter Mooney
Causes of Failures in developing countries
Conceptual
Soft-storey
Short column effect
Irregularity of plan stiffness
Detailing
Poor is detailing
Lack of ties
Inadequate ductility
Construction
Poor construction
Poor material quality
Others (A.W.Charleson, 2001)
CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The methodology is based on quantitative research, which includes an immense experiment of the shell
structures, statistical and correlation analysis of model combination. In the very beginning of the project the
information is collected about the shell structure and screening of information is carried out so that only the
required information remains. Then after the literature review is carried out to get the knowledge of the shell
structure and the finite element program (ABAQUS). The shell structure is modelled in the ABAQUS and the
structure is subjected to several available earthquake data for dynamic analysis. The various model combination
method is then applied to find the response of the structure and compared with the accurate response to find the
appropriate modal combination for shell structures. If the results obtained is unsatisfactory then the model is
updated and reanalysis is carried out. The conclusion is drawn from the results obtained and finally the report is
drafted. The summary of the methodology is shown in the block diagram below.
Information Collection
Different earthquake input
Preparation of Report
yes
no
Litrature Review
Conclusion and Discussion.
Result:
Happy?
Different model combination
Modelling Shell Structure in FEM
Fig: Methodologies developed
3.1 WORK PLAN
The task schedule of the project is shown in the Gant chart below. The proposed project runs for a year. The
detailed work description carried out during each task is described below
PLEMINARY PHASE
Task 1: The induction program is managed to introduce the researcher, supervisor and the university to familiarize
with each other . The software and hardware is installed and learned. Information is collected for the research.
Task 2: literature review is carried out by the with the help of collecting information
Deliverables: Documentation of the literature review is done and the methodology is developed.
CALCULATION PHASE
Task 3: A preliminary calculation of the shell structure is carried out and the model is created
Task 4: A same model is created in ABAQUS and the result is verified with the known results.
Deliverables: Finite Element Program is verified and the limitation of the program is known.
Task 5: The real model of the project is tested subjected to several earthquake data and the results are collected.
Moreover the response of the structure is calculated by the use of the different modal method
Deliverables: A sound model is created.
ANALYSIS PHASE
Task 6: careful analysis of the result is carried out during this phase. Comparison is made with the accurate data.
Task 7: If the results obtained does not show any agreement with the accurate result, then there might be a
problem in modeling the structure. Therefore, the model is updated again and re analysis is done.
Task 8: Conclusion is made with the help of obtaining results and an appropriate method is suggested for the
study of dynamic response of shell structure.
Deliverables: Accuracy of the modal combination is known for the shell structure.
Task 9: Final document will be presented including the methodologies,
implementation and results of case studies.
Deliverables: presentation about the research findings and the future suggestions in
investigating a shell structure.
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