CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 1







1. Test on Cement
1.1 Consistency of cement..2
1.2 Fineness of cement..4
1.3 Initial and final setting of cement.6
1.4 Compressive strength of cement8
1.5 Determination of soundness..11
2. Test on Course Aggregate
2.1 Sieve Analysis.13
2.2 Water Absorption and Specific Gravity..15
2.3 Aggregate Impact Value17
2.4 Bulk Density and Voids Test..19
2.5 Flakiness Index & Elongation Index21
3. Test on Fine Aggregate
3.1 Sieve Analysis and Silt Content25
3.2 Water Absorption.27
3.3 Bulkage..29
3.4 Specific Gravity..27

PART A
MATERIAL

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 2

1.0 TESTS ON CEMENT

1.1 CONSISTENCY TEST

SCOPE: This standard covers the procedure for determining the quantity of water
required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency
TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY :272 degree Celsius & 65 5%
respectively
APPARATUS:
Balance
Vicat apparatus
Gauging trowel
PROCEDURE
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm
Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of potable or distilled water, taking care that
the time gauging is not less than 3 min not more than 5 min.
The gauging time shall to counted from the time of adding water to the dry
cement until commencing to fill the mould
After filling the mould smoothen the surface of the paste to level it
Place the test block in the mould , together with the non porous resting plate
under the lode bearing the plunger, lower the plunger gently to touch the surface
of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to link into the paste. This
operation shall be carried out after immediately after filling the mould
Prepare trial pastes with varying percentage of water till the result is obtained.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 3

READINGS
TRIAL NO. QTY. OF DRY
CEMENT ( gm)
QTY. OF WATER READING
( DEPTH OF
PENETRATION)
% by weight
of dry cement
In ml
1 300 30% 90 20
2 300 33% 99 10
3 300 35% 105 6

CONCLUSION: The standard consistency of cement is the 35%


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 4

1.2 Fineness of Cement (IS 4031 (Part I) - 1996)
Principle:
The fineness of cement is measured by sieving it on standard sieve. The
proportion of cement of which the grain size is larger than the specified mesh size is
thus determined. A reference sample having a known proportion of material coarser
than the specified mesh size is used for checking the specified sieve.
Apparatus:
Test sieve
Balance
Brush
Material:
A standard reference material of known sieve residue shall be used for checking the
sieve.
Procedure:
Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 min in a stopper jar to
disperse agglomerates. Wait for 2 min. stir the resulting powder gently using a clean dry
rod in order to distribute the fines throughout the cement. Fit the tray under the sieve
weigh approx 100g of cement to the nearest 0.01gm & place it in the sieve, being
careful to avoid loss. Disperse any agglomerates. Fit the lid over the sieve. Agitate the
sieve by swirling planetary & linear movement until no more fine material passes
through it. Remove & weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage, R
1
of the
quantity first placed in the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush all the fine
material off the base of sieve into the tray. Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh
100g sample to obtain R
2.
Then calculate the residue of the cement R as the mean of R
1
& R
2
as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent. When the results differ by
more a third sieving & calculate the mean of three values. The sieving process is carried
out manually by a skilled & experienced operator.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 5

Observation & Calculation:
Sr. No. Description Readings
1 2 3
1 Wt of Cement
tested (gms)
100 100 100
2 Time for sieving
(min)
5 5 5
3 Wt of Cement
retained on 90
microns IS
sieve (gms)
0.35 0.63 0.27
4 % of residue 0.35 0.63 0.27
5 Average (%) 0.42

As per Codes, percentage retained on 90micorn sieve should be less than 10%
Conclusion:
The residue is only 0.425 so it can be concluded that the cement has good fineness & is
fit for use.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 6

1.3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine initial and final setting of cement
APPARATUS:
VICAT APPARATUS,
BALANCE WHERE PERMISSIBLE VARIATION SHOULD BE 10.1 G FOR
1000G
PROCEDURE:
Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the
water required to give a paste of standard consistency
Paste should be gauged and it should be foe 2-3 minutes. Kept on non
porous plate
Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it
level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the
mould is the testy block
After molding keep the block in moist room
Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non porous
plate, under the rod bearing the needle(c); lower the needle gently until it
comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release
allowing it to penetrate into the test block
In the beginning the needle will pierce the block completely
Repeat this procedure until it hardens and fails to pierce the block beyond
50.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould
This time is called initial setting time of cement
Replace the needle (c) of vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular
attachment. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 7

applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle
makes an impression the surface while attachment fails to do so. Shall be
final setting time.
RESULT:
Initial setting time: 85min
Final setting time: 210min

SPECIFICATION:
According to IS 456 initial setting should be min 30 min
Final setting time should be max 10 hours
CONCLUSION:
Both the initial and final setting times are in the range and so it can be used in
construction.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 8

1.4 Compressive Test of Cement
Objective: To Determine the Compressive Test of Cement other than Masonry
Cement.
Temperature & Humidity: The temperature of moulding room was maintained at
272
o
C and a relative humidity of the laboratory was 655 percent.
Sand: The Standard Sand which was used in the test was conforming to IS: 650-1966.
Apparatus:
I. Vibration Machine Vibration machine conforming to IS: 10080-1982.
II. Poking Rod Poking rod conforming to IS: 10080-1982.
III. Cube Mould The mould was of 70.6 mm size conforming to IS: 10080-1982.
IV. Gauging Trowel Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.
V. Balance The balance was conforming to the following requirements.
a. On Balance in use, the permissible variation at a load of 1,000 g shall be
1.0 g. As the balance we used was in use, this criterion was checked and
was confirmed.
VI. Graduated Glass Cylinders - Graduated Glass cylinders of 150 ml to 200 ml
capacity the permissible variation on these cylinder shall be 1 ml.
VII. Compression Testing Machine.
Preparation of Test Specimens:
Mix Proportions and Mixing
The tools and other appliances were thoroughly cleaned before use.
The water used was Potable water and was at the room temperature i.e. 272
o
C
The material for each cube was mixed separately and the quantity of cement,
standard sand and water was as follows:
o Cement: 200 g
o Standard Sand: 600 g (200 g of each type)
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 9

o Water: [(P/4) + 3.0] percent of combined mass of cement and sand. Here
P is the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard
consistency determined as per IS: 4031 (P-4)-1988
P = [(35%/4) + 3.0] = 11.75%
The mix was prepared on a non porous plate, where it was mixed dry until it
gained uniform colour. Then the above mentioned quantity of water was poured
and then it was again mixed for about 3 mins. During which it obtained uniform
colour.

Moulding Specimens
The moulds were thoroughly cleaned and coated with a film of demoulding agent
on all the surfaces.
The assembled moulds were placed on the table of the vibration machine and
clamped properly. The Hopper was placed securely on the top of the mould.
Immediately after mixing the mortar, the mortar was placed in the cube mould
was prodded with the rod, 20 times in 8 secs to ensure the elimination of
entrained air and honey-combing. This practice was carried out in two layers.
Then the mould was vibrated for two minutes. The speed of vibration was 12,000
400 Vibrations per Minute.
After the vibration, the mould was removed from the machine and the top surface
was prepared smooth.
The total numbers of specimens casted were 9.

Curing:
The filled moulds were kept in a moist room covered with a moist cloth for 24 hrs after
vibration. After this period, the specimens were removed from the moulds and were
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 10

submerged in clean water till the testing time. The temperature of the water was
maintained at 272
o
C.
Testing
A sample of cubes containing three cubes was tested after 3 days, 7 days and 28 days
of casting of the cubes. These cubes were tested on their sides without any packing
between the cubes and the steel plattens of CTM. The rate of application of load was
35N/mm
2
/min.
Calculation
The measured compressive strength of the cubes was calculated by dividing the
maximum load applied to the cubes by the cross-sectional area calculated from the
mean dimensions of the section.
Results
Date of Casting Date Of Testing Strength (N/mm
2
)
3 Days Test
20/07/2011 23/07/2011 30.9
20/07/2011 23/07/2011 24.9
20/07/2011 23/07/2011 24.5
7 Days Test
20/07/2011 27/7/2011 31.5
20/07/2011 27/7/2011 29.5
20/07/2011 27/7/2011 22.3
28 Days Test
20/07/2011 17/08/2011 55.4
20/07/2011 17/08/2011 52.5
20/07/2011 17/08/2011 54.7

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 11

CONCLUSION: the cement sample was PPC so therefore according IS 1489 the
minimum compressive strength as 28 days should be 33 N/mm
2
. The average obtained
is 54.2 N/mm
2
and it suffices the requirement.



















CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 12

1.5 Determination of Soundness
Reference Code: IS: 4039(Part 3)-1988
AIM: To find out the expansion of cement.
APPARATUS: Weighing machine, water bath, Le Chatelier mould
PROCEDURE:
Place lightly oiled mould on lightly oiled glass sheet.
Full it with cement paste formed by ganging cement with 0.78 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet.
Place a small weight of covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the
whole assembly in water at temp 27+2 degree or 27-2degree and keep these for
24 hours.
Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5mm.
Submerge the mould again and bring water to boiling for 25-30 min and keep
boiling for 3 hours.
Remove the mould from water and allow it to cool and measure the distance
between indicator points.
The difference between two measurements indicates the expansion of cement.
PARTICULARS:
Particulars 1 2
1.weight of listed cement ( gm) 100 100
2. Standard consistency (%) 35 35
3.weight of water required for soundness ( ml) 27.3 27.3
4. Time mould kept in water @ 27 +- 2
O
C (hrs.) 24 24
5.starting time for boiling water(pm) 1:30 1:30
6.Ending time for boiling water (pm) 4:30 4:30

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 13


OBSERVATION TABLE
1 2
Initial Reading ( R
1
) 17mm 18 mm
Final Reading ( R
2
) 17 mm 18 mm

As per ID 4031 (Part 3) the max size should not be more than 10 mm.

CALCULATION:
SOUNDNESS= R
2
-R
1

= 0 mm

CONCLUSION: Average soundness of cement is 0mm. Thus this cement satisfies the
condition.













CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 14

2.0 TESTS ON COURSE AGGREGATE
2.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS
Objective: This method covers the procedure for the determination of particle size
distribution of fine, coarse and all in aggregate by sieving or screening.
Apparatus:
Sieve: 25mm, 20mm, 26mm, 12mm, 10mm, 6.5mm and 4.76mm
Balance
Sample: 12.5kg
Procedure:
The sample shall be brought to an air dry condition before weighing and sieving.
This may be achieved either by drying at room or by heating at temperature of
100c to 110c. Weight of dried sample should be taken and sieving should be
started.
Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a
trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less than 2 min. The shaking
shall be done with a varied motion.
Materials should be pressurized with hand.
On completion of the sieving, the material retained on each sieve together with
any material cleaned from the mesh shall be weighed.







CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 15

Results
SR.NO SIEVE SIZE WEIGHT % RETAINED % PASSIING
1 20 1.4 11.2 88.8
2 16 3.45 38.8 61.2
3 12.5 3.66 68.08 31.94
4 10 3.16 93.36 6.84
5 6.3 0.6 98.16 1.34
6 4.76 0.06 98.64 1.36

Conclusion: MSA is 20 mm

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 16

2.2 WATER ABSORPTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Objective: This test helps us to determine the water absorption and specific gravity of
coarse aggregate as per IS: 2386 for this test a sample not less than 2000g should be
used.
Apparatus: Wire basket perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire hangers
for suspending it, water tight container for suspending the basket, dry soft absorbent
cloth (75cm x 45cm), shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm, air tight container of a
capacity similar to the basket and oven.
Procedure:
The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust drained
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
between 22c to 32c. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting
the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample
should remain immersed for a period of 24 (+/-) 0.5 hours afterwards.
The basket and aggregate should then be removed from the water allowed to drain for a
few min, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one
of the dry cloth and gently surfaced on the cloth. The aggregates exposed to the
atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely surface dry. The
aggregates should be then weighed. The aggregate should be then placed in oven at
temperature 100c to 110c for 24 hours removed, cooled and weighed.






CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 17

Calculations:
Apparent specific gravity and water absorption shall be calculated as follows;
Specific gravity = D/C-(A-B)
Apparent specific gravity = D/D-(A-B)
Water absorption = 100*(C-D)/D, where,
a. A = weight of vessel containing sample and filled with distilled water in grams.
b. B = weight in grams of vessel filled with distilled water only.
c. C = weight in grams of saturated surface dry sample
d. D = weight in grams of oven dry sample.
Specific gravity = 2.47
Apparent specific gravity = 2.70
Water absorption = 3.44 % dry weight.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 18


2.3 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
Object: This method of test covers the procedure for determining the aggregate impact
value of coarse aggregate.
Apparatus: The apparatus shall
consist of the following,
1. An impact value testing
machine.
2. A metal hammer weighing
13.5 to 14 kg.
3. A cylinder steel cup of
internal dimensions:
102mm diameter and
50mm depth.
Preparation of the sample:
The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5mm sieve
and retained on a 10mm sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried
in an oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100c to 110c and cooled.
The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25
strokes of rounded end of the tamping rod further similar quantity of aggregate shall be
added and a further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and a further tamping
of 25 strokes given. The measure shall finally be filled to overflowing, tamping 25 times
and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge.



CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 19


Procedure:
The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block or
floor, so that is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical. The cup shall be fixed
firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in
it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380mm above the upper surface of
the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjected to a total of 15 such blows each
being delivered at an interval of not less than of one second. The crushed aggregate
shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on the 2.36mm sieve until
no further significant amount passes the sieve shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1g.
Calculations:
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test shall be
expressed as a percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place.
Aggregate impact value = B/A x 100
B = weight of fraction passing 2.36mm IS sieve.
A = weight of oven dried sample.
1. I1 = 64/358 x 100 = 17.88%
2. I2 = 60/332 x 100 = 18.07%
3. I3 = 60/348 x 100 = 17.24%
Average impact value = 17.73%
Conclusion: the average impact value of the test aggregates is 17.73%

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 20

2.4 BULK DENSITY AND VOIDS TEST.
Objective: This method of the test covers the procedure for determining unit weight or
bulk density and voids of aggregates.
Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Cylindrical metal measure
3. Tamping rod
Procedure:
The test shall normally be carried out on dry material when determining the voids, but
when bulking test is required material with a given percentage of moisture may be used.
Compacted weight The measure shall be filled about one third full with thoroughly
mixed aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of tamping rod. A
further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and further tamping at 25 strokes
given. The measure shall finally be filled to over flowing, tamped 25 times and the
surplus aggregate struck off using the tamping rod as straight edge, the net weight of
aggregate in measure shall be determined and the bulk density calculated in kg/l.
Lose weight The measure shall be filled to over flowing by means of shovel or scoop,
the aggregate being discharged from a height not exceeding 5 cm above the top of
measure care shall be taken to prevent segregation of particle edge. The net weight of
aggregate in the measure shall than be determined and the bulk density calculated in
kg/l.




CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 21

Calculation:
Compacted bulk density = 25.15/15 = 1.67 kg/l
Lose bulk density = 23.01/15 = 1.53 kg/l
Specific gravity = 2.47
% of voids in compacted state = (2.47 1.67)/2.47 x 100 = 32%
% of voids in loose state = (2.41 1.53)/2.41 x 100 = 38%
Result: In compacted state the percentage of voids is 32% and in lose state its 38%.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 22

TEST 5: FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX
Objective: This method of test lays down the procedure for determining the flakiness
and elongation index of coarse aggregate.
NOTE the flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles
In it whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.
The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.

Apparatus The apparatus shall consist of the following:
Balance the balance shall be of sufficient capacity and sensitivity and shall
have an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample.
Metal Gauge the metal gauge shall be of the pattern shown in Fig. 2 with
elongated slots of dimensions indicated in Fig. 2. The tolerance on dimensions
shall be 0.20 mm for dimensions equal to or more than 50 mm and 0.10 mm
for dimensions less than 50 mm.


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 23

Sample A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide the minimum
number of 200 pieces of any fraction to be tested.

Procedure
Sieving the sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described
in 3 with the sieves specified in Table V
Separation of Flaky Material Each fraction shall be gauged in turn for
thickness on a metal gauge of the pattern shown in Fig. 2 or in bulk on sieves
having elongated slots. The width of the slot used in
A = percentage of material finer than 75-micron,
B = original dry weight, and
C = dry weight after washing.
The number of pieces passing the appropriate gauge in each size fraction shall
be counted separately. The total mass of each size fraction of the sample also
shall be determined.
Calculation and Reporting of Results
The mass of pieces passing the appropriate gauge in each sieve fraction shall be
calculated as a percentage of mass of the total number of pieces in each fraction
(x). The mass of total number of pieces in each sieve shall then be calculated as
a percentage of the total mass of the whole sample that is the sample which is
retained on 6.3 mm sieve (y). The weighted percentage of the mass of the pieces
passing the appropriate gauge in each sieve fraction shall then be calculated by
multiplying x by y.
Observation Table:
Gauge
Size
(mm)
10 6.3 12.5 - 10 16 12.5 20 16 25 20 31.5 25 40 31.5
No. of
Agg.
8 22 32 50 64 14 8

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 24

Calculation:

Conclusion:




DETERMINATION OF ELONGATION INDEX
Object this method of test lays down the procedure for determining the elongation
index of coarse aggregate.
NOTE The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles
whose greatest dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifths times their mean
dimension. Normally, the properties of interest to the engineer are sufficiently covered
by the flakiness or angularity tests. The elongation test is not applicable to sizes smaller
than 6.3 mm.
Apparatus the apparatus shall consist of the following:






CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 25








Sample a quantity of aggregate shall be taken, sufficient to provide a minimum
number of 200 pieces of any fraction to be tested.
Procedure
Sieving the sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described
in 3 with the sieves specified in Table V.
Separation of Elongated Material each fraction shall be gauged individually for
length on a metal length gauge of the pattern shown in Fig. 3. The gauge length
used shall be that specified in column 4 of Table V for the appropriate size of
material.
Weighing of Elongated Material the total amount retained by the length gauge
shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample.
Report of Results the elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on
the various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample
gauged.


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 26


3.0 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE
3.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS AND SILT CONTENT
Objective: This method covers the procedure for the determination of particle size
distribution of fine, coarse and all in aggregate by sieving or screening.
Apparatus:
1. Sieve: 25mm, 20mm, 26mm, 12mm, 10mm, 6.5mm and 4.76mm
2. Balance
Sample: 2kg
Procedure:
The sample shall be brought to an air dry condition before weighing and sieving. This
may be achieved either by drying at room or by heating at temperature of 100c to
110c. Weight of dried sample should be taken and sieving should be started.
Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than 2 min. The shaking shall be done
with a varied motion.
Materials should be pressurized with hand.
On completion of the sieving, the material retained on each sieve together with any
material cleaned from the mesh shall be weighed. The material left after sieving the 75
micron sieve is weighed and taken as the silt present in the sample.
OBSERVATION:
SR.NO SIEVE SIZE WEIGHT % RETAINED % PASSIING
1 4.75 mm 10 5 95
2 2.36 mm 6 3 92
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 27

3 1.18 mm 13 6.5 85.5
4 600 micron 8 4 81.5
5 300 micron 82 41 40.5
6 150 micron 36 18 22.5
7 75 micron 25 12.5 10

CONCLUSION: The sand passing % from 600 micron is 81.5% and so this sample can
be classifies as Zone 4 and so cannot be used to construction. The silt content is 10%.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 28

3.2 WATER ABSORPTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Objective: This test helps us to determine the water absorption and specific gravity of
fine aggregate as per IS: 2386 for this test a sample not
less than 500g should be used.
Apparatus: balance, oven, pycnometer, tray.
Procedure:
A sample of about 0.5 kg for 10mm shall be placed in the
tray and covered with distilled water. Soon after
immersion, air trapped in or bubbles on the surface of the
aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a
rod. The sample shall remain immersed for 24 hours.
The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation through a
filter paper shall be done. The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which
shall be filled with distilled water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the
pycnometer on its side, the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger.
The pycnometer shall be dried on the outside and weighed.
The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample and the sample shall be
placed in the oven. It shall then be cooled and weighed. Then take the empty weight of
the pycnometer and of pycnometer completely filled with water.
Calculations:
Apparent specific gravity and water absorption shall be calculated as follows;
Specific gravity = D/C-(A-B)
Apparent specific gravity = D/D-(A-B)
Water absorption = 100*(C-D)/D, where,
a. A = weight of vessel containing sample and filled with distilled water in grams.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 29

= 1820 gm
b. B = weight in grams of vessel filled with distilled water only.
= 1502 gm
c. C = weight in grams of saturated surface dry sample
= 500 gm
d. D = weight in grams of oven dry sample.
= 480 gm
Specific gravity = 2.64
Apparent specific gravity = 3
Water absorption = 4% dry weight.
CONCLUSION:

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 30

3.3 BULKAGE
Objective: this method of test covers the field method for determining the necessary
adjustment for the bulking of fine aggregate.
Apparatus:
Sample:
Procedure:
Put sufficient quantity of sand loosely into a container until it is about two-thirds full.
Level off the top of the sand and pushing a steel rule vertically down through the sand at
the middle to the bottom, measure the height.
Empty the sand out of the container into another container where none of it will be lost.
Half fill the first container with water. Put back about half the sand and rod it with a steel
rod, about 6 mm in diameter, so that its volume is reduced to a minimum. Then add the
remainder of the sand and rod it in the same way. Smooth and level the top surface of
the inundated sand and measure its depth at the middle with the steel rule.
CALCULATION:
Percentage bulking = (h/h
1
1) x 100
CONCLUSION






CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 31











Part B
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN







CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 32

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Objective: To prepare the mix design of grade M35 and slump 30-60mm.
Now, F
c
= 35 N/mm
2

IS 10262:1982 page-5
Concrete Grade
Standard Deviation for different design of concrete in
N/mm
2

Very Good Good Fair
M 10
2.0 2.3
3.3
M 15
2.5 3.5
4.5
M 20
3.6 4.6
5.6
M 25
4.3 5.3
6.3
M 30
5.0 6.0
7.0
M 35
5.3 6.3
7.3
M 40
5.6 6.6
7.6
M 45
6.0 7.0
8.0
M 50
6.4 7.4
8.4
M 55
6.7 7.7
8.7
M 60
6.8 7.8
8.8

Std. deviation for M35 = 5 N/mm
2
(Table 8, Clause 9.2.4.2, IS 456:2000)
IS 10262:1982 page-6
Percentage of
Probability
Probability of
happening
Probability Factor
1% 1 in 100 2.33
2% 1 in 50 1.94
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 33

5% 1 in 20 1.65
10% 1 in 10 1.28
20% 1 in 5 0.84

Percentage Allowed to fall below (For Normal Structures) = 5% = 1.65
F
t
= f
c
+ (margin)
= 35 + (5 x 1.65)
F
t
= 43.25 N/mm
2
this is the ultimate Strength required at 28 days in the Laboratory.
(a) Water Cement Ratio
Exposure condition vs cement content, cement ratio and concrete grade IS 456
Sr.
No
Exposure
Plane Concrete Reinforced Concrete
Minimum
Cement
Content
Maximum
Free water
Cement
Ratio
Minimum
Grade of
Concrete
Minimum
Cement
Content
Maximum
Free water
Cement
Ratio
Minimum
Grade of
Concrete
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1 Mild 220 0.60 - 300 0.55 M 20
2 Moderate 240 0.60 M 15 300 0.50 M 25
3 Severe 250 0.50 M 20 320 0.45 M 30
4 Very Sever 260 0.45 M 20 340 0.45 M 35
5 Extreme 280 0.40 M 25 360 0.40 M 40

IS 10262:1982 page-7
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 34


From the graph of Strength v/s water-cement ratio
W/C = 0.40

(b) Quantity of Water
Slump, Maximum size of aggregate & type of aggregate relation IS 456
Slump (mm) 0 - 10 10 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 180
Vee Bee (S) > 12 6 - 12 3 - 6 0 - 3
Maximum size
of Aggregate
(mm)
Type of
Aggregate

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 35

10
Uncrushed 150 180 205 225
Crushed 180 205 230 250
20
Uncrushed 135 160 180 195
Crushed 170 190 210 225
40
Uncrushed 115 140 160 175
Crushed 155 175 190 205


Q
w
= 2/3 w
f
+ 1/3 w
c

Considering 20mm aggregates (Crushed), Fine Aggregates (Uncrushed) and
Slump of 30-60mm (Table 38, Clause 6.3, IS 456:2000)
= 2/3 (180) + 1/3 (210)
Q
w
= 190 kg/m
3

(c) Quantity of Cement
Q
c
= Q
w
/ w/c
= 190/0.40
Q
c
= 475 kg/m
3
As the maximum permissible limit for cement is 450 kg the rest 25 kg is to be
compensated by cementitious material.
But as we are using PPC which already has fly ash added to it, thus it can be
used directly.
The Quantity of Cement also satisfies durability for very severe conditions (Table
5, Clause 6.1.2, 8.2.4.1, 9.1.2, IS 456:2000)

Q
c
+ Q
w
= 475 + 190
Q
c
+ Q
w
= 665 kg/m
3

(d) Quantity of Aggregates
IS 10262:1982 proportion of aggregate
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 36



Proportion of Aggregates
Q
s
= 25% (Fig. 3, Sand Passing through 600 = 80%)
Q
CA1
= 48.75% (65%/0.65 of the Coarse Aggregates)
Q
CA2
= 26.25% (35%/0.35 of the Coarse Aggregates)
Mean Specific Gravity = 48.75 (W
1
) + 26.25 (W
2
) + 25 (W
3
)
= 48.75 (2.9) + 26.25 (2.8) + 25 (2.64)
Wet density vs Free water content
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 37


Mean Specific Gravity = 2.81
Thus, Wet density of concrete mix = 2500 kg/m
3
Q
A
= Wet Density (Q
c
+ Q
w
) = 2500 665 = 1835 kg/m
3
Q
s
= 1835 x 0.4875 = 894 kg/m
3

Q
CA1
= 1835 x 0.2625 = 482 kg/m
3

Q
CA2
= 1835 x 0.2500 = 459 kg/m
3

MIX DESIGN RATIO = 1:0.97:2.9


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 38

Part c
Tests Performed on Fresh Concrete

SLUMP TEST
FLOW TABLE TEST
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
WET DENSITY TEST











CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 39


The following tests were performed on fresh concrete:
1. SLUMP TEST
AIM: To determine the slump i.e. the consistency of produced concrete where
the nominal maximum aggregate does not exceed 38 mm. (Here, MSA = 20 mm)
REFERENCE: IS 1199
APPARATUS:
a) Mould The mould for the test specimen is in the form of frustum of a
cone having the internal dimensions as:
DIMENSIONS CM
Bottom Diameter 20
Top Diameter 10
Height 30

Fig: Slump Test Mould (All dim.
are in cm)

The mould is constructed of
metal of 1.6mm thickness and the top and bottom are open and at right
angles to the axis of the cone. The mould has a smooth internal surface.
It is provided with suitable foot pieces and also handles to facilitate lifting
it from the moulded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as
required by the test.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 40

b) Tamping Rod The tamping rod is of steel and 16mm in diameter, 0.6 m
long and rounded at one end.
PROCEDURE:
The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from
superfluous moisture and any set concrete before commencing the
test.
The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent
surface, such as a carefully levelled metal plate, the mould being
firmly held in place while it is being filled.
The mould is filled in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of
the height of the mould.
Each layer is tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the
tamping rod.
The strokes are distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section
of the mould and for the second and subsequent layers do penetrate
into the underlying layers.
The bottom layer is tamped throughout its depth.
After the top layer has been tamped, the concrete is struck off level
with a trowel or the tamping rod, so that the mould is exactly filled.
Any mortar which has been leaked out between the mould and the
base plate has been cleaned away.
The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it
slowly and carefully in a vertical direction.
This allows the concrete to subside and the slump is measured
immediately by determining the difference between the height of the
mould and that of the highest point of the specimen being tested.
The above operations are carried out at a place free from vibration or
shock, and within a period of 2 min after sampling.
The slump measured is recorded in mm of subsidence of the
specimen during the test.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 41

The slump did not collapse or sheared off laterally.
CONCLUSION: The Slump of the Concrete Specimen was 45 mm which is
within the required Slump of 30 mm 60 mm.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 42

2. FLOW TABLE TEST
AIM: To determine the fluidity of concrete
REFERENCE: IS 1199
APPARATUS:
a) Mould The mould is made of smooth metal casting in form of the frustum of
a cone with a base 25 cm in diameter, upper surface 17 cm in diameter and
height 12 cm. The base and the top are open and at right angles to the axis of
the cone. The mould is without handles.
b) Flow Table Flow table is mounted on and bolted to a concrete base having
a height of 40 to 50 cm and weighing not less than 140 kg.






Fig: Mould (All dim. are in cm)
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 43



PROCEDURE:
Immediately preceding the test, the table op and the inside of the mould is
wetted and cleaned of all gritty material and the excess water removed
with a cloth.
The mould is centred on the table and firmly held in place and filled in 2
layers, each approximately one-half the volume of the mould.
Each layer is tamped with 25 strokes of a straight round metal rod.
The strokes are distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of
the mould and penetrate into the underlying layer.
The bottom layer is tamped throughout its depth.
Fig: Flow Table (All dim. are in cm)
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 44

After the top layer has been tamped, the surface of the concrete is struck
off with a trowel so that the mould could be filled exactly.
The excess concrete which has overflowed the mould is removed and the
area of the table outside the mould is again cleaned.
The mould is immediately removed from the concrete by a steady upward
pull.
The table is then raised and dropped 12.5mm, 15 times in about 15
seconds.
The diameter of the spread concrete is the average of six symmetrically
distributed caliper measurements read to the nearest 5 mm.
CALCULATION:
The flow of the concrete is recorded as the percentage increase in diameter of
the spread concrete over the base diameter of the concrete mould, calculated
from the following formula:
Flow, percent = spread in cm -25 x 100
25
Here, the various diameters of the spread concrete were, 37, 35, 35, 32, 34, & 36
mm. The average is 34.8 mm. Hence, we take the mean of diameters to 35mm.
Thus, Flow =35 -25 x 100
25
Flow = 40%
CONCLUSION: The flow of Concrete is 40%


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 45

3. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
AIM: To determine the workability of concrete
REFERENCE: IS 1199
APPARATUS:
The hopper and cylinder are of rigid construction, true to shape and smooth
inside. They are made of cast iron and inside surfaces of joints are smooth and
flush. The lower ends of the hoppers are closed with tightly fitting hinged trap-
doors having quick release catches. Metal plate of 3mm is used for the doors.
The frames in which the hoppers and cylinder are mounted are of rigid
construction and are firmly located in their relative positions.
DETAIL
DIMENSION
(CM)
Upper hopper, A
Top internal diameter 25.4
Bottom internal diameter 12.7
Internal height 27.9
Lower hopper, B
Top internal diameter 22.9
Bottom internal diameter 12.7
Internal height 22.9
Cylinder, C
Internal diameter 15.2
Internal height 30.5
Distance between bottom of upper hopper and top of lower hopper 20.3
Distance between bottom of lower hopper and top of cylinder 20.3


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 46


PROCEDURE:
The sample of concrete to be tested is placed gently in the upper hopper,
using the hand scoop.
The hopper is filled level with its brim and the trap door is opened so that
the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
If the concrete sticks, the concrete may be helped through by pushing the
rod gently into the concrete from the top.
During this process the cylinder is be covered by the trowels.
Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, the cylinder is
uncovered, the trap door of the lower hopper opened, and the concrete is
allowed to fall in the cylinder.
Fig: Compaction
Factor Apparatus
and a view of Partly
Opened Trap
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 47

The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder
is then cut off by holding a trowel in each hand, with the plane of the
blades horizontal.
The outside of the cylinder is wiped clean.
The above operation is carried out at a place free from vibration or shock.
The weight is determined to the nearest 10g.
This weight is known as the weight of partially compacted concrete.
The cylinder is then refilled with concrete with the same sample in layers
approximately 5 cm deep, the layers being heavily rammed as to obtain
full compaction.
The top surface of the fully compacted concrete is struck off level and
outside is wiped clean.
CALCULATION:
The compacting factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially compacted
concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete.
Wt. of Partially Compacted Concrete = 22.95 kg
Wt. of Fully Compacted Concrete = 23.47 kg
Compaction Factor = 22.95/23.47
Compaction Factor = 0.98
CONCLUSION: The Compaction Factor of the Fresh Concrete is 0.98


CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 48

4. WET DENSITY TEST
AIM: To determine the wet density of concrete
APPARATUS: Standard Wet Density Bucket made up of Iron 15 litre volume
PROCEDURE:
The mould is thoroughly cleaned and all the gritty substances are
removed before testing.
The empty weight of the bucket is taken.
The concrete sample of poured in the bucket with the help of trowel.
The weight of the bucket filled with concrete is taken.
The ratio of weight of concrete to the volume of the bucket gives us the
wet density of the concrete.
CALCULATION:
Net Wt. of Concrete = 37.05 kg
Volume of Bucket = 15 litre = 0.015 m
3

Wet Density = 37.05 / 0.015
Wet Density = 2470 kg/ m
3


CONCLUSION: The wet Density of Concrete is 2,470 kg/m
3
which are nearby
the calculated value of 2,500 kg/m
3
.





CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 49

PART - D
1. DESTRUCTIVE TEST
DRY DENSITY TEST
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
SPLIT TENSILE TEST
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY


2. NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
UPV
REBOUND HAMMER TEST














CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 50



DESTRUCTIVE TEST:
1. DRY DENSITY TEST:
AIM: To obtain dry density of casted concrete cube.
APPARATUS:
1. Two buckets
2. Weighing machine
PROCEDURE:
The sample at 28
th
day of casting is taken from the curing tank and is surfaced
dried well. Two buckets are taken such that one bucket can be comfortably
placed. The smaller bucket should be such that it can accommodate one
complete specimen.
Water is filled in the smaller bucket and is kept in the larger one. One of the
specimen from the sample is taken weighed and then submerged in the smaller
bucket. The water displaced by the cube is collected in the larger one. The true
volume of the cube is now obtained from the quantity of water collected in the
larger bucket.
And hence the dry density can be verified for the three specimens.
OBSERVATION:
SR.NO SPECIMEN WEIGHT OF THE
SPECIMEN (KG)
VOLUME OF
DISPLAED
WATER
DRY DENSITY
1. SPECIMEN 1 8.47 0.0036 2352.78
2. SPECIMEN 2 8.56 0.00365 2345.20
3. SPECIMEN 3 8.56 0.0035 2445.71

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 51

CONCLUSION:
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 52

1. COMPRESSIVE TEST FOR THE CASTED CUBE:
AIM: To obtain the compressive strength of the casted M35 concrete, at 3
rd
, 7
th

and 28
th
day.
APPARATUS:
1. Compression testing Machine
PROCEDURE:
Specimens stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from the water and
while they are still in the wet condition. Surface water and grit shall be wiped off the
specimens and any projecting fins removed. Specimens when received dry shall be
kept in water for 24 hours before they are taken for testing. The dimensions of the
specimens to the nearest 0.2 mm and their weight shall be noted before testing. The
bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose sand or
other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen which are to be in contact
with the compression platens. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite sides of the cubes
as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom. The axis of the specimen shall be carefully
aligned with the center of thrust of the spherically seated platen. No packing shall be
used between the faces of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing
machine. As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the
movable portion shall be rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating may be
obtained. The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate
of approximately 140 kg/sq cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the
increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load
applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and
any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted.

CALCULATION:
The measured compressive strength of the specimen shall be calculated by dividing the
maximum load applied to the specimen during the test by the cross-sectional area,
calculated from the mean dimensions of the section and shall be expressed to the
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 53

nearest kg per sq cm. Average of three values shall be taken as the representative of
the batch provided the individual variation is not more than 15% of the average.
Otherwise repeat tests shall be made.
OBSERVATION:
3rd Day Compressive Strength
SR. NO
DATE OF
CASTING
GRADE OF
CONCRET
E
SLUMP
IN mm
DATE OF
TESTING
WEIGH
T OF
CUBE
IN KG
LOAD
IN KN
STRENGT
H IN
N/mm
2

AVERAGE
STRENGT
H IN
N/mm
2

1
30-08-
2011 M35 45
02-09-
2011 8.3 360 16
15.92
2
30-08-
2011 M35 45
02-09-
2011 8.2 340 15.11
3
30-08-
2011 M35 45
02-09-
2011 8.43 375 16.67

7th Day Compressive Strength
SR. NO
DATE OF
CASTING
GRADE OF
CONCRET
E
SLUMP
IN mm
DATE OF
TESTING
WEIGH
T OF
CUBE
IN KG
LOAD
IN KN
STRENGT
H IN
N/mm
2

AVERAGE
STRENGT
H IN
N/mm
2

1
30-08-
2011 M35 45
06-09-
2011 8.46 605 26.87
26.73
2
30-08-
2011 M35 45
06-09-
2011 8.35 570 26.22
3
30-08-
2011 M35 45
06-09-
2011 8.53 610 27.11

28th Day Compressive Strength
SR. NO
DATE OF
CASTING
GRADE OF
CONCRET
SLUMP
IN mm
DATE OF
TESTING
WEIGH
T OF
LOAD
IN KN
STRENGT
H IN
AVERAGE
STRENGT
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 54

E CUBE
IN KG
N/mm
2
H IN
N/mm
2

1
30-08-
2011 M35 45
27-09-
2011 8.47 950 42.22
43.04
2
30-08-
2011 M35 45
27-09-
2011 8.56 970 43.11
3
30-08-
2011 M35 45
27-09-
2011 8.6 985 43.78











2. SPLIT CYLINDER TEST FOR TENSILE STRENGTH:
AIM: To obtain the split tensile strength
of a cylinder.
APPARATUS: Compression Testing
Machine, Jigs
PROCEDURE: The cylinder is placed in
between two steel plates. It is seen that
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 55

the cylinder is aligned perfectly in the centre so that it does not undergo any kind of
eccentric loading. The loading is done at the rate of 1.2N/min. the required readings
are taken and the failure pattern is to be observed.
OBSERVATION:
LOAD: 220

CONCLUSION:
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 56

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 57

NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST:
1. Ultrasonic pulse test
Objective:
The homogeneity of concrete
The presence of cracks, voids & other imperfections
Changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time
the quality of one element of concrete in relation to another
The values of dynamic elastic modulus of the concrete.
Principle:
The ultrasonic pulse is generated by an ultra acoustical transducer
When the pulse is included into the concrete from a transducer it undergoes
multiple reflections at the boundaries of different materials phases within the
concrete.
A complex system of stress waves is developed which includes longitudinal
shear & surface waves.
The receiving transducer detects the most onsets of the longitudinal waves which
is the fastest.
Higher velocities are obtained when the quality of concrete is good
The actual pulse velocity depends primarily upon the materials & minimum
proportions of concrete.
Apparatus:
Electrical pulse generator
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 58

Transducer- 1 pair
Amplifier
Electronic timing device.












CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 59


Procedure:
The ultrasonic pulse is produced by the transducer which is held in contact with
one surface of the concrete member under test.
After travelling a known path length (L) in the concrete the pulse of waves is
converted into an electronic signal by the second transducer which receives the
signal.
Pulse velocity (V) = L/T
Surface probing can also be done when the other end is not accessible. But
surface probing is not is not as efficient as cross probing
For good quality of concrete a difference of about 0.5 km/sec may generally be
encountered
Acoustical coupling of concrete face & transducer is very important for good
results (typical couplants are petroleum jelly, grease, liquid soup etc)
A minimum path length of 150 mm is recommended for the direct transmission
method involving one unmolded surface & a minimum of 400 mm for the surface
probing method.
The natural frequency of transducer should be preferably be within the range of
20 to 150 KHZ
Generally high frequency transducers are for short paths while low frequency
transducers are for longer paths.
Path length Aggregate size
100 mm 20 mm
150 mm 20 to 40 mm
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 60


Observation:
Sr.
no.
Time (s) Distance
(mm)
Velocity (m/s) Modulus of
Elasticity (MPa)
Direct Transducer
1 40.4 150 3,712.87
2.89 x 10
10

2 38.6 150 3,886.01
3.16 x 10
10

3 39.7 150 3,778.34 2.99 x 10
10

Transverse Transducer
5 30.3 106.7 2,500.66 2.56 x 10
10

6 30.7 106.7 3,455.05 2.50 x 10
10

7 29.5 106.7 3,455.05 2.71 x 10
10


Average velocity: 3464.66 (m/s)
Average E: 2.81X 10
10
(MPa)







CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 61

Rebound Hammer
Scope: IS: 13311-Part-2
This standard covers the object, principle, apparatus& procedure of rebound hammer.
Objective:
Assessing the likely compressive strength of concrete with the help of suitable
co-relations between rebound index and compressive strength.
Assessing the uniformity of concrete.
Assessing the quality of the concrete in relation to standard requirement.
Assessing the quality of one element of concrete in relation with the other.
Principle:
When the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete
the spring controlled mass rebounds and & the element of such rebound depends
upon the surface hardness of concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the
rebound are taken to be related to the compressive strength of the concrete rebound is
read off along a graduated scale and it is designed as the rebound number of rebound
index.
Apparatus:
The Rebound Hammer
No. Application Approx. Impact Energy
(Nm)
1 For testing normal weight
concrete
2.25
2 For light weight concrete
or small & impact sensitive
parts of concrete
0.75
3 For testing mass concrete 30
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 62

for e.g. in roads, air fields,
pavements & hydraulic
structure


Procedure:
For testing smooth, clean and dry surface is to
be selected. If loosely adhering scale is present, this should be rubbed off with a
grinding wheel of stone. Rough surfaces should be avoided.
The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape
discontinuity.
The rebound hammer should be held at right angles to the surface of concrete
member.
Rebound hammer test is conducted around all the points of observation on all
accessible faces of the structural element.
Concrete surfaces are thoroughly cleaned before performing the test.
Around each point of observation 6 readings of rebound indices are taken.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

GROUP - 3 Page 63

Observation Table:
CUBE - 1

Face
1 2 3 4 5
P
o
i
n
t
s

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t
1
35 33 34 32 33
2 32 31 32 34 31
3 33 30 31 30 29
4 36 32 35 32 31
Rebound Index (R.I.)
34 31.5 33 32 31
Strength (kg/cm
2
) 420 370 400 380 360
Avg. Strength 386

CUBE - 2

Face
1 2 3 4 5
P
o
i
n
t
s

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t

1
36 32 36 38 35
2 32 34 34 35 34
3 31 30 33 33 32
4 31 33 30 33 32
Rebound Index (R.I.)
32.5 32.25 33.25 34.75 33.25
Strength (kg/cm
2
) 390 385 405 435 405


Avg. Strength 404

CUBE - 3

Face
1 2 3 4 5
P
o
i
n
t
s

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t

1 30 33 25 35 30
2 32 28 28 33 33
3 31 36 29 32 31
4 34 32 30 34 35
Rebound Index (R.I.) 31.75 32.25 28 33.5 32.25
Strength (kg/cm
2
) 375 385 300 410 385
Avg. Strength 371

Avg. Strength of all 3 cubes 387 kg/cm
2
= 38.7 N/mm
2