8 Candidate Quiz Buzzer Using 8051 Microcontroller

EEE DEPARTMENT 1 KMEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
8 CANDIDATE QUIZ BUZZER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

MINIPROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
VANI S
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENINEERING

KMEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
EDATHALA
APRIL 2013


DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICALANDELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project titled
8 CANDIDATE QUIZ BUZZER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
was prepared and presented by
VANI S
of the Sixth Semester of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering under M.G.
University during the year 2013

Prof. GEORGE T.V Dr .HASEENA.H
INTERNAL EXAMINER HEAD OF DEPARTMENT


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Lord Almighty for his blessings
We acknowledge with great gratitude to all those who helped us to complete
our mini project.
We express our heartfelt thanks to Prof .C .I. Abdul Rahiman, Director,
KMEA Engineering College.
We thank Dr. Rajesh V. G., Principal KMEA Engineering College for the
immense support he has provided.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Haseena H, Head of the Dept. EEE for
the mini project
We thank Prof George T.V, Project Coordinator, EEE Department, & Mrs.
Karthika Krishna, Project Coordinator, ECE Department for their support
and assistance.
Words are few but feelings are more to appreciate our family and friends for
the constant support and encouragement provided for our mini project and
also for reviewing this document and for giving us valuable suggestions.


CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A "buzzer system" is a common name for a device used to indicate which
player has signaled that he or she wishes to answer a question first. They
are necessary component to playing quiz bowl matches when available, as
they help avoid any ambiguities as to who buzzed in first. When no buzzers
are present, teams must play slap bowl, where buzzing is indicated by
slapping the desk or saying something like "buzz". While using a buzzer
system, other players are prevented from buzzing after the first player until
the system is reset; for this reason, buzzer systems are sometimes called
lockout systems".
Ideally, a buzzer system consists of a control box which sits near the
moderator, which connects to individual pushbuttons or paddles held by
each player. The best buzzers trigger a sound and turn on a light specific to
the player who buzzed when an individual pushbutton or paddle is used.
Any one component of the system held by an individual player is often
referred to as a "buzzer" as well.
The AT89C51 microcontroller is a 40 pin package in which 32 pins can be
used for input and output purposes. We use 8 switches and they are
connected individually to port1 pins and we make a serial line for all the 8
switches so that they can be connected to a buzzer and when any switch is
presses a buzzer is blown. We use a seven segment display to display the
information of the switch which is presses.


CHAPTER 2
OPERATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The quiz buzzer systems are widely used in school, colleges and TV programs. The team
which presses the buzzer earliest is entitled to give the answer. At times it becomes very
difficult to identify which team has pressed the button when two teams press the buzzer
within a very small time gap. In such cases the decision can be biased due to human
intervention. The quiz buzzer presented here takes care of the aforesaid problem. This
quiz buzzer disables the other inputs as soon as the first buzzer is pressed. This quiz
buzzer can be used for a maximum of eight teams. It is build around 8051 microcontroller
(AT89C51).

2.2 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

This quiz buzzer system has eight input pins corresponding to eight teams. The output is
displayed on a seven segment display (interfaced with microcontroller), which shows the
number corresponding to the team which has pressed the button first. A buzzer is also
sounded for a small duration to give an acoustic alarm.
There are a total of nine input pins. Eight pins of port P1 of the microcontroller are
corresponding to eight inputs and one stop pin for resetting the buzzer system. On the

output side a seven segment is connected to display the corresponding output number.
There is also a provision for sounding a buzzer for a small duration.
When the system starts, the seven segment does not displays any output. The
microcontroller keeps scanning the input pins. As soon as any one of the inputs is
pressed, the buzzer sounds for a small duration. The seven segment displays the number
corresponding to the input pressed. Now even if any other input pin is pressed, there will
be no effect on the system till the time the stop pin is pressed to reset the system.

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1 Block diagram


2.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.2 Circuit Diagram


2.5 DESIGN USING PROTEUS

Fig 2.3 Design Using Proteus


2.6 WORKING PROCEDURE
This quiz buzzer system has eight input pins corresponding to eight teams. The
output is displayed on a seven segment display (interfaced with microcontroller),
which shows the number corresponding to the team which has pressed the button
first. A buzzer is also sounded for a small duration to give an acoustic alarm. The
connections of the seven segment, input pins and output pins is shown. There are
a total of nine input pins. Eight pins of port P1 of the microcontroller are
corresponding to eight inputs and one stop pin for resetting the buzzer system.
On the output side a seven segment is connected to display the corresponding
output number. There is also a provision for sounding a buzzer for a small
duration.
When the system starts, the seven segment does not displays any output. The
microcontroller keeps scanning the input pins. As soon as any one of the inputs is
pressed, the buzzer sounds for a small duration. The seven segment displays the
number corresponding to the input pressed. Now even if any other input pin is
pressed, there will be no effect on the system till the time the stop pin is pressed to
reset the system.
A seven segment consists of eight LEDs which are aligned in a manner so as to
display digits from 0 to 9 when proper combination of LED is switched on. Seven
segment uses seven LEDs to display digits from 0 to 9 and the eighth LED is
used for the dot. Seven segment is available in two configurations


1) Common anode
2) Common cathode
Here common anode seven segment display is used because the output current
of the microcontroller is not sufficient enough to drive the LEDs, similar to
the case of driving an LED. The pins a to g of the Seven Segment are
connected to the Port P2 of the microcontroller. The common pin of the seven
segment is connected to Vcc. The h has not been used, which is the dot pin
of the controller. Since the seven segment display works on negative logic, we
will have to provide logic 0 to the corresponding to make a LED glow. When
the values corresponding to the digits 0 to 9 are given on the output port, the
digit gets displayed on the seven segment.


CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE TOOLS

The various components used in the circuit include:
Microcontroller- AT89S51

Transistor ( BC548)

Resistors(8.2k,2.2k,1k,10)

Capacitor

Seven Segment Display

Diode (1N4007)

Push Button Switch

Power Supply

Piezo buzzer


3.1 MICROCONTROLLER- AT89C51

3.1.1 Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Endurance 1,000
Write/Erase Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-Level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

3.1.2 Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4
Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition,
the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters.
3.1.3 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.1 Pin Diagram


3.1.4 Pin description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0
has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and
outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.
Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high
by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port
1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and program
verification.


Port 2
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port
2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and
during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In
this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to
external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents
of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and
some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also
serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Table 3.1 Special Features of Port 3


Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and Programming
verification.
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory.
This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be
disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during
a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the

12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that
require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a
quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external
clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in
Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since
the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active.
The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special
functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated
by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is
terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from
where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes
control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the
port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin

when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle
should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Power Down Mode
In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power
down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers
retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power
down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the onchip RAM.
The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and
must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

Fig 3.2 Oscillator Connection


3.2 POWER SUPPLY

Fig 3.3 Power Supply

3.2.1 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two circuits
through electromagnetic induction. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to
efficiently change AC voltages within power networks from one voltage level to another.
A transformer most commonly consists of two windings of wire that are wound around a
common core to provide tight electromagnetic coupling between the windings. The core
material is often a laminated iron core. The coil that receives the electrical input energy is
referred to as the primary winding; the output coil is the secondary winding.
Transformers covert ac electricity from one voltage level to another with little loss of
power. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
main voltage (230V) to a safer low voltage.


3.2.2 Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge
circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC)
input into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier
provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and
weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-
tapped secondary winding.
This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a
closed loop bridge configuration to produce the desired output. The main advantage of
this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby
reducing its size and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the
diode bridge network and the load to the other side as shown below.

Fig 3.4 Bridge Rectifier

The four diodes labelled D
1
to D
4
are arranged in series pairs with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the
current flows through the load.


3.2.3 LM7805

The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained
fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in
electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low
cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the
output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces
12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is
positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in
combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit.

Fig 3.5 LM7805


3.2.4 Transistors
Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied
between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of
terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to
the input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used
to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount
of current is determined by other circuit elements.
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a
circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small
current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control
or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-
effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the
gate can control a current between source and drain.
The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow
between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Because
internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage
drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The amount of this
voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as V
BE
.

Fig 3.6 Transistor BC548

3.2.5 Seven Segment Display
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of
electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the
more complex dot matrix displays.
Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other
electronic devices for displaying numerical information.
The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent
the arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique (slanted)
arrangement, which aids readability. In most applications, the seven segments are of
nearly uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons,
though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used), though in the case of adding
machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends in an effort
to further enhance readability.
The numerals 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on seven-
segment displays, with or without a 'tail'.
The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each side
with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the seventh
segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment

displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumeric); however, these have
mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays.
The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the
optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer
numbers.
Hexadecimal digits can be displayed on seven-segment displays. A combination of
uppercase and lowercase letters is used for AF; this is done to obtain a unique,
unambiguous shape for each hexadecimal digit (otherwise, a capital D would look
identical to an 0 and a capital B would look identical to an 8). Also the digit 6 must be
displayed with the top bar lit to avoid ambiguity with the letter b. In addition, seven
segment displays can be used to show various other letters of the latin, Cyrillic and Greek
alphabets including punctuation, but few representations are unambiguous and intuitive at
the same time. Short messages giving status information (e.g. "no disc" on a CD player)
are also commonly represented on 7-segment displays.

3.2.6 Piezo Buzzer

Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight,
simple construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck
reversing indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse
principle of piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the
phenomena of generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain
materials and the vice versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials.
Piezo electric materials are either naturally available or manmade. Piezo ceramic is class
of manmade material, which poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc,
the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or
compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The
generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a
piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user

of an event corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are
also used in alarm circuits.

The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to
it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied
across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and
pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4
kHz.
The Red lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground.


CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE TOOLS

4.1 KEIL SOFTWARE
Keil computer is a software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code
which is to be dumped into the micro controller for further processing. Keil
compiler also supports c language code.
4.2 STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN
KEIL
1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives.
2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name Keil uVision3 .
Just drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you
try to write programs in keil.
3. Double- click on this icon to start the Keil compiler.
4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at
the leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash coloured
space for the program to be written.
5. Now to start using Keil, click on the option project.
6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import
project, open project etc. Click on New Project.
7. A small window with the title bar Create new project opens. The
window asks the user to give the project name with which it should be
created and the destination location. The project can be created in any of

the drives available. You can create a new folder and then a new file or
can directly create a new file.
8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens
where a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device
for the target you have created.
9. Now click on the option Output and give any name to the hex file to be
created in the Name of executables text area and put a tick to the Create
HEX file option present in the same window. The hex file can be created
in any of the drives. You can change the folder by clicking on Select
folder for Objects.
10. Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not,
click on the icon exactly below the Open file icon which is nothing but
Build Target Icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the
program written.
11. To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window,
memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you
have written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering
into debug mode.
12. The icon with the letter d indicated the debug mode.
13. Click on this icon and now click on the option View and select the
appropriate window to check for the output.
14. After this is done, click the icon debug again to come out of the debug
mode.
15. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the micro
controller with the help of another software called Proload.


CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Hence by this project we can design an effective detecting system that can
monitor in quiz competitions in schools, colleges, TV programs etc; with
eight different switches. The uniqueness of this project is only alerting the
quiz conductor who first know the answer.

Advantages of the project
Highly sensitive
Low cost and reliable circuit
Complete elimination of manpower

Applications
Widely used in school, colleges and tv programs.


REFERENCES

Text book:8051 Microcontrollers by Muhammed Ali Mazidi
Text book: Microcontrollers (theory and applications) by Ajay V
Deshmukh
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov
http://www.datasheetcatalog.com
http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/transis1.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/7805-voltage-
regulator-ic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay
http://www.atmel.in/devices/AT89S51.aspx


APPENDIX

void buzzer( ) // function to monitor the input switches
{
flag= 0;
while (1)
{
while (P1==0xFF);
while(P1 == 0XFE) // check if switch 1 is pressed
{
flag=1;
display (1);
}
while (P1 = = 0XFD) // check if switch 2 is pressed
{
flag=2;
display (2);
}


while (P1 = = 0XFB) // check if switch 3 is pressed
{
flag= 3;
display (3);
}
while ( P1 = = 0xF7 ) // check if switch 4 is pressed
{
flag = 4;
display (4);
}
while ( P1 = = 0xEF ) // check if switch 5 is pressed
{
flag = 5;
display (5);
}
while (P1 = = 0xDF ) // check if switch 6 is pressed
{
flag = 6;
display (6);
}


while ( P1 = = 0xBF ) // check if switch 7 is pressed
{
flag = 7;
display ( 7);
}
while ( P1 = =0x7F ) // check if switch 8 is pressed
{
flag = 8;
display (8);
}
p1 = 0xFF;
stop_pin =1;
output_on_pin =0;
}
}
void main ( )
{
output_on_pin =0;
stop_pin =1;
P1 = 0xFF;
buzzer ( );
}


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EEE DEPARTMENT 1 KMEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

8 CANDIDATE QUIZ BUZZER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

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