Session 2

 Standardise an operation
 Measure the standardise operation
 Gauge measurements against requirements
 Innovate to meet requirements and

increase productivity
 Standardise the new, improved operations
 Continue ad infinitium
 Control Charts
 Histogram
 Pareto Chart
 Check Sheet
 Cause & Effect Diagram
 Flowchart
 Scatter Diagram
 An effective method of monitoring
processes through control charts
 Monitors processes and variations
 Helps reduce waste
 Identification of bottleneck, wait times
 Reduction in time required to produce
 Tool used to determine whether a
manufacturing or business process is in the
state of statistical control or not
 Represents measurements of quality

characteristics in samples taken periodically

 A mean is calculated from the data and

displayed
 Tolerance limits
 Variable Control Charts

 Attribute Control Charts


XR Chart

X S Chart
 p-chart
 np-chart
 c-chart
 u-chart
 CUSUM Chart (Cumulative Sum Chart)
 Time Series Model
 Regression Control
 It is the method for determining the size
and frequency so that each sample
represents a point in time or space
 It is a way to collect data that best

represents a process state that is unknown

X
 x chart tracks the subgroup average from
the process
 R chart tracks the range within each

subgroup
 Both the charts give the process level and

process variation at same time as well as

presence of special causes
 Similar to X-bar and R chart but used when
subgroup size is 11 or more
 It uses standard deviation instead of range
 Used to monitor the effects of process

improvement theories
 Is a control chart for attribute of data
 Measures the proportion detective items in

a subgroup
 Similar to P-chart, with two differences
◦ All subgroup size must be same
◦ Is used to track attribute data in terms of
numbers rather than proportion
 Is used to track attribute data in terms of
counts per subgroup
 All subgroups must be the same size
 Graphically summarises and displays the
distribution of a process or data set
 It is used to graphically summarise and
display the relative importance of the
differences between groups of data
 It has two vertical axis
 Left-side vertical axis is labelled frequency
 Right-side of the vertical axis is the
cumulative frequency
 It is used to represent the most common
occurring defect, most common source of
defects, most frequent reasons for customer
complaints, etc.
 It is used to collect data in real-time and at the
location where data is generated
 Types of check sheets
◦ Classification – A trait such as a defect or a failure
mode must be classified into a category
◦ Location – The physical location of a trait is indicated
on a picture of a part or item being evaluated
◦ Frequency – The presence or absence of trait is
indicated along with number of occurrences
◦ Measurement scale – Measurements are indicated by
checking on an appropriate interval on a pre-divided
measurement scale
◦ Check-list – Items are listed so that as each is
accomplished, it is indicated by a check/tick-mark
 Graphical representation of a process,
depicting inputs, outputs and units of
activity
 Represents the entire process at a high or

detailed level of observation, allowing

analysis and optimization of workflow
 Reveals the relationship of association
between two variables
 Answers the following questions

◦ Are two variables related?

◦ If yes, linearly or non-linearly
 Capability Maturity Model
 Capability Maturity Model Integration
 IDEAL
 Types of defects in software
◦ Logical error
◦ Incorrectly assigned variable
◦ Typing errors
 It is industry specific quality model for
software development
 Focuses on “Zero-Defect” software

development
 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

provides a structured way to develop an

application and helps in early decision
making
 SDLC helps reduce the total cost of software

development
 Create and evaluate concept
 Analysis to define requirements
 Define architecture
 Design tests
 Specify computer program
 Write and revise computer program, its
documentation and instruction
 Put the program together, with inspection
and testing
 For published software, release a beta test
version
 Final release and customer support
 Initial
◦ Each person learns and does the job any way he/she can.
The organisation relies on heroes
 Repeatable
◦ Departments have their acts together, establish,
procedures, and are following them & keeping them up to
date. But methods are different in different places for no
good reason
 Defined
◦ The whole organisation has standard methods for
standard activities, and departments have unique
procedures where they are needed. This is centrally
coordinated
 Managed
◦ The organisation eliminates defects by quality
management and constantly works in order to make
things better
 Optimising
◦ Organisation uses, sustains and continuously improves
 It is the integration of various CMMs
 CMMI is a framework for business process

improvement
 It is a suite of products used for process

improvements
 It has

◦ Models
◦ Appraisal methods
◦ Training Courses
 Continuous
◦ User focuses on the specific processes that are
considered important for organisation’s
immediate business objectives
 Staged
◦ Provides a standard sequence of improvements
and can serve as a basis for comparing the
maturity level of different projects and
organisation
◦ It provides easy migration from the SW-CMM to
CMMI
 CMMI best practices – documented are
called CMMI models
 CMMI models cover the following areas

◦ Development
◦ Acquisition
 CMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV)
 CMMI for Acquisition (CMMI-ACQ)
 CMMI for Services (CMMI-SVC)
 Is a usable, understandable approach to
continuous improvement by outlining the steps
necessary to establish a successful
improvement program
 Consists of 5 stages
◦ I – Initiating
Laying the ground work for a successful improvement
effort
◦ D – Diagnostic
Determining where you are relative to where you want to
be
◦ E – Establishing
Planning the specifics of how will you reach your
destination
◦ A – Acting
Doing the work according to the plan
◦ L - Learning
Learning from the experience and improving the ability to
adopt new technologies in future
 ISO 9000 is a family of standards for quality
management systems
 ISO 9000:2000

◦ QMS –Fundamentals and Vocabulary

 ISO 9001:2000
◦ QMS – Requirements
 ISO 9004:2000
◦ QMS-Guidelines for performance improvements
 Requirements
 Scope
 Normative Reference
 Terms and definition
 Quality management system
 Management responsibility
 Resource management
 Product realisation
 Measurement, analysis and improvement
 Quality policy is a formal statement from
management, closely linked to business and
to customers needs
 Quality policy is understood at all levels and
by all employees
 Documentation and audits are conducted
periodically
 Records should show how and where raw
materials and products are processed to
allow products and problems to be traced to
the source
 Map all processes, monitor & control them
 Monitoring, measurement and analysis tools

must be properly maintained and calibrated

 Determine customer requirements and

create systems for communicating with

customer
 Perform periodic internal audits and

meetings
 Its a business management strategy
developed by Motorola
 It seeks to identify and remove the causes

of defects in manufacturing or business

process
 One Sigma = 690,000 DPMO = 31% efficiency
 Two Sigma = 308,000 DPMO = 69.2% efficiency
 Three Sigma = 66,800 DPMO = 93.32% efficiency
 Four Sigma = 6,210 DPMO = 99.379% efficiency
 Five Sigma = 230 DPMO = 99.977%
efficiency
 Six Sigma = 3.4 DPMO = 99.9997% efficiency
 D -Define high level project goals and the
current process
 M-Measure key aspects of the current process
and collect relevant data
 A-Analyse the data to verify cause and effect
relationships. Determine what the relationships
are and attempt to ensure that all the factors
have been considered
 I-Improve or optimise the process based on
data analysis using techniques like design of
experiments
 C-Control to ensure that any deviations from
target are corrected before they result in
defects
 D-Define design goals that are consistent with
customer demands and the enterprise
strategy
 M-Measure and identify characteristics that
are critical to quality (CTQ), product
capabilities, production process capability and
risks
 A-Analyse to develop and design alternatives,
create high level design and evaluate design
capability to select the best design
 D-Design details, optimise the design and
plan for design verification
 V-Verify the design, setup pilot runs,
implement the production process and
puneit.singh@gmail.com
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http://www.scridb.com/puneit