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'
nH
dH
AB
nL
dL
AB
X
X
X
X
R
! $ ;
$
min
<pper pinch Temperature
! ;
3
$
P B p n
T T T T +
! 01 +*% !;
3
$
; 01 +
Production of gasoline from naphtha $%6
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
=$$*.33
o
2
4ower pinch Temperature
! ;
3
$
P B p
T T T T +
! 01 +*% !;
3
+
; 01 +
= $1+.&&.
o
2
4ight 5ey composition in <pper pinch
! $ !; $ ;
fn f
f
nL
X r
r
X
+ +
)here>
r
f
= ratio of composition of light key to heavy key in the liquid part of feed.
I
= relative volatility of components with respect to heavy key.
?
fhi
= composition of heavier than heavy key components in the feed stream.
Now;
"or components heavier than heavy key
C$"&$+e+t# M$l. Fra't$+# 8
%+
2
.
/
$&
%.$+6 %.0%& %.%*+
2
&
/
&
%.$*6 %.+*% %.%0%
2
&
/
*
((2/
3
%.$%+ %.*&6 %.%*1
2
&
/
$$
((2/
3
%.%%. %.3+% %.%%+
2
*
/
6
((2/
3
%.%%0 %.&1% %.%%3
?
fn
= %.$**
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$%
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
fH
fL
f
X
X
r
%01+ . %
%+*+ . %
f
r
= %.*+
! $ !; $ ;
fn f
f
nL
X r
r
X
+ +
! $** . % $ !; *+ . $ ;
*+ . %
+ +
=%.+6&
f
nL
nH
r
X
X
*+ . %
+6& . %
= %.*&6
@ow using this equation,
'
nH
dH
AB
nL
dL
AB
X
X
X
X
R
! $ ;
$
min
'
*&6 . %
%%%& . %
.* . $
+6& . %
%033 . %
! $ .* . $ ;
$
=$.60.
,ptimum 8eflux 8atio ranges from ;$.$ A $.*!B8 min.
I choose the optimum reflux ratio, by plotting the graph bCw total annual cost and
reflux ratio. ;Diven in appendix!
reflux ratio taken is 9.:9
M+"*" N*"3er $% Sta-e#:
7y using "enskeEs 9quation>
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$$
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
LK
b
LK
HK
d
HK
LK
m
X
X
X
X
ln
ln
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
.* . $ ln
%%3 . %
$%& . %
%%%& . %
%033 . %
ln
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
b d
=$0 plates with reboiler
N*"3er $% I)eal Sta-e#:
<sing 9rbar ( Faddox graph ;fig $$.$$ 2G8 Vol. &!
N + partial condenser 24
N 23
A't*al N*"3er $% Sta-e# a+) Fee) L$'at$+:
Plate E%%'e+';:
<sing ,E2onnell method ;2oulson Vol.&!
! log; * . 3+ *$
a a
E
)here>
H
a
= average viscosity of liquid, m@sC m
+
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$+
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
I
a
= 8elative volatility of light key
H
a
= %.$.$+ m @sC m
+
-o,
! .* . $ B $.$+ . % log; * . 3+ *$
E
= &1.%+ J
ctual number of stages ;@
actual
!
@
actual
= @
ideal
C 9
o
= +3C%.&1
= 30 ;excluding partial condenser!
"eed location
7y, using kirkbridge 9quation>
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
log +%& . % log
dHK
bLK
fLK
fHK
B
!
"
"
"
"
!
B
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
%%%& . %
%%3 . %
%+* . %
%01 . %
+$$ . $&6
+.$ . $36
log +%& . % log
B
!
$3 . +
B
!
B !
$3 . +
B ! t#ta$
+
( )
B
$ $3 . + 30 +
$$
-o feed is entering at $$th plate from bottom.
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$3
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
5.6.5 T0A6 DESIGN
M$lar Fl$, 0ate $% Strea"#:
"eed, " 3%1.01 kg molChr
Top #roduct, ' $&6.+$ kg molChr
7ottom product, ) $36.+. kg molChr
8eflux, 4n 060.$% kg molChr
5a&$*r Fl$, 0ate:
in rectifying section, Vn &&3.3% kg molChr
in stripping section, Vm *$3.$$ kg molChr
L2*) Fl$, 0ate#:
in rectifying section, 4n 060.$% kg molChr
in stripping section, 4m &*+.31 kg molChr
4mC) 0.&1
Ph;#'al C$+)t$+#:
Top Bottom
Vapour 'ensity, kgCm
3
1..1 30.3&
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$0
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
4iquid density, kgCm
3
*%0.& .6&.3
Vapour flow rate, m
3
Csec %.601& %.$1.*
4iquid flow rate, m
3
Csec %.%$++ %.%$%+
Vapour G 4iquid velocities can be found by using following formulae respt.
Vapour flow rate =
3&%%
%
&#$'t a(g %m
%
&#$'t a(g Lm
Da"eter $% C$l*"+:
( )
( )
+ C $
+
%0. . % +. . % $.$ . %
1
]
1
+
%
% L
t t (
$ $ u
)here>
<v = maximum allowable vapour velocity, based on the gross ;total!
2olumn cross(sectional area, mCs,
l
t
= plate spacing, m, ;range %.* (($.*!
Plate S&a'+- < =.5 "
@ow, by putting values in above formula we get vapour velocity as under,
T$& B$tt$"
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$*
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
Vapour velocity, mCs %.30 %.+$3
@ow,
'iameter of column can be calculated as,
% %
)
C
u
%
!
)here>
'
%
is the maximum vapour rate, kgCsec
7y putting values we get as,
2olumn 'iameter, '
c
$.%* m
)e based our design on bottom diameter.
-o, I take diameter = 3.* ft
$.%&. m
Tra; De#-+:
Tower application or service #roduct finishing
Tower inside 'iameter $.%&. m
Tray type 2ross flow
Tray spacing %.*%1 m
@o. of down comers C tray $
Ca&# Data:
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$&
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
0 in standard cap size is selected for 3.* ft column, so that
all data about cap becomes fixed.
2ap ,' = 0 in =%.$%$& m
2ap I' =%.%610 m
#itch &%
%
K;triangular!
-pacing %.%3$.* m
@o. of rowsCtray 1
Inside /eight above tray %.$%%% m
@o. of slotsCcap, @s ;selected from table! *$
/eight of slot, /s, %.%31$ m
)idth of slot, ws %.%%3$.* m
skirt /eight, s %.%%&3* m
-hroud ring height, hsr %.%%&3* m
8iser ,'. %.%&61* m
I'. %.%&&&. m
8iser height above tray floor %.%1+**m
D$,+ Fl$, Area> A
)%
?
It ranges from $% A +% J of tower area.
Thus for $*J of tower area %.$30 m
+
L2*) D#tr3*t$+ Area> A
la
?
It ranges 1 A +% J of tower area.
Production of gasoline from naphtha $$.
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
nd for $& J of tower area %.$03 m
+
E+) Wa#ta-e> A
e,
?
It ranges from . A ++ J of tower area
nd for $* J of tower area %.$30m
+
N$. $% 'a&# @tra;?
( )
*
e' $a df C
C
a
A A A A
+ +
( )
%%1$ . %
$30 . % $03 . % $30 . % 160 . % + +
= &% caps
reasL
rea =
0
+
!
Total cap area =
,
_
0
+
!
,
_
,
_
+ + C ( $
(
s
'
%
h
)here>
h
s
= slot opening, or pressure drop through slot, in, $iquid,
V = total vapour flow through tray, ft
-
.se*
@c = number of caps per tray
@s = number of slots per cap
)s = width of slot ;rectangular!, in,
slot opening, h
s
%.%0+ m %.%+3& m
Faximum slot velocity;$+.$CN
g
!
$C+
0.61 mCsec +.* mCsec
Finimum slot velocity ;3.0CN
g
!
$C+
$.0$1 mCsec %..$ mCsec
-uper facial slot velocity, u
o
= VC
s
+.*& mCsec %.%*+ mCsec
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+%
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
Pre##*re Dr$&:
Caps:
Top Bottom
0#er Pre##*re Dr$&> h
r
?
( )
%6 . +
+
$
$$$ . %
1
]
1
,
_
r
%
L
r
r
A
% d
h
)here>
d
r
= dia of riser +.&+* in +.&+* in
N
4
= density of liquid 3$.03 lbC ft
3
06.& lbC ft
3
N
v
= density of vapour %.*0. lbC ft
3
+.$0 lbC ft
3
V = volumetric flow rate 33.* ft
3
Csec &.&++ ft
3
Csec
r
= total riser area +.+* ft
+
+.+* ft
+
7y solving equation,
h
r
= #ressure drop ;in in of liquid! %.%.6 in %.%*1 in
0e!er#al a+) A++*l*# Pre##*re Dr$&> h
ra
?
( )
.$ . $
+
$
+
+ &1 . %
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
r
%
* "
r
L
ra
A
%
a a
a
h
)here>
a
r
= inside riser area = in
+
*.0$ *.0$
a
x
= 8eversal area = in
+
&.$1* &.$1*
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+$
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
a
c
= inside area of cap = in
+
$$..6 $$..6
7y solving equation,
h
ra
= #ressure drop ;in Oin/ of liquid! %.%1& %.%&+
0e'ta+-*lar Sl$t Dr; &re##*re Dr$&>
P
s
h
?
( )
.3 . $
+
$
P $&3 . %
1
]
1
,
_
+
% C
L
+
A
%
d h
)hereL
d
c
= diameter of cap = in 3.1.0 3.1.0
s
= total area of slot = ft
+
3.613 3.613
7y solving equation,
h
s
Q = #ressure drop ;in Oin/ of liquid! %.%3&1 %.%+&
T$tal )r; &re##*re )r$&?
P P
+ ra r C
h h h h + +
;Inches of liquid! %.$6$1 %.$0&
Wet 'a& &re##*re )r$&, ;in of liquid! =
+
$
'
,
_
a
+
L
%
+
a
a
A
%
)here>
a
s
= area of slot Ccap = in
0
6.*& 6.*&
a
a
= annular areaC cap = in
0
*.1* *.1*
+
$
'
,
_
a
+
L
%
+
a
a
A
%
%.3& %.3$
"rom graph ;fig 1($$* 4udwig, vol. +, p $&.!
The values of 2
w
areR.
2
w
%.$1 %.$0
Production of gasoline from naphtha $++
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
h
c
= h
c
QC2
w
$.%&* $.%0+
h
cmax
= h
r
Mh
ra
M;/
s
Ms! $.6$* $.1.
Since h
c
is less than h
c,max
., cap is O.K. and not blowing under the shroud
ring.
He-ht $% L2*) $!er Wer; Top Bottom
"irst calculate,
4
g
C ;l
w
!
+.*
$..3+ $0.01
nd
l
w
C' %..* %..*
)here>
4
g
= flow rate of liquid in gallonsCmin
l
w
=length of weir = ft
<sing graph ;fig 1($%0 4udwig, vol. +, p $*6!
"actor,"
w
$.%6 $.%.*
,
_
)
g
) 1)
$
L
2 h %6+ . %
;3n! $..&+ $.*0
L2*) -ra)e+t A@9:
Fean tray width = ;d
c
M l
w
!C+
= ;3.*M+.&+*!C+ 3.%&+* ft =%.630 m
A##*"e) L2*) De&th> h
1
h
$
= h
w
M h
ow
M ;SC+!
assume
0.1&+ in 0.&* in
4
g
Cmean tray width ;gallonCmin. ft! &3.$0 *+.79
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+3
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
U+'$rre'te) AB@+$. $% 0$,# (inches !.!" !.!"
V
%
;N
v
!
$C+
$.0%$ $.%%&&
"rom graph 2
v
;fig 1($$3 4udwig, vol.+!$.%& %.6.
)here>
S = liquid gradient in inches of liquid
V
o
= -uperficial velocity based on column area ;ftCsec!
3.01+ %.&11
2
v
= correction factor for uncorrected liquid gradient
@o. of rows = 1
C$rre'te) A@9 C+'he# $% l2*)D =.119 =.=E=5
T$tal Pre##*re Dr$&@Tra; :; in inches of liquid!
h
t
<h
'
Fh
##
Fh
$,
FA@9
)here>
h
c
;inches of liquid! $.%&* $.%0+
h
ss
;inches of liquid! $.* $.*
h
ow
;inches of liquid! $..&+ $.*0
SC+ ;inches of liquid! %.$$+ %.%1%*
h
t
< h
'
F h
##
F h
$,
F A@9 /./.: /.1695
T$tal Pre##*re Dr$&@Tra; ;in inches of water!
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+0
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
3.%%. +.1*
8ange for pressure drop is +( 0 in of water Ctray
-o pressure drop is with in the range
#ressure drop for trays ;in in, of water!
"or +3 plate above, and $$ plate below &6.$&$ 3$.3*
;mm of /g! 19:.99 5E.5G9
D$,+'$"er Pre##*re Dr$&:
'own comer friction loss plus underflow loss, h
du
+
006
*& . %
,
_
d
g
du
A
L
h %.%366 in %.%+06 in
in mm of /g %.%.0** %.%0&*+
)here>
d
= down comer area in ft
+
L2*) he-ht + )$,+ '$"er:
/
d
= h
w
M h
ow
M h
d
M h
t
M S %.+%.. m %.$6*. m
/
d
T U -t which is in range.
Free He-ht + D$,+'$"er:
" = -
t
M h
w
( /
d
%.316 m %.0% m
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+*
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
Thr$, $!er ,er:
t
w
= %.1 V h
ow
B "W
$C+
$%1.6 mm 66.6 mm
D;+a"' Sl$t Seal:
h
ds
= h
ss
M h
ow
M SC+ 1*.&6 mm .6.+& mm
L2*) E+tra+"e+t:
( )
d *
f
A A
e (#$f$#'rat
%
+
,
_
+
% L
%
2
t
%
+
3.*+ +.%0.
"rom graph, ;fig 1($$& 4udwig, vol. +, p $&6!
)
e
C ;h
ow
M h
ss
Mh
s
X ! %.* %.%+*
nd
W
e
in Kg/min m
2
0.024 0.002!
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+&
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
9ntrainment in 5gCmin ;)
e
B;
c
A +
d
!!%.36 %.$*.
9ntrainment ratio %.%%.1 %.%%3%&
The value of entrainment is low, so spacing is quite good.
He-ht $% C$l*"+:
/eight of column ; +% inches tray spacing!
/
c
= ;@
actual
A $! -t M /
= ;30 A $! %.*%1 M $.6$1
= $1..* m
SPECIFICATION SHEET OF DISTILLATION
COLUMN D49G=
I)e+t%'at$+:
Item 'istillation column
Item @o. T($%+
@o. required $
Tray type 7ubble cap tray
F*+'t$+: -eparation of 4ight /.2 from /eavy /.2
O&erat$+: 2ontinuous
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+.
Chapter # 05 Equipment design
Materal ha+)le)
"eed Top 7ottom
Yuantity 3%1..01 5gmolChr $&6.+$$ kgmolChr $36.+. 5gmolChr
2ompositions
4ight key
/eavy key
+.*+ J
0.1+ J
0.3 J
%.%& J
%.3% J
$%.& J
Temperature $+*
o
2 01
o
2 +*%
o
2
De#-+ Data
#ressure = $*.+ atm 8eflux ratio = +.6+L$
@o.of trays = 30 2ap size = %.$%$&m
'iameter of column= $.%&. m @o. of 2apsCtray = &%
-hell thickness = $$.11.mm )eir length = %.1%%+* m
2orrosion allowance=+.%mm )eir height =.&.+ mm
Tray spacing = %.*%1 m 'own comer area =%.$30 m
+
/eight of column = $1..* m ,verall efficiency = &1J
Top 7ottom
#ressure dropCtray = 3.%%. +.1* in. of water
9ntrainment ratio = %.%%.1 %.%%3%&
Production of gasoline from naphtha $+1