Abstract

Industrial revolution is that period when Industries spread rapidly while industrialization is the
process of setting up of industries. The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to
19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and
America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain
in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in peoples homes, using hand tools or basic
machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and
mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam
engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of
transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased
volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also
resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. The
industrialization has different impacts on society. The urbanization and modernization also
started with the industrialization. Today all the developed countries are industrialized which
means that the economy got stable with the industrialization. There are still countries where this
process has to come who are underdeveloped and is start in the developing countries.










History
The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as
the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas
in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and
France. Later commentators have called this the first industrial revolution.
The "Second Industrial Revolution" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th
century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine,
the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines.
The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.
A new era of mass production arose in the United States because of technological innovations, a
favorable patent system, new forms of factory organization, an abundant supply of natural
resources, and foreign investment. The labor force came from millions of immigrants from
around the world seeking a better way of life, and aided a society that needed to massproduce
consumer goods. The changes brought about by industrialization and immigration gave rise to
the labor movement and the emergence of women's organizations advocating industrial reforms.
Industrial expansion and the influx of new populations brought about major changes, including
the rise of a labor movement and the emergence of women's organizations as important agents of
social and political reform.
The coming of the second industrial revolution changed the role of middle-class women in
American society. For the most part removed from the production process, they focused their
lives increasingly on being good consumers. But, because the goods they bought were generally
mass-produced far from their homes and under conditions that might not be healthy or safe,
many middle-class women began to work through their voluntary organizationschurch groups,
clubs, and reform societiesto call for not only safer industrial products but also improved
working conditions for industrial labor. The tradition that women should be concerned only with
the private, domestic sphere became weaker as a result of their activism.
A new era of mass production arose in the United States because of technological innovations, a
favorable patent system, new forms of factory organization, an abundant supply of natural
resources, and foreign investment. The labor force came from millions of immigrants from
around the world seeking a better way of life, and aided a society that needed to mass produce
consumer goods. The changes brought about by industrialization and immigration gave rise to
the labor movement and the emergence of women's organizations advocating industrial reforms.
Industrialization in England and Other Part of the Europe
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during
which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and
urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing
was often done in peoples homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked
a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and
textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the
Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and
banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured
goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment
and living conditions for the poor and working classes.
Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities
where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult,
as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the
bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or
small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.
A number of factors contributed to Britains role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
For one, it had great deposits of coal and iron ore, which proved essential for industrialization.
Additionally, Britain was a politically stable society, as well as the worlds leading colonial
power, which meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a
marketplace for manufactured goods. As demand for British goods increased, merchants needed
more cost-effective methods of production, which led to the rise of mechanization and the
factory system.
The British enacted legislation to prohibit the export of their technology and skilled workers;
however, they had little success in this regard. Industrialization spread from Britain to other
European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany, and to the United States. By the
mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe
and Americas north eastern region. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the worlds
leading industrial nation.
Industrialization in US
An early landmark moment in the Industrial Revolution came near the end of the eighteenth
century, when Samuel Slater brought new manufacturing technologies from Britain to the United
States and founded the first U.S. cotton mill in Beverly, Massachusetts. Slaters mill, like many
of the mills and factories that sprang up in the next few decades, was powered by water, which
confined industrial development to the northeast at first. The concentration of industry in the
Northeast also facilitated the development of transportation systems such as railroads and canals,
which encouraged commerce and trade. The technological innovation that would come to mark
the United States in the nineteenth century began to show itself with Robert Fultons establish-
ment of steamboat service on the Hudson River, Samuel F. B. Morses invention of the
telegraph, and Elias Howes invention of the sewing machine, all before the Civil War.
Following the Civil War, industrialization in the United States increased at a breakneck pace.
This period, encompassing most of the second half of the nineteenth century, has been called the
Second Industrial Revolution or the American Industrial Revolution. Over the first half of the
century, the country expanded greatly, and the new territory was rich in natural resources.
Completing the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 was a major milestone, making it easier to
transport people, raw materials, and products. The United States also had vast human resources:
between 1860 and 1900, fourteen million immigrants came to the country, providing workers for
an array of industries.
American inventors like Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison created a long list of
new technologies that improved communication, transportation, and industrial production.
Edison made improvements to existing technologies, including the telegraph while also creating
revolutionary new technologies such as the light bulb, the phonograph, the kinetograph, and the
electric dynamo. Bell, meanwhile, explored new speaking and hear-ing technologies, and
became known as the inventor of the telephone.
Impacts of Industrialization Process on the Economic Development
If we look to the countries of the entire world we will see that those countries that have industries
will have stable economy and the countries that have poor economy will be either no industries
or have less number of industries. The industrialization has deep impacts on the development of
economy of a country. Here we will state and analyze some of these impacts.
Birth of capitalism
The capitalism was start with the industrialization process. Capatlism is an economic system
based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of
production. Capitalism encourages private investment and business, compared to a government-
controlled economy. Capitalism is the most successful wealth-creating economic system that the
world has ever known; no other system, as the distinguished economist Joseph Schumpeter
pointed out, has benefited "the common people" as much. Capitalism, he observed, creates
wealth through advancing continuously to ever higher levels of productivity and technological
sophistication; this process requires that the "old" be destroyed before the "new" can take over.
Technological progress, the ultimate driving force of capitalism, requires the continuous
discarding of obsolete factories, economic sectors, and even human skills. The system rewards
the adaptable and the efficient; it punishes the redundant and the less productive.
Standard of Life Change with The industrialization
The Industrial Revolution brought about a greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods
and raised the standard of living for many people, particularly for the middle and upper classes.
However, life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges. Wages for
those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and
monotonous. Unskilled workers had little job security and were easily replaceable.
Industrialization also meant that some craftspeople were replaced by machines. Additionally,
urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep pace with the flow of arriving workers from the
countryside, resulting in inadequate, overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living
conditions in which disease was rampant. Conditions for Britains working-class began to
gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century, as the government instituted various
labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions.
Sight of Production Changed
For millions of working Americans, the industrial revolution changed the very nature of their
daily work. Previously, they might have worked for themselves at home, in a small shop, or
outdoors, crafting raw materials into products, or growing a crop from seed to table. When they
took factory jobs, they were working for a large company. The textile industry, in particular, was
transformed by industrialization. Before mechanization and factories, textiles were made mainly
in peoples homes (giving rise to the term cottage industry), with merchants often providing the
raw materials and basic equipment, and then picking up the finished product. Workers set their
own schedules under this system, which proved difficult for merchants to regulate and resulted in
numerous inefficiencies.
Provision for defense
If a country is industrialized, it can manufacture arms and ammunition necessary for the defense
of the country. A nation which depends on other countries for the supply of ammunition will
eventually suffer and may face defeat. The two wars with India should be an eye opener for
Pakistan.

Increased saving and investment
Industrialization increases the income of the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The
voluntary savings stimulate industrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to further expansion
of industry
Reduction in the rate of population growth
Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labour from farm sector to the industries mostly
situated in urban centers. In cities improved facilities of sanitation and health care are available.
People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce the rate of population growth.
Promotes specialization
Industrialization promotes specialization of labour. The division of work increases the marginal
value product of labour. The income of worker in the industrial sector is therefore higher than
that of a worker in agricultural sector.
Rise in Agricultural Production
Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport,
aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased
the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to
economic development in the country.
Easy to Control Industrial Activity
The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can
be expanded or cut down according to the price cost and demand of the product.
Large Scope for Technological Progress
Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job training and technological progress. The use
of advanced technology increases the scale of production, reduces cost of production, improves
quality of the product and helps in widening of the market.
Helps in the Uplifting of Economy of a Country
The lack of an industrial sector in a country can slow growth in the country's economy
and power, so governments often encourage or enforce industrialisation. On the other hand, the
presence of industry in a country does not mean in general that it will bring wealth and
prosperity to the people of that country. And third, the presence of an industry in one country can
make it more difficult for other countries to develop the same type of industry. This can be seen
in the computer software and internet industries. Started from the US around the 1990s these
industries seemed to spread over the world. But after a period of monopolisation less than a
decade long, the globally-leading companies remain concentrated in the US.Their economic
power and capacity to dominate the media work against the developing of the same types of
industry in other states.
Adverse Effects of Industralization
Although industraliztion have many good impacts but it has some adverse effects on society.
some of its negative impacts are analyze and stated in the following.
Chlid Labour
Although children had been servants and apprentices throughout most of human history, child
labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. Children often worked long hours
in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because
their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where adults couldn't fit,
children were easier to manage and control and perhaps most importantly, children could be paid
less than adults. Child laborers often worked to help support their families, but were forced to
forgo an education. Nineteenth century reformers and labor organizers sought to restrict child
labor and improve working conditions, but it took a market crash to finally sway public opinion.
During the Great Depression, Americans wanted all available jobs to go to adults rather than
children.
Worker Affected due to Industries
The conditions under which industrial labor worked could be difficult. Unrestrained by
regulatory laws, employers obliged their laborers to work ten- to fifteen-hour shifts, usually six
days a week. They could fire workers who complained or refused to stay on the job, especially in
periods when demand for output was high. In bad economic times, employers cut wages and
increased the number and speed of machines workers were expected to operate. Some machines
were highly dangerous. The rate of industrial accidents rose, and workers rarely got adequate
compensation. At this time, no government assistance programs existed to protect workers from
accidents on the job or from cyclical unemployment.
Labor responded to such conditions in a variety of ways. Some tried to control the production
process by denouncingor even injuringworkers whose output exceeded the norm. Others
formed local and national unions, which organized collective actions such as walk-outs and
strikes. Over the last three decades of the nineteenth century, unions waged thousands of strikes.
Some of these actions turned violent. The authorities often blamed "outside agitators" espousing
radical ideologies such as socialism, communism, and anarchism, for these developments.
Anarchists were especially feared, as they opposed all forms of government authority, and
sometimes incited followers to acts of terror.
Environmental Degradation
This rapid industrial growth has made water pollution, air pollution, and hazardous wastes
pressing environmental problems in many areas of the developing world. Industrial emissions
combine with vehicle exhausts to cause air pollution, while concentrations of heavy metals and
ammonia loads are often high enough to cause major fish kills downriver from industrial areas (.
The lack of hazardous waste facilities compounds the problem, with industrial wastes often
discarded on fallow or public lands, in rivers, or in sewers designed to carry only municipal
wastes.
Health problems due to industrialization
The positive economic and social results of industrial growth have been accompanied by serious
environmental degradation, however, as well as growing threats to health from occupational
hazards. To some extent, these problems are analogous to those of early industrial Europe. In the
19th Century, the shift from a rural, agrarian society to an urban, industrial society initially
involved widespread social and economic disruption, unemployment, homelessness, pollution,
and increased exposure to health hazards both at work and at home. Many of these same
problems characterize cities in the developing world today.
Joint and nuclear family system vanished
Before the industrialization people used to live together in joint and extended family system but
with the industrialization the trend has been change. The nuclear family system replace the joint
and extended family system.
References
Sullivan, Arthur, S., Steven, M. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. New Jersey: Pearson
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Parker.S.R., Brown.R.K., Child.J., & Smith.M.A. (1981). The sociology of industry ( 4
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London:, WCIA: George Allien & Unwin Ltd.
Eric, W. (1965). Capitalism and Slavery. London: Princeton University Press.
Pearce., et al. 1990. Industrialization and Health, in Occupational Cancer in Developing
Countries,International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Paris : Scientific
Publications.

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