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Barriers to Access and Utilization of Maternal and Infant Health
Services in Migori, Kenya

(oy)e C*eptu+
&
% ,oses -itong
&
% .rnest ,utu
&
% Slo+e ,u/ui
&
% (+es Nd+0u/i
&
nd 1innie 2oi+
2

&.S)*ool o3 4elt* S)ien)es% Dedn2i+t*i 5niversity o3 6e)*nology% P.# 7o8 6"7 9 &0&00% Nyeri 2eny
2.Deprt+ent o3 :eser)*% 6rining ,nge+ent nd Co++unity ;in/ges% Dedn2i+t*i 5niversity o3
6e)*nology% P.# 7o8 6"7 9 &0&00% Nyeri% 2eny
<Corresponding ut*or= >)*eptu+?y*oo.)o+

Abstract
7rriers to ))essing nd utili@ing +ternl nd in3nt servi)es *inder t*e progress o3 )*ieving t*e ,illeniu+
Develop+ent -ols 4 nd "% )onseAuently i+proving +ternl nd in3nt *elt* is n interntionl
priority.,ternl nd in3nt +ortlity is *ig*est in developing )ountries w*ere severl 0rriers to ))ess nd
utili@tion o3 *elt* )re e8ist. 6*is ws study o3 n on-going ,ternl nd In3nt Survivl to 4elt* )re
Bdvn)e+ent (,BIS4B! pro>e)t to identi3y 0rriers to ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt*
servi)es in ,igori County% 2eny +ong 446 wo+en o3 reprodu)tive ge. 6*is ws )ross se)tionl study
w*i)* e+ployed 0ot*Aulittive nd Auntittive +et*ods. Dt ws )olle)ted using Interviewer - d+inistered
Auestionnires% 2ey In3or+nt Interview guides nd Co)us -roup Dis)ussion guides.7rriers to ))ess o3 t*e
servi)es in)luded so)io-e)ono+i)% )ulturl 0rriers nd l)/ o3 up 9 to dte trining +ong t*e st33. Su))ess in
i+proving ))ess nd utili@tion o3 t*ese servi)es reAuires )on)erted e33orts.
Keywords:7rriers% B))ess% 5tili@tion% ,ternl nd in3nt *elt*% ,ternl nd in3nt +ortlity

1! Introd"ction
It is esti+ted t*t &"0%000 B3ri)n wo+en die e)* yer 3ro+ )uses relted to pregnn)y nd )*ild0ering% nd
t*t t*e li3eti+e ris/ o3 dying 3ro+ +ternl )uses 3or B3ri)n wo+en is in t*e order o3 one in twenty 3ive. In
2eny% n esti+ted 7%700 wo+en die e)* yer s result o3 pregnn)y-relted )uses (:epu0li) o3 2eny%
20&0!.,ternl +ortlity nd +or0idity )n 0e redu)ed t*roug* ))ess to pproprite *elt* )re during
pregnn)y nd delivery *owever in su0-S*rn B3ri) wo+en )ontinue to 3)e li+ited ))ess to su)* servi)es
(.ssendiet.al% 20&&!. In order to redu)e t*e ris/ o3 +ternl nd in3nt +or0idity nd +ortlity% espe)illy in
pl)es w*ere t*e generl so)io-e)ono+i) sttus is low% ))ess nd utili@tion o3 t*e o0stetri) servi)es is n
e33e)tive +ens (#)*/oet.al% 20&&!. ;)/ o3 ))ess to pproprite o0stetri) )re% espe)illy during l0or%
)o+pounds t*e ris/ o3 dverse 3etl out)o+es su)* s det* or dis0ility (;uleet.al% 200"!. I+proving +ternl
nd in3nt *elt* )ontinues to 0e +>or )*llenge su)* t*t wo+n living in su0-S*rn B3ri) *s & in D&
)*n)e o3 dying during pregnn)y or )*ild0irt*% s )o+pred to & in 4%D00 in *ig*-in)o+e )ountry (Eereet.al%
20&&!. In developing )ountries% less t*n "0F o3 deliveries o))ur in *elt* 3)ilities t*ere3ore s/illed 0irt*
ssistn)e is not utili@ed in su)* deliveries. B))ess to nd use o3 *elt* servi)es is low in B3ri)% nd t*is is
re3le)ted in t*e poor +ternl *elt* indi)tors (2yongo et.l% 2006!. It still *s t*e *ig*est proportion o3 under-
3ive det*s% wit* & in G& )*ildren dying 0e3ore t*eir 3i3t* 0irt*dy (5NDP% 200G!.
In 2eny% +ny deliveries t/e pl)e in t*e villges s result o3 poor /nowledge o3 dnger signs% )ulturl issues%
nd poor so)io-e)ono+i) sttus o3 wo+en. ,ny wo+en re not e+powered to +/e de)isions on s/illed 0irt*
ttendn)e owing to so)io-e)ono+i) nd so)io-)ulturl 3)tors. B))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl *elt*
servi)es in t*e *elt* 3)ilities *s 0een lin/ed wit* i+proved +ternl nd neontl *elt* out)o+es
(70lolndBdesegun% 200G!. 6*e )*ieve+ent o3 ,illenniu+ Develop+ent -ols (,D-s! 4 nd "% w*i)* re
)on)erned wit* redu)tion o3 )*ild nd +ternl +ortlity respe)tively *ve stgnted despite +ny e33orts to
)*ieve t*e gols in 2eny (:epu0li) o3 2eny% 20&0!.
6*e i+ o3 t*is study ws to identi3y 0rriers to ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es.

#! Materials and Methods
6*is ws 0seline report o3 3ive 9 yer ,ternl In3nt B))ess to Survivl Bnd 4elt* )re Bdvn)e+ent
(,BIS4B! pro>e)t 3unded 0y Deprt+ent o3 Coreign 33irs% 6rde nd Develop+ent (DCB6D! 9 Cnd. B
)ross se)tionl study design ws used% wit* strti3ied s+ple 3ro+ w*i)* Aulittive ndAuntittive dt ws
)olle)ted. 6*e study ws )rried out in ,igorisu0-County in t*e Nyn@ region o3 2eny lo)ted in
sout*western 2eny. 6*e study ws )rried out in 3our *elt* 3)ilities n+ely #gwed*i% #ndong% -od/wernd
Ny+rg *elt* 3)ilities +ong wo+en o3 reprodu)tive ge +eeting t*e in)lusion )riteri living in Su0 .st
nd 1est divisions in ,igori County.
Bn interviewer - d+inistered Auestionnire ws used to )olle)t so)io-de+ogrp*i) dt nd in3or+tion on
))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es. 2ey In3or+nt Interview guides were used to
)olle)t dt 3ro+ t*e 4elt* C)ility In -C*rges nd Co++unity 4elt* 1or/ers representing t*e )o++unity.
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C-D guides were used during dis)ussions wit* +en nd wo+en 3ro+ t*e )o++unities in seprte 3oru+s.6wo
divisions 3ro+ t*e )ountywere sele)ted purposively undert*e guidn)e o3 t*e Distri)t 4elt* ,nge+ent 6e+
(D4,6!due to t*e poor +ternl nd in3nt *elt* indi)tors.
.t*i)l pprovl ws soug*t 3ro+ 2enytt 5niversity .t*i)s :eview Co++ittee (25.:C! nd per+it 3ro+
t*e Ntionl Coun)il o3 S)ien)e nd 6e)*nology (NCS6!. B )onsent 3or+ ws lso given to t*e prti)ipnts.
Con3identility ws +intined t*roug*out t*e study.

$! %es"lts
B+ong t*e 446 wo+en interviewed% +ost o3 t*e+ &"7 (D".2F! were ged 0etween 20 9 24 yers nd t*e +en
ge ws 2".G yers. ,ost wo+en were +ultiprous D&6(6".7F! nd t*e verge nu+0er o3 )*ildren per wo+n
ws 3our. B *ig* nu+0er o3 grnd+ultiprity &""(D4.'F! ws noted. ,ost o3 t*e respondents D'2('".6F! were
+rried. ,ost o3 t*e respondents D"7('0F! *d ttined pri+ry level o3 edu)tion. #n t*e prtnerHs edu)tion
level% 27&(6&.DF! *d pri+ry level o3 edu)tion. ,ost o3 t*e respondents did not *ve 3or+l
e+ploy+ent*owever% +ost o3 t*eir prtners were sel3-e+ployed. 6*e religion o3 +ost o3 t*e respondents ws
Protestnt.
$1 Socio & de'ogra(hic barriers
B nu+0er o3 so)io 9 de+ogrp*i) 3)tors were signi3i)ntly sso)ited wit* ))ess nd utili@tion o3 *elt*
3)ility servi)es. 6*ere ws signi3i)nt sso)ition on t*e nu+0er o3 pregnn)ies (pI0.02"!% religion (pI0.026!%
level o3 edu)tion (pI0.0&'! nd t*e o))uption o3 t*e respondent (pI0.00"! s illustrted in t0le & 0elow.
$# Socio & c"lt"ral factors
So+e o3 t*e )ulturl resons 3or not ttending BNC in)luded )ulturlJreligious resons% l)/ o3 *us0ndHs
pprovl nd ttending t 67B. Cro+ Aulittive dt% it ws 3ound out t*t so)il stig+ sso)ited wit* 4I$
*indered utili@tion o3 *elt* 3)ility servi)es.
Some women do not deliver in hospital because they believe they will be tested for HIV and they will be known
in the village if tested positive which will in turn lead to their rejection by the community members. !II"
#en prefer the $%& because they cost less than !sh '((.(( or even a chicken. In most cases my husband has
the final say in family issues. )*+"
$$ Health facility factors
Cro+ Aulittive dt% it ws 3ound out t*t t*ere were 3)tors w*i)* led to in))essi0ility nd l)/ o3 utili@tion
o3 t*e *elt* 3)ilities
,ack of drugs- and the drugs that are meant to be free are sold and this makes mothers" to avoid seeking help
from there. !II"
$here is inade.uate staff and e.uipment especially /eproductive Health e.uipment delivery and infant
resuscitation e.uipment". !II"
It ws reported t*t in so+e 3)ilities% t*e st33 were ignoring ptients nd t*ere ws l)/ o3 ttention to wo+en
in l0our. In ot*er 3)ilities% st33 were not vil0le t nig*t to o33er 24 *our servi)es.
$he facility operates 01 hours but no nurse officer lives within the facility. $he number of clients has increased
but there is low hospital delivery. !II"
$here are only 0 staff houses- the rest of the staff operate from #igori town 2hr away". !II"
$) Staff attit"de
It ws 3ound out t*t +ost wo+en pre3erred to deliver t *o+e t*n t t*e *elt* 3)ility despite ttendn)e o3
BNC.
$hey $%&s" are never rude and they give you the best services. $hey give you porridge and bathe you until you
are ready to leave. )*+"
3urses are very rude. I was abused and not encouraged during my last delivery. )*+"
I went to deliver my third born. I was received and left alone. 4hen I complained- I was chased away with my
mother in law. $he other patients in the ward protested that what the nurse did was wrong. $he watchman
pleaded with her and she left me. 4hen the night nurse came- she treated me well. )*+"
$* +raditional birth attendants
Bt *o+e% t*e deliveries were ssisted 0y trditionl 0irt* ttendnt (67B!. 6*e resons 3or pre3eren)e o3 t*e
67Bs were t*eir ))essi0ility nd t*e )ost. ,ost o3 t*e respondents )ited negtive st33 ttitudes t t*e *elt*
3)ilities.
$he $%&s are easy to reach and are cheap because you can pay them with a chick or hen. )*+"
$%&s prepare you psychologically and the services are very good. )*+"
$, Male involve'ent
Kulittive 3indings indi)ted t*t so+e wo+en pre3erred +en not to 0e round during t*e delivery pro)ess.
5ou should be outside and leave the doctor to do his job )*+"
)athers should not see where the child is coming from because the husband may not go in again )*+"
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)! -isc"ssion
Cro+ t*e study 3indings% ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl *elt* servi)es is *indered 0y )o+ple8 o3 so)io-
e)ono+i)% so)io-)ulturl nd *elt* 3)ility 3)tors. 6*ese 3)tors tend to interrelte t*us )ontri0uting to
in))essi0ility nd poor utili@tion o3 t*e servi)es. B nu+0er o3 studies *ve 3ound si+ilr 3indings (#)*/oet.al%
20&&L B0osseet.al% 20&0L 7ir+etet.al% 20&D!.
)1 Socio.de'ogra(hic and econo'ic factors
Bge ws signi3i)ntly sso)ited wit* ))essing nd utili@ing t*e *elt* servi)es. 6*e older t*e respondents% t*e
lesser t*ey would utili@e t*e servi)es. 6*is would 0e ttri0uted to t*e e8posure nd e8perien)e t*ey +y *ve
*d s t*ey grow. 6*e young wo+en +y *ve *d n unplnned pregnn)y% espe)illy t*e s)*ool-going
)*ildren nd re li/ely to s*y o33 3ro+ ))essing t*e +ternl *elt* servi)es. B study )ondu)ted on utili@tion o3
ntentl )re servi)es in 4diy% .t*iopi 3ound out t*t ge ws 3)tor in3luen)ing t*e utili@tion
(B0osseet.al% 20&0!.6*is )ould 0e ttri0uted to t*e previous e8perien)es +ong t*ose wit* *ig* prity
prti)ulrly i3 t*ey did not en)ounter ny )o+pli)tions wit* t*e pregnn)y. B study )ondu)ted in .t*iopi on
deter+innts o3 +ternl *elt* )re utili@tion *d si+ilr 3indings. 1o+en o3 lesser prity were +ore li/ely to
see/ *elt* )re )o+pred to t*ose o3 *ig*er prity (#)*/oet.al% 20&&L7ir+etet.al% 20&D!.
;evel o3 edu)tion ws lso 3)tor t*t ws sso)ited wit* ))essing or utili@ing t*e *elt* servi)es. 1o+en
wit* lower level o3 edu)tion were less li/ely to utili@e t*e *elt* servi)es )o+pred to t*ose w*o did not *ve.
6*is )ould 0e ttri0uted to t*e level o3 /nowledge ttined wit* edu)tion w*i)* en0les t*e+ to +/e in3or+ed
de)isions nd )*oi)es. Si+ilr 3inding were 3ound 0y study )ondu)ted in .t*iopi (7ir+etet.al% 20&D!.B
)o++unity 0sed )ross se)tionl study )rried out in .t*iopi )ited very low institutionl 0sed deliveries (&2F!
nd t*e 3)tors 3ound out were l)/ o3 /nowledge on pregnn)y nd delivery servi)es (6e3erret.al% 20&2!.
6*e o))uption sttus ws lso 3)tor sso)ited wit* utili@tion o3 servi)es. 6*e type o3 o))uption is relted
to t*e e)ono+i) power w*i)* will trnslte to t*e 0ility to ))ess t*e servi)es i3 it is )ost involving. 6*ose w*o
were e+ployed were li/ely to utili@e *elt* servi)es. 6*is )ould 0e ttri0uted to t*eir level o3 in)o+e sin)e wit*
e+ploy+ent% one is li/ely to *ve good 3inn)il sttus s )o+pred to one w*o is une+ployed. 6*is )ould
lso )ontri0ute to 0etter de)ision +/ing 0ility espe)illy i3 it involves 3inn)il +tters.
)# Socio.c"lt"ral factors
:eligion ws sso)ited wit* utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es. 6*is )ould 0e ttri0uted to t*e
3)t t*t so+e religions do not 0elieve in )onte+porry +edi)ine t*us +y deny t*eir 3ollowers in see/ing t*is
)re.Culturl 0elie3s nd pr)ti)es 33e)ted utili@tion o3 +ternl *elt* servi)es. 6*is )ould 0e ttri0uted to t*e
3er o3 possi0le )onseAuen)es i3 one went ginst su)* trditions. In )o++unity% it is e8pe)ted t*t people
0e*ve in )ertin +nner. In t*is study% +en )ould not 0e ))ept0le to t*e delivery roo+ owing to t*e )ulturl
0elie3s. B literture review o3 twenty eig*t ppers 3ound out t*t )ulturl 0elie3s nd ides on pregnn)y *d n
in3luen)e on utili@tion o3 ntentl )re (Si+/*det.al% 200'!.
)$ Health facility factors
4elt* 3)ility 3)tors su)* s indeAute st33ing% l)/ o3 eAuip+ent or negtive st33 ttitude )ontri0uted to t*e
)lients not ))essing *elt* )re servi)es. IndeAute st33ing +y 0e ttri0uted to ineAuity in st33ing w*i)* +y
result due to l)/ o3 in3rstru)ture. In rurl )o++unity% one +y not 0e 0le to ))ess +enities su)* s
internet ))ess% good rod networ/ or ot*er +enities. 6*is +y )ontri0ute to *ig* st33 turnover. Si+ilr
)*llenges were 3ound in vrious studies (6e3erret.al% 20&2L M+s*itet.al% 20&4!. B study on utili@tion o3
postprtu+ )re in P*ilippines 3ound out t*t utili@tion o3 t*e servi)es ws )orrelted wit* t*e pl)e o3 delivery.
6*e wo+en w*o delivered t *o+e were less li/ely to utili@e t*e servi)es (M+s*itet.al% 20&4!. Negtive st33
ttitude +y 0e s result o3 overwor/ing nd st33 e8perien)ing 0urnout. Cor st33 to en>oy t*eir wor/% t*ere
s*ould 0e ))essi0ility to eAuip+ent so t*t t*ey )n 0e 0le to provide t*eir servi)es pro3essionlly. In
sitution w*ere t*is is )*llenge% it +y pose ris/ o3 l)/ o3 interest in t*eir wor/ nd 3tigue espe)illy w*en
t*ey lwys *ve to i+provise. B study in Nigeri 3ound out t*t negtive st33 ttitude ws 0rrier to ))ess o3
o0stetri) servi)es (BsuAuoet.al% 2000!.

*! /oncl"sion
7rriers to utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es e8ist. So)io-de+ogrp*i) nd e)ono+i) 3)tors
)ontri0uted signi3i)ntly to ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es. So)io)ulturl 3)tors
in)luding 0elie3s nd pr)ti)es *inder utili@tion o3 *elt* servi)es. 4elt* 3)ility 3)tors su)* s indeAute
st33ing% l)/ o3 eAuip+ent or negtive st33 ttitude )ontri0uted to l)/ o3 utili@tion nd in))essi0ility o3
+ternl nd )*ild *elt* servi)es.

,! %eco''endations
Bddressing t*e severl 0rriers *indering ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es is step
towrds en*n)ing ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es.
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Su))ess to i+proving ))ess nd utili@tion o3 +ternl nd in3nt *elt* servi)es reAuires involve+ent o3 t*e
)o++unity nd t*e govern+ent in poli)y +/ing.

Ac0nowledge'ent
6*e ut*ors )/nowledge t*e )ontri0ution o3 ,orrit@ S)*+idt% Nor+ S*erret% Ilon 4le% CtrinEies+n nd
t*e entire College o3 t*e :o)/ies (C#6:! te+% Cnd.
6*e ut*ors )/nowledge t*e 3unding support o3 t*e Deprt+ent o3 Coreign B33irs% 6rde nd Develop+ent
(DCB6D! 9 Cnd.

%eferences
:epu0li) o3 2eny (:#2! (20&0!%Ntionl :od+p 3or B))elerting t*e Bttin+ent o3 ,D-s relted to
,ternl nd New0orn *elt* in 2eny% ,inistry o3 4elt*% 6entral %ureau of Statistics- #acro International7
Niro0i% 2eny.
.ssendi 4.% ,ills S+uel%nd (-CCotso% (20&&! 7rriers to Cor+l .+ergen)y #0stetri) Cre Servi)esH
5tili@tion% ( 5r0n 4elt*L''(Suppl 2!= D"69D6G
#)*/o:.% Cotso(-C% I/+ri;.% nd 2*s/*lB.% (20&&! 5tili@tion o3 +ternl *elt* servi)es +ong young
wo+en in 2eny= Insig*ts 3ro+ t*e 2eny De+ogrp*i) nd 4elt* Survey% 200D 7,C Pregnn)y C*ild0irt*L
&&= &. B))essed on DJDJ20&D t= *ttp=JJwww.n)0i.nl+.ni*.govJp+)Jrti)lesJP,CD022772J
;ule..% :+n-.N.$.% #o++nN.% .pp(.% 4untington D. nd :osen(... (200"!% B)*ieving 6*e ,illenniu+
Develop+ent -ol #3 I+proving ,ternl 4elt*= Deter+innts% Interventions nd C*llenges% B))essed on
&DJ&2J20&D t= www.world0n/.orgJ*nppu0li)tions
Eere .% #luwole D% 2irigi (,% ,wi/is CN% ,0eeli 6. (20&&! IneAuities in s/illed ttendn)e t 0irt* in
N+i0i= de)o+position nlysis. 7,C Pregnn)y C*ild0irt*. &4L&&=D4. doi= &0.&&'6J&47&-2DGD-&&-D4.
5nited Ntions Deprt+ent o3 .)ono+i) nd So)il B33irs% (200G!% N1*t 1ould it 6/e to B))elerte Certility
De)line in t*e ;est Developed CountriesO Poli)y 7rie3 No. 200GJ&P (5nited Ntions Popultion Division
Deprt+ent o3 .)ono+i) nd So)il B33irs%
*ttp=JJwww.un.orgJesJpopultionJpu0li)tions5NPDQpoli)y0rie3sJ5NPDQpoli)yQ0rie3&. pd3
2yongo,% :u0rdt,% 7uter(% B0dull*,% ,0oninyi0u/D% ,dili,% (2006! ,/ing .+#C relityR
CB:.Hs e8perien)es in res o3 *ig* +ternl +ortlity in B3ri)% Interntionl (ournl o3 -yne)ology nd
#0stetri)s G2% D0'RD&G
70lolSndBdesegunC%(200G!%Deter+innts o3 use o3 +ternl *elt* servi)es in Nigeri - loo/ing 0eyond
individul nd *ouse*old 3)tors% %#6 8regnancy and 6hildbirth% 1=4D doi=&0.&&'6J&47&-2DGD-G-4D
B0osse E% 1oldie,% nd #loloS% (20&0! C)tors in3luen)ing Bntentl )re utili@tion in 4diy @one% .t*iop (
4elt* S)i. #!(2!= 7"9'2.
7ir+et2% Di00 Mnd 1oldeyo*nnesD% (20&D!% Deter+innts o3 +ternl *elt* )re utili@tion in 4olet
town% )entrl .t*iopi% %#6 Health Services /esearch% &D=2"6 doi=&0.&&'6J&472-6G6D-&D-2"6
6e3errB.S% Ble+uC., nd 1oldeyo*nnesS.,% (20&2! Institutionl delivery servi)e utili@tion nd sso)ited
3)tors +ong +ot*ers w*o gve 0irt* in t*e lst &2 +ont*s in Se/el Distri)t% nort* west o3 .t*iopi=
)o++unity-0sed )ross se)tionl study. 7,C Pregnn)y C*ild0irt*. $1L&2=74.
Si+/*d7% 6ei>lingen..:% Porter, nd Si+/*dP% (200'!% C)tors 33e)ting t*e utili@tion o3 ntentl )re in
developing )ountries= syste+ti) review o3 t*e literture. ( BdvNurs. ,1(D!=244-60. doi= &0.&&&&J>.&D6"-
264'.2007.04"D2.8.
M+s*it6% SuplidoS.B% ;dines-;lveC% 6n/M% Sen0N% ,tsuo4% (20&4!%B )ross-se)tionl nlyti) study
o3 postprtu+ *elt* )re servi)e utili@tion in t*e P*ilippines. P;oS #ne. 20LG(&!=e'"627. doi=
&0.&D7&J>ournl.pone.00'"627.
BsuAuo....(% .tu/S.( nd Du/eC% (2000! St33 Bttitude s 7rrier to t*e 5tilistion o3 5niversity o3 Cl0r
6e)*ing 4ospitl 3or #0stetri) Cre% B3ri)n (ournl o3 :eprodu)tive 4elt*% ) (2!


Table 1: Factors affecting ANC non-attendance
2hy not attend A3/ 4dds %atio 5.val"e
Bge 0.G' 0.4'G
Pregnn)ies 0.'6 0.02"<
:eligion 0.7" 0.026<
,ritl sttus &.24 0.204
.du)tion &.76 0.0&'<
#))uption 0.0" 0.00"<
Prtner edu)tion 0.'D 0.&44
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

"2

Table 2: Factors affecting place of delivery
6ast (lace of delivery 4dds %atio 578z8
Pregnn)ies 0.'2 0.000<
,ritl sttus &."0 0.00D<
edu)tion &.67 0.02G<
o))uption 0.'2 0.007<
Table 3: Factors affecting PNC non-attendance
53/ attendance 4dds %atio 57z
Bge 0.G0 0.00&<
Pregnn)ies &.20 0.0&D<
:eligion &.&& 0.4D2
,ritl sttus 0.G4 0.7'0
.du)tion &.47 0.&&D
#))uption &.&G 0.02G<
Prtner edu)tion 0.'' 0.DG2


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