Which of the following statement about plagiarism is incorrect?

a. to be judged as plagiarism the work must have been published

b. plagiarism is a kind of scientific misconduct
c. plagiarism may include new written materials
d. accidental plagiarism is not justifiable
The best probability sampling in clinical studies is
a. consecutive sampling
b. random sampling
c. judgmental sampling
d. convenience sampling
Justification for doing the study is important part of which section of research proposal
a. introduction
b. methods
c. literature review
d. appendix
Retrospective cohort study
a. is the synonym of case control study
b. usually cheaper than prospective cohort study
c. may be used to study more than risk factor
d. attempt to study incidence when outcome has occurred
e. all above
!onfounding bias maybe found in
a. case control study
b. cross sectional study
c. clinical trials
d. retrospective cohort study
e. all above
Sudigdo : sampling methods probability sampling (simple random sampling,
stratifed, systematic, cluster) and non probability sampling (consecutive,
convenience, judgmental)
All stastistical analyses (inferences) are based on random sampling.
Consecutive sampling is the best of nonprobability sampling, most commonly
used in clinical studies
Sudigdo : introduction contains bac!ground (justifcation), research "uestion,
hypothesis, purpose, signifcance, most important part of research "uestion.
#etrospective cohort : measurement of predictor variables, follo$ up and
outcomes have occurred in the past, can measure more than % outcomes from %
ris! factor, relative ris!
"n investigator divides patients into male and female group. #ach group further divided into
those with well nourished$ undernourished$ and malnourished. "t the end$ the investigator try
to look whether there is any difference in smoking status %&#' or ()* in each group and
also cholesterol levels of all subjects. The short passage about contains some measurements
that are respectively
a. nominal, ordinal, nominal, continuous
b. nominal$ discrete$ ordinal$ continuous
c. nominal$ discrete$ ordinal$ continuous
d. ordinal$ discrete$ nominal$ continuous
+n a cohort study we start by collecting group of people with
a. define outcome
b. risk factor
c. both risk factor and outcome
d. none of the above
The typical analysis for cohort study is the calculation of
a. odds ratio
b. risk ratio
c. absolute risk reduction %#,-*
d. relative risk reduction %#,-*
"n investigation of the comparison of effectiveness of a new drug over placebo$ using chi
s.uare report x
/
01.2$ p03.34 this means that
a. if the new drug was effective$ the probability getting this result is 45
b. the probability that drug " is not better than placebo is 45
c. the probability that drug " is superior to placebo is 675
d. none of the above
Sudigdo : p values determines the probability that the observed results are caused solely
by chance (probability to obtain the observed results if null hypothesis $ere true)
&f the null hypothesis $ere true, then the probability of the drug A isn't better than
placebo that are merely caused by chance is ()
+n general$ very strict eligibility criteria in clinical studies are associated with
a. Good internal and external validity
b. 8ood internal but less external validity
c. ,ad internal and external validity
d. (one of the above
With the same data$ calculation of odds ratio and risk ratio will give the simmiliar results if
the prevalence of the disease is
a. large
b. small
c. not appropriate
+n measurement we may have
a. good validity but poor reliability
b. 8ood reliability but poor validity
c. 8ood reliability and validity
d. All above true
9alidity of measurement associated with
a. change
b. bias
c. systematic error
d. none of all above
e. b and c are correct
With large number of study subject$ the confidence interval is ... compare to those of small
number.
a. narrower
b. broader
c. cant tell
!onfidence interval of OR nor RR does not include the following value
a. infinite
b. one
c. less than one
d. negative
When applying study results from literature to our patients$ we must be certain that our
patients belong to
a. subjects completed the study
b. intended sample
c. target population
d. accessible population
Which of the following statement is correct ?
a. small clinical difference maybe statistically significant
b. large clinical difference always statistically significant
c. small clinical difference never give statistically significant
d. clinical difference and statistical significance are separate concept
e. a and d are correct
Type ++ error occurs when
a. the null hypothesis is not rejected when it should be
b. the null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been
c. the null hypothesis is rejected when is should be
d. none of the above
The following was to improve reliability
a. to repeat the measurement
b. to improve the machine
c. to make the measurement blinded
d. all above
+ncidence of a disease may be determined in
a. :rospective cohort study
b. Retrospective
c. ohort study
d. !ase control study
e. !ross sectional survey
;appa statistic has the value between 3 and and is used to indicate
a. validity of measurement with binominal outcome
b. the reliability of measurement with binominal outcome
c. validity of measurement with numerical outcome
d. reliability of measurement with numerical outcome
<ikelihood ratio in diagnostic test
a. !o not depend on the prevalence of the disease or condition
b. +s routinely used in daily practice
c. -ay have negative value
d. a and c are correct
" case control study is the best observational study to use to establish causal association
a. between a risk factor and a rare disease
b. between a risk factor and a common disease
c. between several risk factors and a rare disease
d. between several risk factors and a common disease
e. all above
:ost test probability is the same as
a. positive predictive value
b. negative predictive value
c. =sensitivity
d. none of the above
The 6>5!+ for sensitivity
a. should be symmetrically around the point of estimate
b. asymmetrically around the point of estimate
c. may have negative value
d. none of the above
Which of the following statement are correct?
a. p values less than alpha indicates a problem with the experiment
b. p values less than alpha is to prove that the null hypothesis is true
c. p values less than alpha normally taken to indicate that the data improbable
given the null hypothesis
:lagiarism may encountered in
a. proposing the study
b. the idea of the study
c. executing the study
d. writing the study
e. all of the above
8host authors refer to
a. authors that is not included to the study
b. authors who is not included in the byline of the authors
c. using other?s phrase or statement without reference
d. none of the above
The basic or logic of interferential statistics test is to work out the probability of obtaining an
effect due to the sampling error
a. when the null hypothesis is false
b. when the null hypothesis is true
c. when the alternative hypothesis is false
d. when the alternative hypothesis is true
Two researches have carried out exactly the same experiment using the same number of
participant drawn from two different samples of the same accessible population. " has found
a p value of 3$3/ and , has found a p value of 3$3
a. , results are more significant
b. , result are more important
c. "he results are due to the way they carried out the experiment
d. The difference is due to the sampling error
The way you recruit the study subjects is a part of which section
a. background
b. research .uestion
c. methods
d. significance of the study
!onfidence interval gives more information than p=value because
a. based on statistical testing
b. give magnitude and direction of the real value
c. !an be calculated easily without the use of computer
d. :=value can be calculated in descriptive study only
@abrication in research refers to
a. an act of making up the non existing data
b. an act of changing data
c. using graphs of other authors without references
d. b and c are correct