Wind

Wind
Energy
Systems
Cornell
12 J une, 2009
J P Lyons - CTO
Novus Energy Partners
Wind Now Mainstream
Boomingglobal market $50B industrygrowingat 25%CAGR
GE1.5MWTurbines
Lamar,Colorado
Booming global market, $50B industry growing at 25% CAGR
GE $6.5B 2008 revenues, 10,000 1.5 machines installed
Good US sites (8+m/s) - lowest COE of any new generation
US 20+GWs, 8.3 GW 2008, 42% new electricity
20% Wind Energy by 2030 300+GW
GW scale projects in sight
2/
J une 2009
Land Based Technology
Todays Land Base Utility Class Turbines
Vestas V100-2.75
Today s Land Base Utility Class Turbines
1.5 3.0 MW Upwind Configuration
80 100 Meter Tower Height
Conventional 3 stage gearbox Conventional 3 stage gearbox
Distributed component drivetrain
Full Span Pitch Control
Tapered Cylinder Steel Towers
Clipper 2.5-93
p y
~65 kWhr/kg tower top mass
200 MW + Windfarms
Performance
98% Availability
40+% Capacity Factor at IEC-II 8.5 m/s
GE 2.5xl
3/
J une 2009
CF% +10 pts in last 5 yrs
GE Wind Turbines
Electrical Pitch
Drives
GE 1.5 MW
77 M Rotor Diameter
50-100 M Tower
Doubly-Fed
Generator
Main Shaft &
98% Availability
Speed 10-20 RPM
Variable Pitch
Gearbox
Epoxy-Glass
Composite Blades
Main Shaft &
Bearing
Transformer &
Electrical
Power Electronic
Converter
4/
J une 2009
Turbine Speed vs. Size
Southwest Windpower Storm
1 8 kW Wind Turbine 3 7 m diameter
Clipper 2.5 MW with 93 m
Rotor
1.8 kW Wind Turbine, 3.7 m diameter
Rotor
5/
J une 2009
Wind Energy Conversion
Rotor power: P = 1/2 c
p
Av
w
3
c
p
- rotor power coefficient
i d it - air density
A - rotor swept area
Ideal c
p
= 0.593 (Betz factor)
h V 1/3 V ( i d l it l b 2/3) where V
2
= 1/3 V
1
(wind velocity slows by 2/3)
Tip speed ratio: = v
t
/ v
w
6/
J une 2009
c
p
= f()
Windturbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics , Erich Hau, ISBN: 3540570640; (April 30, 2000)
Wind
Turbine
Dynamics
P i di F E i M h i l S PeriodicForcesExciteMechanicalSystem
bladepassingfrequency(BP)
3P windshear,yawerror,towershadow
1P rotor unbalance gravity 1P rotorunbalancegravity
P rotationalfrequency
TurbineNaturalFrequencies
T b di d Towerbendingmodes
Bladeflapbendingmode
Bladeflutter&torsional modes
Yaw system torsional mode
7/
J une 2009
Windturbines:Fundamentals,Technologies,ApplicationandEconomics,ErichHau,ISBN:3540570640;(April30,2000)
Yawsystemtorsional mode
Drivetraintorsional oscillation
IEC Design Envelope
IEC 61400 defines a standard design envelope for
different design classes. g
Assumes most extreme conditions for which a 20 year
design life can be maintained.
Air density 1.225 kg/m3, shear coefficient of 0.2 AND
IECIIIB IECIIIA IECIIB IECIIA IECIB IECIA
Mean WS 7.5 7.5 8.5 8.5 10 10
TI@15m/s 16% 18% 16% 18% 16% 18%
V50 - 3s 52.5 52.5 59.5 59.5 70 70
8/
J une 2009
Loads Analysis Aero Elastic Model
9/
J une 2009
Time Series
Blade
Root
B
Main Shaft
R
T
Tower Top
Load
Time Series
Wind speed
Parameter I
u
,,z
0
10/
J une 2009
Wind Turbine Performance
Power Curve - Electrical power as a function of wind speed Power Curve Electrical power as a function of wind speed
1,200
1,400
1,600
r

(
k
W
)
Rated
Cut-out
Rated Power
400
600
800
1,000
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

P
o
w
e
r
Cut-in
Windspeed
Rated
Wind speed
Wind speed
0
200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed (m/s)
EWind speed
Capacity Factor Annual yield / max possible (nameplate) Capacity Factor Annual yield / max possible (nameplate)
Energy in the Wind
(1/2 V
3
S) (1/2 V
3
S)
Captured Energy
(1/2 V
3
S cp)
Wind Distribution
11/
J une 2009
( p)
Annual Energy
Production (AEP)
Power Curve
Energy
Specific Yield Comparisons
SpecificYield kWHrperkg
Key turbine design metric Keyturbinedesignmetric
Yielddrivenbyrotorsweptarea
&captureefficiency
Weight of similar technology Weightofsimilartechnology
WTGsproxyforcost
Weightscalesfasterthanpower
rating
Neednewtechnologyto
decreasepuweightandimprove
COE
12/
J une 2009
St ti ti l th d
Analysing the wind
Statistical methods
(1)
Once the roughness length and the according
height exponent a is estimated, the formula (1)
gives the wind speed (v
2
) in a projected height (h
2
):

=
1
2
1 2
h
h
v v

(2)
Because the estimation of a is subjective, the
following formular gives an objective way of
calculating the height exponent out of two different
heights of measurement:
( )
( )
2 1
2 1
ln
ln
h h
v v
=
Further formulas for calculation of wind
characteristics:
( f C )
V
ref
=5 x V
m
V
e1
=0.75 x V
e50
(3)
(4)
g
(Empiric formulas according IEC standards)
V
e50
=1.4 x V
ref
( )
(5)
13/
J une 2009
Tech Improvements
Scale
5MWmachinesontheGreatPlains
GWscalelandprojects
Logistics:insitublade&towermfg
PowerTrain
Compact1stageintegratedgearbox,
90kWhr/kgspecificyield
p g g g
bearings,generator
Directdrive
PMgenerators
WTCompositesSheathed
SpaceFrameTower
BendTwistCoupledBlades
Controls
FullMVpowerconversion
Multivariablemodelbasedcontrols
Loadmitigation&damping
Cyclic&independentbladepitchcontrol
Blades
Largerrotors,higheffairfoils+10%CF
Loadmitigatingsweepandflaptwistcoupledblades
A t t d b fib & bl d t
Medium Speed PM Monocoque Load
14/
J une 2009
Automatedcarbonfibersparcap&bladeroot
Onsitebladeinfusion
MediumSpeedPM
Drivetrain
MonocoqueLoad
BearingNacelle
2 blade machines have higher tip speed ratios
2-Blades: Back to the Future?
Nordic1000
2 blade machines have higher tip speed ratios
rotate 25-30% faster: power with less torque
more blade noise
3 blade turbines dominant in EU: less noise visual esthetics 3 blade turbines dominant in EU: less noise, visual esthetics
Eliminates weight/cost of 3
rd
blade - decrease in Cp
compensated by slightly longer blades
Teetered hub minimizes bending loads on the mainshaft /gears
Simplified installation logistics
Potential 25% weight/cost advantage: Technology for COE driven markets e.g.
Optimized3blade Optimized2blade
g g gy g
Great Plains, Northern China, Offshore?
15/
J une 2009
New Innovation
FloDesign Turbine
16/
J une 2009
Venturi + Mixer/Ejector
(Mass)
Coriolis Wind VAWT
(Israel)
Wind Turbine Electrical Conversion
Industry Evolution Industry Evolution
Type 1: Squirrel-cage induction generator -
Fixed speed stall regulated turbine
generator
Plant
Feeders
Fixed speed stall regulated turbine
Limited LVRT and pf capability
T 2 W d t i d ti t ith i bl t
PF control
capacitors
generator
Plant
Feeders
Type 2: Wound rotor induction generator with variable rotor
resistance
Fixed speed variable pitch turbine
Slip power
as heat loss
PF control
capacitors
ac
to
dc
Plant
F d
Type 3: Doubly-fed wound rotor induction generator -
Limited variable speed variable pitch turbine
generator
Feeders
ac
to
dc
ac
to
dc
Type 4: Full power converter interface
Full variable speed variable pitch turbine
partial power
generator
Plant
Feeders
ac
to
d
ac
to
d
17/
J une 2009
full power
dc dc
Rapidevolution of Grid Codes: e-on Vattenfall
Grid Codes
Power & Frequency Operating Range
Rapid evolution of Grid Codes: e on, Vattenfall,
FERC/WECC, HQ, UK, ESB, ...
Initiated by e-on 2001
LVRT/ZVRT fault ride-thru & transient volt support pp
Reactive power specs
Power vs, Frequency
Germany
1.1 pu
1.15 pu
For Britain, Reactive Power required
Alberta Alberta
Austr
alia,
Albert
a
Alberta Alberta
VARSupport
VoltageTransientRideThruRequirements
Alberta,
Phillipines
, LIPA,
NSP,
PSCO,
Italy
Britain,
Scotland,
Thailand,
Turkey,
ERCOT,
PG&E
and the
rest on
LHS
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)
1 pu
1.05 pu
Rated Power, Continuous
For Britain, Reactive Power required
is the same as that for the reduced
output power (poorer pf)
Ontario,
LIPA, NSP,
PG&E and the
rest on RHS
Iris
h,
Gr
ee
ce
an
d
the
res
t
on
LH
S
Britain, Irish,
Scotland,
Alberta,
Greece,
Phillipines,
Thailand,
Turkey
Austr
alia,
ERC
OT,
PSC
O,
Italy
and
rest
on
RHS
Common,
Except
Australia,
Ontario
(upto upf)
Insert another image
Irish,
Greece and the rest on
LHS
Irish, Greece
0.95 pu
0.875 pu
0.9 pu
Irish, Alberta, Greece
Austr
alia
and
RHS
Alberta
For ERCOT, at lower powers, Reactive
according to capability (poorer pf)
For Germany, any power level, duration
not specified. (assumed continuous)
18/
J une 2009
Power Factor
0
.
8
5
0
.
9
0
.
9
51
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
0
.
8
5
Over Excited Under Excited
Mimic thermal plants freq droop, var support
Grid (Friendly) Integration

59.50
60.00
3 GW wind w/ new
active power
controls

59.50
60.00
3 GW wind w/ new
active power
controls
Mimicthermalplants freqdroop,varsupport
Powerelectronicshavechangedwindtechnology
fromadetrimenttoanattribute
ZVRTfaultridethrutoberequiredbyFERC
58.50
59.00 HQ Base case w/o
wind - UF Load
Shed at 58.5 Hz
1 GWwind w/o
58.50
59.00 HQ Base case w/o
wind - UF Load
Shed at 58.5 Hz
1 GWwind w/o
Reactivepowercontrol voltageregulation,VAR
supportw/opower
Activepowercontrol ramprates,powercurtailment,
power droop W/ frequency virtual inertia
HydroQuebec VirtualInertia
58.00
58.0 a fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 b fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 c fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 d fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
Time( sec )
0.0 30.0
1 GW wind w/o
new controls
58.00
58.0 a fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 b fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 c fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
58.0 d fbul 90 Load 220.0 1 1 60.0
Time( sec )
0.0 30.0
1 GW wind w/o
new controls
powerdroopW/frequency,virtualinertia
10%PowerIncrease
VoltageatPOI
WindPlantVoltage
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
4%FrequencyReduction
WindPlantPowerOutput
Average Wind Speed
19/
J une 2009
ColoradoGreen220kVBusVoltageRegulation
ActivePowerRampRateControl GE/ESBIreland
AverageWindSpeed
2001 NYISO Day Ahead Forecast Error (F-A) J anuary
Wind in New York
1500
2500
3500
W

E
r
r
o
r
Load Error (F-A)
Wind Error (A-F)
Total Error (F - A)
-1500
-500
500
1 49 97 145 193 241 289 337 385 433 481 529 577 625 673 721
Hour
M
W
NY RPS
25% renewables by 2013 (15% existing hydro)
10 % i d 3 3 GW hi bl / i h i ti
Summer Morning Load Rise - Hourly Variability
10+% wind 3.3 GW achievable w/ minor changes in operations
Day-ahead uncertainty w/ wind similar to load forecast
Wind improves post-fault response of interconnected grid
100
150
200
u
e
n
c
y
State Jun-Sep 7AM-9AM 1HR Delta Histogram
Largest Hourly Change
2575 MWwithout wind

With Day-Ahead
Wind Forecasting
Without Wind
Forecasting
Total variable cost reduction
(includes fuel cost, variable O&M, start-up
costs, and emission payments)
$ 430M $ 335M
Total variable cost reduction per MW-hour
of wind generation
$48 / MWh $38 / MWh
$
95M
0
50
100
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
F
r
e
q
2575 MW without wind
2756 MW with wind
NYS Benefits
$48/MWhr of Wind Energy Production Cost
$50/MWhr Reductionin Wholesale Generation
Wind revenue $ 315M $ 305M
Non-wind generator revenue reductions $ 795M $ 960M
Load payment reductions
(calculated as product of hourly load and
the corresponding locational spot price)
$ 515M $ 720M
MW
Load Load-Wind
20/
J une 2009
$50/MWhr Reduction in Wholesale Generation
Costs
Annual Operating Cost Impacts
for 2001 Wind and Load Profiles
Wind Forecasting
Eltra, Denmark - 2000 Study
1.9GW onshore farms, 16% consumption
3.4TWh produced, 1.3TWh miscalculated (38%)
Climatology-based forecast, inaccuracies up to 800MW
$12M i b l t (0 3 /kWh) $12M imbalance payments (0.3c/kWh)
Advanced forecast using a
combination of local
Current State-of-the-Art
combination of local
statistical models, and 3D
meso-scale climatology
Local statistical model + 3D climatology model - 10-15% mean abs
error for day-ahead and 5-10% error for 6 hr ahead forecasts
2005 regulations in Spain provide:
- Penalties for >20% error on 24hr production forecast
Incentives for <10%error over rolling4hr forecast - Incentives for <10% error over rolling 4hr forecast
2003 Cal ISO regulations unbiased hourly, daily forecasts settlement
monthly for net deviations at average rate
Utilities need short (<6h), med (24-36h) and long term (>72h) forecasts
21/
J une 2009
Site Specific Power Forecasting System
Wind Speed
Forecast
Power
Curve
Power
Forecast
Availabilit
y Model
Yield
Forecast
Assume we are
Down for 5 min(to)
K
W
K
W
Wind Speed
Wind Speed
For all Downtimes (t) > (to)
Calculate t- to
Calculate
Average(log(t- to ))
Stddev (log(t- to ))
Increment (to)
By 1 hour
while (to)
<=48
Hours
Create Lookup Table
(to) vs
By 1 hour
Geostrophic
Wind: going
from metmast to
turbine
3DMeso scale
Turbine power
curves validated
Turbine
availability
characterized
Integration to farm
production
(MAE<8%)
Multi-scale transfer
of meteorology:
Real-time Web
delivery system
Wind and
production forecast
accuracymetrics
Wind Speed
Wind Speed
Incorporating
Turbine Availability
Same procedure for
the Uptime
3D Meso-scale
Climatology
Statistical
Models
characterized
Adaptation to
machine
condition
of meteorology:
Turbine
Metmast
Farm
accuracy metrics
SCADA/Commercia
l Wind Forecasting
Forecast Accuracy Improved (MAE) (24hr : 17%->12%)
$2M Customer Value for 100 MW Plant
Web Interface Developed
22/
J une 2009
Offshore Wind
23/
J une 2009
Offshore Wind
176 MW Siemens/Bonus
Nysted DK
90MW Vestas
Barrow, UK
Offshore Technology
19 Projects, 900 MW Installed, shallow water
Nysted, DK
3 4 MW upwind configuration
5-6 MW turbines in prototype
80 m towers
P f
Monopile & gravity foundations < 15m
Many challenges turbine only 1/3 project costs
Performance
Average 45+% Capacity Factor
11 c/kwhr UK Thames Estuary site
SOA 5 MWviable in UK market
40 MW Bonus Middlegrunden
Farm in Copenhagen Harbor
24/
J une 2009
SOA 5 MW viable in UK market
p g
Middlegrunden Copenhagen Harbor
25/
J une 2009
Gamechanger: US Offshore Wind
Wind Map off Long Island
Virginia to Boston,
densest US population
with 12-16c/kWhr
LIPA planning 140 MW pilot offshore
with 12-16 c/kWhr
electric prices
Huge renewable asset
within 50 km of coast
and less than 50 m
depth
pa g 0 p ot o s o e
farm
US Offshore
depth
US Offshore
RPS in NY, Mass, Conn RPS will drive need for large scale
renewables
Deeper water foundation technology & higher power more
economic turbines needed
Great Lakes close to large load centers in US & Canada
Toronto, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee,
Lake Erie shallowest at 15-30 m
26/
J une 2009
Foundation technology 50-70 m would enable large
deployment need to withstand ice conditions
Offshore Machines
Nacel l e
Manufacturer Model
Power
(MW)
Rotor
(m)
Wei ght
+ Rotor
(kg)
Generator
Cf
(%)
# Uni ts
Enercon E112 4.5 112 440 WF Sync 44.0 5
Enercon E120 6 120 440 WF Sync 41.6 0*
Vestas V90 3 90 108 DFIG 43 5 9 Vestas V90 3 90 108 DFIG 43.5 9
Vestas NM110 4.2 110 214 DFIG 44.6 1
Vestas V120 4.5 120 214 DFIG 46.5 0*
GE 3.6s 3.6 104 280 DFIG 45.3 9
GE 3.6sl 3.6 111 265 DFIG 47.9 0*
Siemens/Bonus 3.6 3.6 107 200 Induction 46.4 1
Repower 5M 5 126 400 DFIG 46.3 1
Prokon Nord Multibrid 5 116 280 PM Sync 43.4 1
Vestas V90
3MW, 90m
Siemens Bonus 3.6
3.6MW, 107m
* planned upgrades
27/
J une 2009
Enercon E-112/120m,
4.5/6MW
Prokon Nord
5MW, 116m
Vestas NM110/V120m
4.2/4.5 MW
GE 3.6 MW 104/111m Repower 5M 5MW, 126m
Offshore Installation Techniques
Early Industry Approach
J i J k b i ll bi J umping J ack barge to install turbines not
designed for offshore wind industry
Separate cable-laying vessel additional
ship to charter
Turbine access using conventional boat
1m wave height limit.
Learning from Experience
Mayflower Resolution vessel purpose-designed to install offshore
wind turbines and infrastructure
Transports turbines, towers, blades to foundation and erects
Capable of laying cables
Specially-designed Windcat turbine access craft allows installation
and commissioning to continue in strong sea-states (2.5m wave
height)
Going Deeper
Floating platforms / turbines can be assembled at a port
Tugs to take assembly to wind farm location
Sec rel attachedto anchoringpoints
28/
J une 2009
Securely attached to anchoring points
Foundation Technologies
0 20m : Monopile & gravity foundations are most
J acket weight increases
with depth even at
constant MW rating
D th d d i ht
p g y
prevalent; Resonance constraints from rotor
operation leads to increasing tonnage &
manufacturing limits.
.
Depth dependence on weight
can be reduced substantially
with a floating foundation
system
Gravity Foundation
Near Shore
Monopile
20 m, 12 km
20 40m: Multi-legged jacket/tripod/braced pile
structures from O&G industry experience. J oint
Fatigue & O&M issues are main design drivers.
40m beyond : Floating Platforms: Mini-TLP / Spar
buoy based platforms under investigation; Primary
motivationis to de couple WTG weight
29/
J une 2009
motivation is to de-couple WTG weight
dependence from water depth.
Monopile Foundation System Design Drivers
Modal Analysis - 3.6s/sl Tower/Foundation
2
2
nd
Mode Desi gn Box:
1.2
1.6
y

(
H
z
)
6P +/-10%
(2X Blade
Pass Fr eq)
=

1
5
.
3
r
p
m


1
4
4
0
r
p
m

n
e
r
a
t
o
r
i
n

=

8
.
5
r
p
m

o
r
,


8
0
0
r
p
m

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
N
m
a
x
=

2
1
.
3
r
p
m

r
o
t
o
r
,

2
0
0
0
r
p
m

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
g
f
1
>1.607
0.8
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
3P +/-10%
(Blade Pass Fr eq
N
r
t
d
=
r
o
t
o
r
,

g
e
n
N
m
i
r
o
t
o
g
N
0
0.4
0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 1 2 1 4
1P +/-10%
(Rot or Pass Fr eq
1
st
Mode Desi gn Box: 0.28< f
0
>0.383
n = rotor speed
nR = Rated
rotor speed
Note: Range for f1 depends on chosen rated rpm
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Rel ati ve Rotor Speed (n/n R)
30/
J une 2009
Eigen Frequency Often Primary Driver for Monopile Designs
Nysted Rdsand
72 foundations: 1300 tons +500 tons ballast at depths of 7 12 m
31/
J une 2009
Source: http://www.aarsleff.com/internet/acms.nsf/Webpages/168241DB8B190997C1256D2B0029822E
72 foundations: 1300 tons + 500 tons ballast at depths of 7-12 m
Deep(er) Water Foundations
Quad Jacket - Beatrice Blue H
32/
J une 2009
Principle Power
Electrical BOP
Switchgear protection and control gear requires shelter for low
Radial 33 kV collector system
Switchgear, protection, and control gear requires shelter for low
maintenance and 20 year design life.
Need shelter in case someone gets stranded on the platform.
Emergencypower supplyreqd for stormconditions
Radial 33 kV collector system
Emergency power supply reqd for storm conditions
High capacitances of sea cables - reactive compensation and
regulation can play a substantial role in system design.
Transmission
Connection
x
x
x
x
x x x
CBs
33kV
Collector ESP
(500MW block)
Collector Circuits
1-7
8-14
15-21
22-28
70 76
x x
400kV
Shore Connection
(500MW block)

x x
132kV
x x
CB
132kV
System Layout for 500MW UK Farm
BOP Esti mate
Equi pment Cost Total
x Transformer
Disconnect/
Earthing Switch
70-76
77-84
Disconnect/
Earthing Switch
Transformer
Horns Rev 180 MW ESP
500 MW ESP (electrical equipment) $12,925,000
500 MW ESP (platform) $32,075,000 $45,000,000
33 kV Cable (84 miles) $25,000,000
33 kV Cable installation and burial (84 miles) $33,000,000
115 kV Cable (8 miles submarine, 6 miles land) $64,000,000
115 kV C bl I t ll b i $21 000 000 $143 000 000
33/
J une 2009
115 kV Cable - Install submarine $21,000,000 $143,000,000
Total $188,000,000
Transmission Options, UMass
UK Offshore 500MW Farm Thames Estuary
Assumptions
Next-gen turbines: 4, 5, 6, or 7 MW
Swept Area: 2.6 m
2
/kW (approx. same as 3.6sl)
Specific Weight: 55 kg/kW
Tip clearance to water: 25m
Soil Profile from GunFleet Sands
12 m water depth, 20 km to shore
90 m/s tip speed p p
4 MW 5 MW 6 MW 7 MW
# Turbines 125 100 83 71
Rotor (m) 116 130 142 153.5
Hub Height (m) 83 90 96 102
Model Inputs
UK economics structure w/ 10.25 c/kWhr
Tower Top Mass (tonnes) 220 275 330 385
Yield (MWhr) 15600 19500 23400 27650
Capacity Factors 44.5% at Gunfleet 9.3m/s at 78m
After Tax Unlevered IRR =9.5%
Foundation & Tower costs f(MW size)
Civil installation costs f(MW size)
Electrical BOP costs f(MW size)
ModelOutput
Wind Farm Price/MW f(MW
Size)
34/
J une 2009
CSA costs f(MW size)
Economics of 500 MW Offshore Wind Park
Assumptions Windfarm Price vs Turbine Size Assumptions
Nextgenturbines:4,5,6,or7MW
SweptArea:2.6m
2
/kW
SpecificWeight:55kg/kW
Windfarm Price vs. Turbine Size
1350
1400
1450
C
o
s
t

(
$
)
270
2.80
2.90
r

M
W

Tipclearancetowater:25m
ThamesEstuary 12mwaterdepth,20kmtoshore
90m/stipspeed
1200
1250
1300
1350
W
i
n
d
f
a
r
m

C
a
p
i
t
a
l

C
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
C
a
p
i
t
a
l

C
o
s
t

p
e
r
(
$
/
M
W
)
InstallationCostsvs
T bi R ti (MW)
ElectricalBOPCostsvsTurbineRating
$170M
$180M
$190M
P

C
o
s
t
1150
4 5 6 7
Turbine Rating (MW)
W
2.30
500MW Wind Farm Breakdown
$1.2B Total w/ 5MW Turbines
35%
16%
12%
Turbines
Foundations &Towers
Foundation Costs vs Turbine Rating
TurbineRating(MW)
$140
$160
$180
$200
$220
$

M
M
$150M
$160M
3 4 5 6 7 8
TurbineMW
B
O
12%
15%
16% Foundations & Towers
CSA
Construction & Installation
BOP Electrics
Project Other
Foundation Costs vs Turbine Rating
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
C
o
s
t

(
K

$
)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
F
a
b

C
o
s
t


(
K
$

/

M
W
)
$100
$120
$140
3 4 5 6 7 8
35/
J une 2009
%
10%
400
450
500
GE 4 MW uni t GE 5 MW uni t GE 6 MW uni t GE 7 MW uni t
0
20
40
GW Scale Wind
10 MW Turbines
180 m rotor diameter
D i d2 bl d hi Downwind 2 blade machine
Flexible compliant blades
Flow control blades
Hi h /ti l it 100 / High rpm/tip velocity > 100 m/s
Space frame structure
Multivariable damping controls
40 t d th f d ti 40 m water depth foundation
Hurricane ride-thru capability
EU Upwind R&D Program
Can the economics work?
36/
J une 2009
Wind Energy
Systems
Cornell
12 J 2008
Systems
12 J une 2008
J P Lyons - CTO Novus Energy Partners
20% US Wind Vision
2030 DOE, AWEA, 20% Energy Roadmap
Black & Veatch US Wind Supply Curve
300+ GW, 15% CAGR, 25 years
$60B investment in Transmission
Benefits (2030):
- 50% reduction NG electric gen
- 18% reduction in coal gen
- 7500 MMTCE cumulative carbon reduction
- 17% water use reduction for west generation
- 150,000 direct jobs created
Great Plains Wind
Lamar, CO Lamar, CO
38/
J une 2009
US Wind Resource
High Penetration Wind Beyond 10%
Fast - Generation Smoothing Slow - Generation Firming Fast Generation Smoothing Slow Generation Firming
+
Vref
(fromgrid operator)
Ihs [A B]
Line Drop Compensation
Vhs
Vhs max
Verror
-
High Side Voltage Limiter
QB up
(MVAr)
Vhs ref
Vhs min
Vhs
-
Qi
(to N WTGs)
Voltage Regulation Mode
-
Y
switch delay
(for sim.
model)
deadband
Regulation
Mode
Selection
Qtotal
Qshunt
Qwtgnet
fromSCADA:
N WTGs on-line
N
+
+
+
Qmax=Bma+N*Qimax
Qmin=Bmin+N*Qimin
anti-windup
on Qmax/min
PFAref
(fromgrid
operator)
Ihs
[A B]
PF Calculation with Line
Drop Compensation
Vhs
+
+
PFAc
-
PFAerr
anti-windup
on Vhs max/min
Power Factor Regulation Mode
Kppf +
Kipf/s
1
N
1
s
If Qerr1 >0
then
out =Qerr1
else
reset
integrator
Qerr1 out
reset
If X1 >
MSC/Rtol
then
disconnect
L or
connect C
Switched
L or C?
X1
reset
-
+
+
QB down
(MVAr)
If Qerr2 <0 If X2 <
-
+
Kpv
1 +sTv
KiV
s
1 - sTr/2
1 +sTr/2
s3 s1
s2
s4
Wind
Advanced Forecasting Advanced Power Controls
Y
1
s
Qerr2
then
out =Qerr1
else
reset
integrator
Qerr2 out
reset
2
-MSC/Rtol
then
disconnect
C or
connect L
Switched
L or C?
X2
reset
-
+ s5
Advanced Generation
Active Demand
Participation
Storage
Dispatchablepower generationoutput
Demand
Participation
Windor PV power generationoutput
39/
J une 2009
ISO
Time
r
s
)
Planni ng and
Operation Process
Technol ogy
Issues
Unit Dispatch
600
700
Capacity Valuation
1 Year
e
Lines

S
l
o
w
e
r

(
Y
e
a
r
Resource and
Capacity Planning
(Reliability)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Hour
M
W
Capacity Valuation
(UCAP, ICAP)
and
Long-Term Load
Growth Forecasting
Unit Commitment
and
Day-ahead and
Multi-Day






















2001 Average Load vs Average Wi nd
20,000
25,000
30,000
o
a
d

(
M
W
)
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
p
u
t

(
M
W
)
1 Day
Day-Ahead
Scheduling
Multi Day
Forecasting
m
e

F
r
a
m
e






0
5,000
10,000
15,000
1 6 11 16 21
Hour
N
Y
I
S
O

L
o
0
200
400
600
800
W
i
n
d

O
u
t
p
July load Augus t load Sept ember load
July wind Augus t wind Sept ember wind
3000
Load Following
(5 Minute Dispatch)





T
i
m
Hour-Ahead
Forecasting
and
Plant Active Power
Maneuvering and
Management
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
M
W
3 Hours
Frequency and
Tie-Line Regulation (
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
)





g
Real-Time and
Autonomous Protection
and Control Functions
0
500
1 61 121
Mi nu te s
September Morning August Morning May Evening October Evening April Af ternoon
10 Minutes
40/
J une 2009
(AGC)
F
a
s
t
e
r

(AGC, LVRT, PSS,
Governor, V-Reg, etc.)
Wind Energy Handbook
byTony Burton(Editor) David Sharpe Nick J enkins Ervin Bossanyi
References
by Tony Burton(Editor), David Sharpe, Nick J enkins, Ervin Bossanyi
Hardcover: 642 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.58 x 9.82 x 6.70
Publisher: J ohn Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 0471489972; 1st edition (November 15, 2001)
Windturbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Application and Economics
by Erich Hau
Hardcover: 650 pages
Publisher: Springer Verlag; ISBN: 3540570640; (April 30, 2000)
Large WindTurbines: Design andEconomics Large Wind Turbines: Design and Economics
by Robert Harrison, Eric Hau, Herman Snel
Paperback: 200 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 0.57 x 10.86 x 8.66
Publisher: J ohn Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 0471494569; (J anuary 2001)
Wind Energy Explained
by J . F. Manwell, J on McGowan, Anthony Rogers
Hardcover: 512 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.49 x 9.88 x 6.64
Publisher: J ohn Wiley & Sons; ISBN: 0471499722; 1st edition (J une 15, 2002)
Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
by Siegfried Heier, Rachel Waddington(Translator
Hardcover: 250 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.01 x 9.92 x 6.80
Publisher: J ohn Wiley & Son Ltd; ISBN: 047197143X; (September 1998)
41/
J une 2009
y ( p )