Sie sind auf Seite 1von 13

This is G o o g l e's cache of http://ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/deltamet.htm.

G o o g l e's cache is the snapshot that we took of the page as we crawled the web.
The page may have changed since that time. Click here for the current page without
highlighting.
Google is not affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible for its content.
These search terms have been highlighted: deltamethrin half life water
E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network
Pesticide Information Profiles
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University,
Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at
Davis and the Institte for Environmental !oxicology, "ichigan State University# "ajor
spport and fnding $as provided %y the USDA&Extension Service&'ational Agricltral
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program#
E(!O('E! primary files maintained and archived at Oregon State University
)evised *&*+#
DELTAMETHIN
TADE O OTHE NAME!" !he active ingredient deltamet#rin ,')DC -.- and )U //*012 is fond
in a variety of commercial insecticide prodcts# !rade names for prodcts containing deltamet#rin inclde
3toflin, 3toss, 3tox, Cislin, Crac4do$n, Cress, Decis, Decis5Prime, 65Othrin, and 65Ote4 ,-, 78, 7.,
.-, /92#
E$%LATO& !TAT%!: Deltamet#rin is sed in the U#S# in the Environmental
;ealth "ar4et# It is %eing sold in many contries for agricltral, p%lic health and
livestoc4 applications ,7., /92#
'HEMI'AL 'LA!!: pyrethroid
INTOD%'TION" Deltamet#rin is a pyrethroid insecticide that 4ills insects on contact
and throgh digestion# It is sed to control apple and pear sc4ers, plm frit moth,
caterpillars on %rassicas, pea moth, aphids ,apples, plms, hops2, $inter moth ,apples and
plms2, codling and tortrix moths ,apples2# Control of aphids, mealy %gs, scale insects,
and $hitefly on glasshose ccm%ers, tomatoes, peppers, potted plants, and
ornamentals# It also controls nmeros insect pests of field crops# <ormlations inclde
emlsifia%le concentrates, $etta%le po$ders, U=> and flo$a%le formlations and
granles# !here are no 4no$n incompati%ilities $ith other common insecticides and
fngicides ,-, 78, 71, 7.2# Deltamet#rin is a synthetic insecticide %ased strctrally on
natral pyrethrins, $hich rapidly paraly?e the insect nervos system giving a @ic4
4noc4do$n effect ,*-2# Deltamet#rin has a rapidly disa%ling effect on feeding insects
and for this reason there is hope that it may %e sefl to control the vectors of Anon5
persistentA virses ,virses that can %e passed on %y the vector $ithin a fe$ mintes of
starting to feed on the plant2 ,7/2# DeltamethrinBs mode of action is thoght to %e mainly
central in action, or at least originate in higher nerve centers of the %rain# Death of insects
seems to %e de to irreversi%le damage to the nervos system occrring $hen poisoning
lasts more than a fe$ hors ,7*2# Deltamet#rin poisoning occrs throgh cticlar
penetration or oral pta4e# !he sscepti%ility of insects is dependent on a variety of
factors and can vary, as $ith many insecticides, according to the environmental
conditions# <lies are most sscepti%le to pyrethroid poisoning shortly %efore da$n# !he
=D+9 drops %y the factor of / as compared to fll daylight activity ,*-, /92# "any
pyrethroids are not very active against cattle tic4s, %t some alpha cyano componds ,of
$hich deltamet#rin is one2 have higher activity than organophosphates or amidines, the
former standard componds for this prpose ,*-2# Deltamet#rin has very good residal
activity for otdoor ses ,field crops, cattle dip, tsetse2 and for indoor ses ,mos@itoes,
sta%le flies, horsefiles, fleas, coc4roaches, stored prodct insects2 ,70, /92# Deltamet#rin
has very %road spectrm control# It is considered the most po$erfl of the synthetic
pyrethroids# It is p to three orders more active than some pyrethroids ,*/,/92#
TOXI'OLO$I'AL E((E'T!
Ac)te Toxicity: Deltamet#rin prodces typical type II motor symptoms in mammals ,*12# !ype II
symptoms inclde a $rithing syndrome in rodents, as $ell as copios salivation ,7/2# !he acte
oral =D+9 in male rats ranged from -/7 mg&4g to greater than +,999 mg&4g depending on the
carrier and conditions of the stdy ,7-, 772C the =D+9 for female rats $as +/ mg&4g and other
p%lished vales range from 8- to -8* mg&4g# >ales ranging from /- to 81 mg&4g $ere o%tained
for miceC $hile dogs had a reported =D+9 of 899 mg&4g# !he intravenos =D+9 in rats and dogs
$as / to /#. mg&4g, and the dermal =D+9 $as greater than /,*19 mg&4g ,-, 78, *12# !he acte
perctaneos =D+9 for rats $as reported to %e greater than /,999 mg&4gC greater than -9,999
mg&4g for @ailC and greater than 1,.19 mg&4g for dc4s ,7-, *-2# !he acte dermal =D+9 for
ra%%its $as greater than /,999 mg&4g ,-, 782# 'o s4in irritation and slight eye irritation $ere
reported ,-2# Another stdy indicated s4in irritation in rats and ginea pigs ,*-2# !he signs of
poisoning prodced in rats %y deltamet#rin are not the same as those prodced %y other
pyrethroids# Especially characteristic are rolling convlsions# !he site of action is considered to %e
central $ith little or none of the peripheral component demonstrated for other pyrethroids# !he
se@ence of signs is clearly defined, progressing from che$ing, salivation, and pa$ing to rolling
convlsions, tonic sei?res, and death# 3lood pressre %egins to drop promptly, %t slo$lyC it tends
to normali?e a%ot the time choreoathetosis ,a%normal movements of the %ody of a com%ined
choreic and athetoid pattern2 %egins %t falls precipitosly prior to death# !he early signs,
inclding choreoathetosis, are reversi%le, %t rats that exhi%it a tonic sei?re and shoc4 almost
al$ays die promptly ,*.2# Acte exposre effects in hmans inclde the follo$ing: ataxia,
convlsions leading to mscle fi%rillation and paralysis, dermatitis, edema, diarrhea, dyspnea,
headache, hepatic microsomal en?yme indction, irrita%ility, peripheral vasclar collapse,
rhinorrhea, serm al4aline phosphatase elevation, tinnits, tremors, vomiting and death de to
respiratory failre# Allergic reactions have inclded the follo$ing effects: anaphylaxis,
%ronchospasm, eosinophilia, fever, hypersensitivity pnemonia, pallor, pollinosis, s$eating,
sdden s$elling of the face, eyelids, lips and mcos mem%ranes, and tachycardia ,*+2# Stdies
have sho$n many cases of dermal deltamet#rin poisoning after agricltral se $ith inade@ate
handling precations, and many cases of accidental or sicidal poisoning %y the oral rote at doses
estimated to %e /5/+9 mg&4g# Oral ingestion cased epigastric pain, nasea, vomiting and coarse
msclar fasciclations# Dith doses of -995/+9 mg&4g, coma $as cased $ithin -+5/9 mintes
,*12#
'#ronic Toxicity: In /5year feeding trials, the reported 'E= ,no effect level2 $as -/ mg&4g diet
for miceC and /#- mg&4g diet for rats# !he dose $ithot activity in rats over a *95day period $as -9
mg&4g&day ,-, 7-2# Sspected chronic exposre effects in hmans inclde the follo$ing:
choreoathetosis, hypotension, prenatal damage and shoc4 ,*+2# Dor4ers exposed to deltamet#rin
dring its manfactre over 057 years experienced transient ctaneos and mcos mem%rane
irritation, $hich cold %e prevented %y se of gloves and face mas4s# 'o other ill effects $ere
seen ,*12#
e*rod)cti+e Effects" A reprodctive 85generation stdy in rats reported a reprodctive 'OE= to
%e greater than /#+ mg&4g&day# =evels tested $ere 9, 9#-, -#9 and /#+ mg&4g&day ,*02# Oral
administration of deltamet#rin to mice on days 0 to -. of gestation prodced a dosage5related
redction of $eight gain %t no effect on the nm%er of implants, fetal mortality, fetal $eight or
malformations ,*.2#
Teratogenic Effects" !here $ere no reported teratogenic effects in mice, rats and ra%%its ,-2#
Deltamet#rin has no teratogenic activity ,*12#
M)tagenic Effects" !here $ere no mtagenic effects in mice, rats and ra%%its ,-2# Deltamet#rin
has no mtagenic activity ,*12#
'arcinogenic Effects: 'o information $as availa%le#
Organ Toxicity" Deltamet#rin is hydroly?ed %y liver microsomal en?ymes to 85
,/,/di%romovinyl2 /,/5cyclopropane car%oxylic acid and 85phenoxy%en?aldehyde ,7/2#
(ate in H)mans and Animals" Elimination of the compond in the rat occrs $ithin /51 days of
administration ,-2# Pyrethroid5poisoned mice and rats die dring sei?res $ithin one or t$o hors
after treatment ,7*2# "eta%olites of the cyano s%stitent are eliminated more slo$ly, and tisse
levels remain relatively high, especially in the s4in and stomach# Deltamet#rin at an oral dosage
of +9 mg&4g prodces a mar4ed increase of cE"P %t not cA"P in the %rain of rats ,*.2#
"eta%olism of deltamet#rin in rats involves rapid ester cleavage and hydroxylation#
Deltamet#rin has a #alf5life in the rat %rain of - to / days, %t it is more persistent in %ody fat,
$ith a #alf5life of + days ,*12# In mammals, the point of death from deltamet#rin poisoning is
sharply defined %y respiratory or cardiac failre ,7*2# )ats and dogs given oral doses of -9
mg&4g&day for -8 $ee4s exhi%ited some motor symptoms %t no fatalities or pathological changes#
!he dogs exhi%ited diarrhea and vomiting# In another stdy, rats given -+ daily oral doses of -9
mg&4g sho$ed severe motor symptoms, %t a fll neropathological examination of the central
nervos system sho$ed no pathological changes ,*12# Physical signs of deltamet#rin poisoning
can inclde dermatitis after s4in contactC exposre to snlight can ma4e it $orse# Severe s$elling
of the face inclding lips and eyelids can occr# Symptoms and conse@ences of poisoning
inclde: s$eating, fever, anxiety and rapid heart%eat# If s$allo$ed, symptoms are li4ely to inclde
feeling sic4, vomiting, diarrhea, t$itching of arms and legs, and convlsions if poisoning is severe
,*92# A health srvey of -** $or4ers $ho repac4ed pyrethroid insecticides into %oxes %y hand
indicated that a%ot t$o5thirds of the $or4ers had a %rning sensation and tightness and nm%ness
on the face, $hile one5third had sniffs and snee?es# A%normal sensations in the face, di??iness,
tiredness and red rashes on the s4in $ere more common in smmer than in $inter# Dor4ers did not
$ear protective gloves in smmer %ecase of the heat# !he symptoms sally occrred thirty
mintes after exposre to the pyrethroids and rarely lasted more than /1 hors ,*92# Cold %rning
and nm%ness of the s4in occrred to t$o5thirds of hmans in a Chinese factory exposed to a%ot
+5-/ mg deltamet#rin per c%ic meter of air# !he other third sffered from snee?ing and eye5
$atering# In addition, headache, heart%rn and s4in spots $ere reported, and these symptoms $ere
dependent on the time of the year ,*-2# A stdy $as condcted of pesticide $or4ers ,one mixer,
one %agger, and three spraymen2 $ho applied +F deltamet#rin to the inside $alls of hoses at an
active ingredient rate of 9#9+ g&m/# !he $or4 lasted t$o days# Each man $ore overalls ,$ashed
daily2, shoes, and a hat# !he mixer $ore a cartridge5type respirator and r%%er gloves# !he %agger
$ore the same, pls an apron# !he spraymen did not $ear mas4s# All practiced good personal
hygiene# 'o complaints $ere received from the $or4ers and no effect of exposre $as detected %y
clinical examination ,*.2# A second trial lasting a%ot five $ee4s involved three %aggers, t$o
mixers, t$o helpers, and nine spraymen# Conditions, inclding protective e@ipment, $ere the
same except that all spraymen $ore disposa%le face mas4s# Six of the nine spraymen, all %aggers,
and one of t$o mixers complained of Aheat arond the eyes,A Aheat in the face,A or Aheat in the
face and pper sholdersA pls A%rning of the eyesA and tiredness# Complaints lasted ntil
evening of each $or4 day# !here $ere no positive clinical signs of exposre to deltamet#rin %y
any of the $or4ers ,*.2#
E'OLO$I'AL E((E'T!
Effects on ,irds" !he reported 75day =C+9 for dc4s $as greater than 1,.19 mg&4g dietC and
greater than -9,999 mg&4g diet for @ail ,7-2#
Effects on A-)atic Organisms: As is common $ith many pyrethoids, deltamet#rin has a high
toxicity to fish nder la%oratory conditions# ;o$ever, in field conditions nder normal conditions
of se, fish are not harmed# Deltamet#rin had an impact on a@atic her%ivoros insects# !his
impact led to an increase of algae# Althogh the fish ,fathead minno$s2 accmlated the
deltamet#rin, no mortality cold %e o%served ,*-, *72# In la%oratory trials, the =C+9 for fish $as
-5-9 micrograms&l# A@atic fana, particlarly crstacea, may %e affected, %t fish are not harmed
nder normal conditions of se ,7-2#
Effects on Ot#er Animals .Nontarget s*ecies/" Deltamet#rin is considered toxic to %ees ,-2#
!he /1 hor oral =D+9 for technical deltamet#rin fed to %ees $as 9#90* micrograms ai&%eeC and
the /1 hor oral =D+9 for the EC formlation of deltamet#rin $as e@al to or greater than 9#1
micrograms ai&%ee ,7*2# !he reported contact =D+9 for %ees is 9#9+ micrograms ai&%ee, %t $ith a
field rate of only -/ g ai&ha, the ha?ard ratio is very lo$ ,/192# A ha?ard ratio is defined as
exposre ,g ai&ha2 divided %y intrinsic toxicity ,=D+9 in micrograms ai&%ee2# !he ha?ard ratio is a
ris4 estimate, or an indicator of the level of mortality that is to %e expected in the field# A ratio of
greater than +9 indicates the chemical is not dangeros to %ees# A ratio %et$een +9 and /,+99
indicates a field test is needed, and over /,+99 indicates the compond is considered dangeros to
%ees# Althogh the intrinsic toxicity of deltamet#rin is similar to that of organophosphates sch
as a?inphos5methyl, the lo$ rate of se of deltamethnn ma4es its ha?ard ratio considera%ly lo$er
,the a?inphos5methyl ha?ard ratio is 7*802 ,*82# Deltamet#rin is very toxic over long periods to
the predatory mite !yphodromm pyri# !he parasitic $asp Encarsia formosa, released in
greenhoses to com%at $hitefly, is too sensitive to allo$ a treatment $ith deltamet#rin against
excessive ot%rea4s of $hiteflies ,*-2# Deltamet#rin had little or no effect on adlts or cocoons of
Apanteles pltellae, a parasite of the diamond %ac4 moth in India# Spiders $ere also indicated to
%e strongly affected in field investigations ,7/, *82#
EN0IONMENTAL (ATE
,reakdown of '#emical in !oil and $ro)ndwater" In soil, degradation occrs $ithin -5/ $ee4s
,-/2#
,reakdown of '#emical in !)rface 1ater" Deltamet#rin in pond water $as rapidly adsor%ed,
mostly %y sediment, in addition to pta4e %y plants and evaporation into the air ,*-2#
,reakdown of '#emical in 0egetation" A%ot -9 days after se, there are no deltamet#rin
resides o%served on plants# !here is no 4no$n phytotoxicity to crops ,-/,712#
PH&!I'AL POPETIE! AND $%IDELINE!: !here is no degradation of
deltamet#rin in storage for . months at 19 degrees C# It is extremely sta%le to
atmospheric oxygen# Under U> irradiation and in snlight, a cistrans isomeri?ation,
splitting of the ester %ond, and loss of %romine occr ,-/2# Deltamet#rin is noncorrosive
to metals ,-/2# 3y contrast $ith natral pyrethrins, it is sta%le to air and snlight ,7., */2#
Dhen exposed to air and light, deltamet#rin remains nchanged after t$o years at 19
degrees C# It is considered sta%le $hen exposed to air and snlight, and more sta%le in
acid than al4aline media ,702# Deltamet#rin is a lipophilic compond of high moleclar
$eight and conse@ent lo$ volatility# It is not sed for soil application in agricltral
practice %ecase it moves neither in the vapor nor water phase and has no systemic
action ,7*, *72#
P#ysical Pro*erties"
A**earance" colorless crystalline po$der ,702C $hite or slightly %eige po$der ,*12
'#emical Name" cyano,85phenoxy5phenyl2methylC/5,/,/di%romoethenyl25/,/5
dimethylcyclopropanecar%oxylate ,CA2C alpha5cyano5m5phenoxy%en?yl,,-),8)2585,/,/5
di%romovinyl25/,/5dimethyl5cyclopropanl5car%oxylate, ,S25alpha5cyano585phenoxy%en?yl ,-)25
cis585,/,/5di%romovinyl25/,/5dimethylcyclopropane5car%oxylate ,IUPAC2,-/2
'A! N)m2er" +/*-75.85+ ,-/2
Molec)lar 1eig#t" +9+#/1 ,702
1ater !ol)2ility" less than 9#- mg&l ,-/2 Insol%le: G - ppm at room temperatre ,.-2# 9#99/ mg&l
at /9 degrees C ,702# Almost insol%le ,7/2
!ol)2ility in Ot#er !ol+ents" in 4erosene and isoal4anes, less than 9#+, isopropanol 9#., ethanol
-#+, xylene /+, methylene chloride 09 ,all in g&-99 g at /9 degrees C2 ,-/2# In acetone +99g&-,
%en?ene 1+9 g&l, dimethyl slfoxide 1+9 g&l, cyclohexanone 0+9 g&l, dioxane *99 g&l all at room
temperatre ,702, tolene /+9 g&l ,*.2
Melting Point" *75-9- degrees C ,-/, 7-, 782
0a*or Press)re" / x -9 to the mins 7 m%ar at /+ degrees C ,-/2#
Partition 'oefficient" 1#. ,/+ degreees C2
Adsor*tion 'oefficient" 'ot Availa%le
Ex*os)re $)idelines"
ADI" 9#9- mg&4g ,702
M'L: 'ot Availa%le
fD" 'ot Availa%le
PEL" 'ot Availa%le
HA: 'ot Availa%le
TL0: 'ot Availa%le
,A!I' MAN%(A'T%E"
AgrEvo Environmental ;ealth, Inc#
*+ Chestnt )idge )d#
P#O# 3ox 89
"ontvale, 'H 90.1+
Tele*#one" /9-58905*099
(ax" /9-589058/7-
E(EEN'E!
)eferences for the information in this PIP can %e fond in )eference =ist 'm%er /
DISC=AI"E): !he information in this profile does not in any $ay replace or spersede the information on
the pesticide prodct la%el&ing or other reglatory re@irements# Please refer to the pesticide prodct
la%el&ing#
eference List 3
,-2 Dorld ;ealth Organi?ation# Safe Use of Pesticides in P%lic ;ealth# ,D;O !ech# )ep# Ser# 'o 8+.2#
Eeneva, S$it?erland, -*.0#/5/
,/2 )ay, D# E# Pesticides derived from plants and other organisms# In ;and%oo4 of
Pesticide !oxicology# ;ayes, D# H#, Hr# and =a$s, E# )#, Hr#, Eds# Academic Press, 'e$
Ior4, 'I, -**-#/58
,82 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide <act Sheet 'm%er -*8:
)esmethrin# Office of Pesticides and !oxic S%stances, Dashington, DC, -*77#/51
,12 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# !olerances in food administered %y EPA:
)esmethrin# <ed# )egist# 17: 8./1.510, -*78#/5+
,+2 E# I# DPont de 'emors Corp#, Asana (= !echnical 3lletin, Dilmington, DE,
-*7*#/5.
,.2 ;errera, A# and =a%orda, E# "tagenic activity of synthetic pyrethroids in Salmonella
typhimrim# "tagenesis 8,.2: +985-1, -*77#/50
,02 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide <act Sheet 'm%er -+7: Allethrin
Stereoisomers# Office of Pesticides and !oxic S%stances, Dashington, DC, -*77#/57
,72 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide <act Sheet 'm%er -**:
Cypermethrin# Office of Pesticides and !oxic S%stances, Dashington, DC, -*7*#/5*
,*2 ;allen%ec4, D#;# and Cnningham53rns, 6#"# Pesticides and ;man ;ealth#
Springer5>erlag, 'e$ Ior4, -*7+#/5-9
,-92 Christopher, )# H# "eta%olism of cis5and trans5resmethrin in laying hens# H# of Agric#
<ood Chem# 80,82: 7995797, -*7*#/5--
,--2 Dal4er, "# ;# and 6eith, =# ;# EPABs Pesticide <act Sheet Data%ase# =e$is
P%lishers, Chelsea, "I, -**//5-/
,-/2 6idd, ;# and Hames, D# )#, Eds# !he Agrochemicals ;and%oo4, !hird Edition# )oyal
Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cam%ridge, U6, -**- ,as pdated2#/5-8
,-82 6afman, D# D, Hordan, E#E#, and 6ayser, A#H# Permethrin degradation in soil and
micro%ial cltres# In ACS Symposim# Series 'o# 1/: Synthetic Pyrethroids# Elliot, "#,
Ed#, American Chemical Society, Philadelphia, PA, -*00#/5-1
,-12 3elanger, A# A field stdy of for insecticides sed in stra$%erry protection#
H#Environ# Sci# ;ealth, Part 3, /+,+2: .-+5/+, -**9#/5-+
,-+2 !homson, D# !# Insecticides# In Agricltral Chemicals: 3oo4 I# !homson
P%lications, <resno, CA, -*7+#/5-.
,-.2 Cremlyn, )# H# Agrochemicals: Preparation and "ode of Action# Hohn Diley J Sons,
'e$ Ior4, 'I, -**-#/5-0
,-02 Eco%ichon, D# H# !oxic effects of pesticides# In Casarett and DollBs !oxicology,
<orth Edition# Amdr, "# O#, Doll, H# and 6laassen, C# D#, Eds# Pergamon Press, 'e$
Ior4, 'I, -**-#/5-7
,-72 "atso4a, A#, ;ayashi, "#, and H# Ishidate, "# Chromosomal a%erration test on /*
chemicals com%ined $ith S* mix in vitro# "tat# )es# .., /005/*9, -*0*#/5-*
,-*2 Dorld ;ealth Organi?ation# Allethrins: Allethrin, D5allethrin, 3ioallethrin, S5
%ioallethrin5Environmental ;ealth Criteria 70# International Programme on Chemical
Safety, Eeneva, S$it?erland, -*7*#/5/9
,/92 3rad%ry, S# P# and Coats, H# )# !oxico4inetics and toxicodynamics of pyrethroid
insecticides in fish# Environ# !oxicol# Chem# 7: 8085879, -*7*#/5/-
,/-2 ;aya, 6# !oxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to fish# Environ# !oxicol# Chem# 7: 87-5
8*-, -*7*#/5//
,//2 "ir, D# C# E#, )a$n, E# P#, !o$nsend, 3# E# and =oc4hart, D# =# 3ioconcentration
of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin %y Chironoms tentans larvae
in sediment and $ater# Environ# !oxicol# Chem# 1: +-5.-, -*7+#/5/8
,/82 U#S# 'ational =i%rary of "edicine# ;a?ardos S%stances Data3an4# 3ethesda, "D,
-**+#/5/1
,/12 Daller, E# D# Pyrethroid resides and toxicity to honey%ees of selected pyrethroid
formlations applied to cotton in Ari?ona# Econ# Entomol# 7-,12: -9//5., -*77#/5/+
,/+2 Dachope, )# D#, 3ttler, !# "#, ;orns%y, A# E#, Agstijn53ec4ers, P# D# "# and
3rt, H# P# SCS&A)S&CES Pesticides properties data%ase for environmental
decisionma4ing# )ev# Environ# Contam# !oxicol# -/8: -5-+0, -**/#/5/.
,/.2 ;arris, C# )# =a%oratory stdies on the persistence and %ehavior in soil of for
pyrethroid insecticides# Can# Entomol# --8: .7+5*1, -*7-#/5/0
,/02 Agnihotri, '# P# Persistence of some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in soil, $ater
and sediment, Part I# H# Entomol# )es# -9,/2: -105+-, -*7./5/7
,/72 Destcott, '# D# and )eichle, )# A# Persistence of deltamethrin and cypermethrin on
$heat and s$eet clover# H# Environ# Sci#, Part 3, //,-2: *-5-9-, -*70#/5/*
,/*2 =, <# C# A revie$ of the accepta%le daily inta4es of pesticides assessed %y the Dorld
;ealth Organi?ation# )egl# !oxicol# Pharmacol# /-: 8+-58.1, -**+#/589
,892 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Integrated )is4 Information System,
Dashington, DC, -**+#/58-
,8-2 <ood and Agricltre Organi?ation of the United 'ations# Pesticide )esides in
<ood 5 -*7-# <AO Plant Prodction and Protection Paper 1/# <AO, Eeneva, S$it?erland,
-*7-#/58/
,8/2 Dsyole4, P# C#, =a<ance, '# A#, Dachs, !# and =in4, D# P# Stdies of possi%le
%ovine rinary excretion and rmen decomposition of fenvalerate insecticide and a
meta%olite# 3ll# Environ# Contam# !oxicol# /.: /./5/.., -*7-#/588
,882 Shell Chemical Company# Pydrin insecticide# !echnical "anal, ADP7/59-+,
-*7/#/581
,812 Dilliams, D# "#, ;olden, P# ;#, Parsons, D# D# and =or%e, "# '# Pesticides in
Erond Dater Data 3ase# -*77 Interim )eport# U#S# Environmental Protection Angency,
Dashington, DC, -*77#/58+
,8+2 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide tolerance on an agricltral
commodityC flcythrinate# <ed# )egist# +9: /-9+95-, -*7+#/58.
,8.2 "ehler, =#'# Assessment of ;man Exposre to <lcythrinate, ;S5-+-9# California
Department of <ood and Agricltre, Sacramento, CA, -*7*#/580
,802 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide Environmental <ate One5=ine
Smmary: Esfenvalerate# Environmental <ate and Effects Division, Dashington, DC,
-*7*#/587
,872 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Pesticide <act Sheet 'm%er 7.:
<lvalinate# Office of Pesticides and !oxic S%stances, Dashington, DC, -*7.#/58*
,8*2 "addy, 6#!# A Stdy of <lvalinate Dislodgea%le Degradation )ates on Orange
<oliage in !lare Conty in California Dring "ay -*78# California Department of <ood
and Agricltre, Sacramento, CA, -*71#/519
,192 "organ, D# P# )ecognition and "anagement of Pesticide Poisonings, !hird Edition#
U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# Dashington, DC, -*7/#/51-
,1-2 Penic4 Corporation# !echnical Information Sheet: Pramex ,Permethrin2 Synthetic
Pyrethroid Insecticide# =yndhrst, 'H, -*0*#/51/
,1/2 Schimmel, S# C# Acte toxicity, %ioconcentration, and persistence of AC ///,09+,
%enthiocar%, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, methyl parathion, and permethrin in the estarine
environment# H# Agric# <ood Chem# 8-,/2: 8**5190, -*78#/518
,182 "orse, )# A# 3ee poisoning# -*77 'e$ Ior4 State pesticide recommendations#
<orty5ninth Annal Pest Control Conference# Cornell University, Ithaca, 'I, -*70#/511
,112 Dorld ;ealth Organi?ation# Permethrin Environmental ;ealth Criteria *1#
International Programme on Chemical Safety, Eeneva, S$it?erland, -**9#/51+
,1+2 Dagenet, =# P# A )evie$ of Physical5chemical Parameters )elated to the Soil and
Erond$ater <ate of Selected Pesticides in '#I# State# )eport K89# Cornell University
Agricltral Experiment Station, Ithaca, 'I, -*7+#/51.
,1.2 Dorld ;ealth Organi?ation# )esmethrins5)esmethrin, 3ioresmethrin, Cisresmethrin
Environmental ;ealth Criteria */# International Programme on Chemical Safety, Eeneva,
S$it?erland, -*7*#/510
,102 Christopher, )# H# Distri%tion and depletion of car%on5-1 resmethrin isomers
administered orally to laying hens# Pestic# Sci# -.,12: 807587/, -*7+#/517
,172 ;ill, E# <# and Camardese, "# 3# =ethal Dietary !oxicities of Environmental
Contaminants and Pesticides to Cotrnix, !echnical )eport /# U#S# Department of the
Interior, <ish and Dildlife Service, Dashington, DC, -*7.#/51*
,1*2 !iet?e '# S# Acte toxicity of mos@itocidal componds to yong mos@itofish
,Eam%sia affinis2# H# Am# "os@# Control Assoc# 0,/2: /*95/*8, -**-#/5+9
,+92 Hohnson, D# D# and <inley, "# !# ;and%oo4 of Acte !oxicity of Chemicals to <ish
and A@atic Inverte%rates# )esorce P%lication -80# U#S# Department of the Interior,
<ish and Dildlife Service, Dashington, DC, -*79#/5+-
,+-2 Agstijn53ec4ers, P# D# "#, ;orns%y, A# E# and Dachope, )# D# SCS&A)S&CES
Pesticide properties data%ase for environmental decisionma4ing II# Additional
componds# )ev# Env# Cont# !ox# -80:-57/, -**1#/5+/
,+/2 Penic4 Corp# !echnical Information Sheet: S3P5-87/ ,)esmethrin2# Pesticide
!echnology Department, Orange, 'H, -*0.#/5+8
,+82 'ational )esearch Concil# Drin4ing Dater and ;ealth, >ol# +# 'ational Academy
Press, Dashington, DC, -*78#/5+1
,+12 'ational !oxicology Program# !oxicology and Carcinogenesis Stdies of )otenone
in <811&' )ats and 3.C8< "ice# ,)eport 'o# 8/92# 'ational Institte of ;ealth,
3ethesda, "D, -*71#/5++
,++2 ;dson, )# ;#, !c4er, )# 6# and ;aegele, "# A# ;and%oo4 of !oxicity of Pesticides
to Dildlife, )esorce P%lication -+8# U#S# Department of the Interior, <ish and Dildlife
Service, Dashington, DC, -*71#/5+.
,+.2 Solo$ay, S# 3# 'atrally occrring insecticides# Environ# ;ealth Perspect# -1: -9*5
--., -*0.#/5+0
,+02 6na, S# and ;eal, )# E# !oxicological and pharmacological stdies on the
po$dered stem of ryania speciosa, a plant insecticide# H# Pharmacol# Exp# !her# *8: 1905
1-8, -*17#/5+7
,+72 Csida, H# E#, Pessah, I# '#, Sei%ert, H# and Daterhose, A# =# )yania insecticide:
chemistry, %iochemistry and toxicology# In Pesticide Science and and 3iotechnology#
Ereenlagh, )# and )o%erts, !# )#, Eds# 3lac4$ell P%lishers, Oxford, U6, -*7/5+*
,+*2 Lhang, L# D#, 6$an, C# I# and David, E# E# S%celllar5mem%rane characteri?ation
of M8;Nryanodine5%inding sites# 3iochem# H# /*9,-2: /+*5/.-, -**9#/5.9
,.92 Eong, C#, Lderic, S# A# and =evin, )# "# Ontogeny of the ryanodine receptor in
ra%%it rinary %ladder smooth mscle# "ol# Cell# 3iochem# -80,/2: -.*5-7/, -**1#
,.-2 3riggs, Shirley# -**/# 3asic Eide to Pesticides#;emisphere P%lishing#
Dashington, DC#
,./2 "eister, )#!# -**/# <arm Chemicals ;and%oo4 -**/# "eister P%lishing Company#
Dillogh%y, O;#
,.82 U#S# EPA Office of Pesticides and !oxic S%stances# -*77# <act Sheet 'o#-00
3ifenthrin# U#S# EPA# Dashington, DC#
,.12 U#S# Department of ;ealth and ;man Services# -*77# U#S# EPA Integrated )is4
Information System ,I)IS2 data%ase# ;;S# Dashington, DC#
,.+2 "eister, )#!# -**1# <arm Chemicals ;and%oo4 -**1# "eister P%lishing Company,
Dillogh%y, O;#
,..2 Dare, E#D# -*7.# <ndamentals of Pesticides 5 A Self Instrction Eide, Second
edition# !homson P%lications# <resno,CA#
,.02 U#S# EPA# -*70# !oxchem 'o# 1.8<, CO)E grade# Docment 'm%er 99+08-, EPA
Accession 'm%er /.1.87, 191-+-59/ and /.1.8*# U#S# EPA, Dashington, DC#
,.72 U#S# Department of ;ealth and ;man Services# -**8# ;a?ardos S%stance Data
3ase# ;;S# Dashington, DC#
,.*2 "eister, )#!# -**+# <arm Chemicals ;and%oo4 B*+# "eister P%lishing Company#
Dillogh%y, O;#
,092 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# -*70# Pesticide <act Sheet 'm%er -.1:
Cyflthrin# U#S# EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs# Dashington, DC#
,0-2 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# -**8# Complete !olerance =isting# Office of
Pesticide Programs# U#S# EPA# Dashington, DC#
,0/2 !homson, D#!# -**/# Agricltral Chemicals ;and%oo4, 3oo4 -# !homson
P%lications# <resno, CA#
,082 Dorthing, C#E# ,ed#2# -**-# !he Pesticide "anal: A Dorld Compendim# 'inth
edition# P%lished %y !he 3ritish Crop Protection Concil#
,012 Pesticide )esides in <ood5-*70# Evalations Part II !oxicology# Cyflthrin# pp# +85
07# H"P)#
,0+2 "oran, D#P# -*7*# )ecognition and "anagement of Pesticide Poisonings# <orth
edition# ;ealth Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U#S# EPA# Dashington,
DC#
,0.2 I)IS Accession nm%er -8/# Octo%er -**8# 3aythroid#
,002 U#S# Environmental Protection Agency# -**/# Pesticide Environmental <ate One
=ine Smmary: Cyflthrin# U#S# EPA, Environmental <ate and Effects Division#
Dashington, DC#
,072 "cE$en, <#=#, ;#E# 3ran, E#"# )ichey, and )# <ran4# -*7.# )esides of Synthetic
Pyrethroid Insecticides on ;orticltral Crops# Pestic# Sci# -0:-+95-+1#
,0*2 Preiss, U#, P#)# Dallnofer and E# Engelhardt# -*77# Partial Prification and
Properties of an Esterase <rom !omato Cell Sspension Cltres ;ydroly?ing the
Pyrethroid Insecticide Cyflthrin# Pestic# Sci# /8:-85/1#
,792 'o%le, )#"# and D#H# ;amilton# -*7+# Sta%ility of Cypermethrin and Cyflthrin on
Dheat in Storage# Pestic# Sci# -.:-0*5-7+#
,7-2 Dorthing, C#)# ,ed#2 -*78 !he Pesticide "anal: A Dorld Compendim# Seventh
edition# P%lished %y !he 3ritish Crop Protection Concil#
,7/2 ;ayes, D# H# and E# )# =a$s ,eds#2# -**9# ;and%oo4 of Pesticide !oxicology,
Eeneral Principles, >ol# -# Academic Press, Inc#, 'I#
,782 <arm Chemicals ;and%oo4# -**1# "eister P%lishing Co#, Dillogh%y, O;#
,712 !homson, D# !# -*7*# Agricltral Chemicals# 3oo4 I: Insecticides# !homson
P%lications, <resno, CA#
,7+2 O;S Data%ase# -**8# Occpational ;ealth Services, Inc# -**8 "SDS for
Deltamethrin# O;S Inc#, Secacs, 'H#
,7.2 !homson, D# !# -**/# Agricltral Chemicals 3oo4 I: Insecticides# !homson
P%lications, <resno, CA#
,702 Dorthing, C#)# ,ed#2 -*70# !he Pesticide "anal: A Dorld Compendim# Eighth
edition# P%lished %y !he 3ritish Crop Protection Concil#
,772 <airchild, E# H# ,ed#2 -*00# Agricltral Chemicals and Pesticides: A S%file of the
)egistry of !oxic Effects of Chemical S%stances# U#S# Department of ;ealth, Edcation,
and Delfare, Cincinnati, O;#
,7*2 =eahey, H# P# ,ed2# -*7+# !he Pyrethroid Insecticides# !aylor and <rancis# =ondon and
Philadelphia#
,*92 ;rst, Peter, Alistair ;ay and 'igel Ddley# -**-# !he Pesticide ;and%oo4#
Horneyman Press# =ondon, Concord, "A#
,*-2 ;ag, E# and ;# ;offman ,eds2# -**9# Chemistry of Plant Protection 1: Synthetic
Pyrethroid Insecticides: Strctres and Properties# Springer5>erlag# 3erlin, ;eidel%erg,
'e$ Ior4#
,*/2 Spencer, E# I# -*7-# Eide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection# 0th edition#
P%lication -9*8# )esearch 3ranch# Agricltre Canada#
,*82 El?en, E# D# -*7*# S%lethal Effects of Pesticides on 3eneficial Parasitoids# In:
Pesticides and 'on5target Inverte%rates# Ed# %y Pal C# Hepson# Intercept =td# Dorset,
England# pp -/*5-+9#
,*12 ;ayes, D#H# and E#)# =a$s ,ed#2# -**9# ;and%oo4 of Pesticide !oxicology, Classes
of Pesticides, >ol# /# Academic Press, Inc#, 'I#
,*+2 ;allen%ec4, D# ;#, and 6# "# Cnningham53rns# -*7+# Pesticides and ;man
;ealth# Springer5>erlag# 'e$ Ior4, 3erlin, ;eidel%erg and !o4yo#
,*.2 ;ayes, D# H#, Hr# -*7/# Pesticides Stdied in "an# Dilliams and Dil4ins# 3altimore,
=ondon#
,*02 U#S#Environmental Protection Agency# -**/# Office of Pesticides# !O( One5liners 5
Deltamethrin# "ay, -**/#
,*72 )evie$ %y AgrEvo# <e%rary, -**+#
,**2 Dindhol?, "#, et al#, eds# -*78# !he "erc4 Index# -9th ed# "erc4 J Co#, Inc#
,-992 Elliot, "C Hanes, '#<# 6immel, E#C#C and Casida, H#E# -*0/# "eta%olic <ate of
Pyrethrin I, Pyrethrin II, and Allethrin Administered Orally to )ats# H# Agr# <ood Chem#
/9: 89958-/#
,-9-2 >ettora??i, E# -*0*# International )eglatory Aspects for Pesticide Chemicals#
pp#7*5*9# C)C Press#
,-9/2 Occpational ;ealth Services, Inc# APyrethrm#A "aterial Safety Data Sheet# -
April -*70# 'e$ Ior4: O;S, Inc#
,-982 )o%erts, !#)# and A#'# Dright# -*7-# !he meta%olism of a pyrethroid meta%olite, in
plants# Pest# Sci# -/:-.-#
,-912 Eco%ichon, Donald H# -**-# !oxic Effects of Pesticides# In Casarett and DollBs
!oxicology, !he 3asic Science of Poisons, !hird Edition# Crtis D# 6laassen, "ary O#
Amdr, and Hohn Doll editors# "acmillan P%lishing Company, 'I#
,-9+2 Aldridge, D#'# -**9# An assessment of the !oxicological Properties of Pyrethroids
and their 'erotoxicity# !oxicology, >ol /-, 'm%er /# pp# 7*5-91#
,-9.2 US Archives and )ecords Administration# -**1# 19 C<) -+.#-9, US Eovernment
Printing Office# Dashington, DC#
,-902 US Environmental Protection Agency# -*77# <act Sheet 'm%er -0-: 6arate
,PP8/-2# Dashington, DC#
,-972 )ay, D#E# -**-# Pesticides Derived from Plants and Other Organisms In ;ayes Hr#,
Dayland, and Ed$ard )# =a$s, Hr# ,eds#2 ;and%oo4 of Pesticide !oxicology# Academic
Press, Inc# 'e$ Ior4, 'I#
,-9*2 US Environmental Protection Agency# -**+# <ile: Cyhalothrin, ;a?ardos
S%stances Data 3an4 ,;SD32# 'ational =i%rary of "edicine O!oxnetP Data%ase, 1&*+#
,--92 US Environmental Protection Agency# -**+# <ile: Cyhalothrin, Integrated )is4
Information System ,I)IS2# 'ational =i%rary of "edicine A!oxnetA Data%ase, 1&*+#
,---2 US Environmental Protection Agency# -**/# Environmental <ate and Effects
Division# Pesticide Environmental <ate One =ine Smmary: =am%dacyhalothrin#
Dashington, DC#
,--/2 Dachope, )#D#, 3ttler, !#"#, ;orns%y A#E#, Agstijn53ec4ers, P#D#"# and
3rt, H#P# -**/# SCS&A)S&CES Pesticide Properties Data%ase for Environmental
Decisionma4ing# )evie$s of Environmental Contamination and !oxicology, >ol# -/8#

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen