Power Quality Disturbances

POWER QUALITY-DISTURBANCES AND MONITORING SEMINAR
POWER QUALITY
DISTURBANCES AND
MONITORING
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ABSTRACT
Power quality is a concept, limited mostly to conversations among utility engineers but as
electronic appliances take over the home, it may become a residential issue as well. The
increasing use of equipments sensitive to power quality disturbances, the related economic
aspects and the increasing awareness of power quality issues have created a need for
extensive monitoring of power quality.
This paper gives a consistent set of definitions for different types of power quality
disturbances. Power quality monitors which form an indispensable part of power quality
monitoring systems are also described. Categories of power quality monitors that are used
to measure power quality disturbances are identified. The paper also discusses about the
real time monitoring system and the analysis tools for processing measurement data.
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CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGE NO:
INTRODUCTION . 1
INCREASED INTEREST IN POWER QUALITY .. 2
POWER QUALITY DEFINITION . 3
POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
CAUSES . 5
STEADY STATE VARIATIONS 6
EVENTS . 8
VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE EVENTS .. 1
POWER QUALITY MONITORING
MONITORING OB!ECTIVES .. 11
POWER QUALITY MONITORS .. 12
REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM 15
ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS . 1"
BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING . 1#
CONCLUSION . 2
REFERENCES .. 21
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of the power system has always been to supply electrical energy to customers.
"arlier the consumers of electrical energy were mere acceptors. #nterruptions and other
voltage disturbances were part of the deal. $ut today electric power is viewed as a product
with certain characteristics which can be measured, predicted, guaranteed, improved etc.
%oreover it has become an integral part of our life. The term &power quality' emerged as a
result of this new emphasis placed on the customer utility relationship.
The fact that power quality has become an issue recently does not mean that it was not
important in the past. (tilities all over the world have for decades worked on the
improvement of what is now known as power quality. #n the recent years, users of electric
power have detected an increasing number of drawbacks caused by electric power quality
variations. These variations already existed on the electrical system but only recently they
are causing serious problems. This is because of the fact that end use equipments have
become more sensitive to disturbances that arise both on the supplier as well as the utility
side. "nd use equipments are more interconnected in networks and industrial processes,
that the impact of a problem with any piece of equipment is much more severe. To
improve power quality with adequate solutions, it is necessary to know what kinds of
disturbances occurred. ) power quality monitoring system that is able to automatically
detect, characteri*e and classify disturbances on electrical lines is therefore required.
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INCREASED INTEREST IN POWER QUALITY
Power quality is an increasingly important issue for all business. ) recent study by #$%
showed that power quality problems cost (, business more than -. billion a year. The
increased interest in power quality has resulted in significant advances in monitoring
equipments that can be used to characteri*e disturbances and power quality variations. The
recent increased interest in power quality can be explained in a number of ways.
Equipments have become more sensitive to voltage disturbances
The electronic and power electronic equipments have especially become much more
sensitive to voltage disturbances than their counterparts 0 or !0years ago.
Equipments cause voltage disturbances
%odern electronic and power electronic equipments are not only sensitive to voltage
disturbances but also cause disturbances for other customers. ".g. /on0sinusoidal
current drawn by rectifiers and inverters.
Technical challenge taen up b! utilities
1esigning a system with a high reliability of supply at a limited cost is a technical
challenge which appealed to many in the power industry and hopefully still does in the
future.
Po"er qualit! can be measured#
The availability of electronic equipments to measure and show wave forms has
certainly contributed to the interest in power quality.
POWER QUALITY$ DEFINITION
The definition of power quality given in the #""" dictionary is as follows
3Power quality is the set of parameters defining the properties of the power supply as
delivered to the user in normal operating conditions in terms of the continuity of voltage
and voltage characteristics4.
%odern electronic and power electronic devices are not only sensitive to voltage
disturbances5 it also causes disturbances for other customers. These devices become the
source and victims of power quality problems. )s such the term power quality is used to
define the interaction of electronic equipments within the electrical environment.
1ifferent parameters of power quality are60
$oltage qualit!
7oltage quality concerns with the deviation of the voltage from the ideal
characteristics. The ideal voltage is a single frequency sine wave of constant frequency
and constant magnitude.
Current qualit!
Current quality concerns with the deviation of the current from the ideal
characteristics. The ideal current is again a single frequency sine wave of constant
magnitude and frequency. )n additional requirement is that the sine wave should be in
phase with the supply voltage.
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Po"er qualit!
Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Thus power
quality is concerned with the deviations of voltage and8or current from the ideal
characteristics.
POWER QUALITY$ P%ENOMENA&DISTURBANCES
Power quality is concerned with the deviation of the voltage from the ideal waveform or
the deviation of the current from the ideal waveform. ,uch a deviation is called a power
quality phenomena or disturbances. #t is important to first understand the kinds of power
quality disturbances that can cause problems with the sensitive loads. Categories of these
disturbances must be developed with a consistent set of definitions, so that the
measurement equipments can be designed in a consistent manner. Power quality
phenomena can be divided into two basis categories.
Stead! state variations
) characteristic of voltage or current is never exactly equal to its nominal or desired
value. The small deviations from the desired value are called voltage or current
variations. ) property of any variation is that it has value at any moment in time.
%onitoring of variations thus has to take place continuously.
Events
9ccasionally, the voltage or current deviates significantly from the nominal or ideal
wave shape. These sudden deviations are called events. %onitoring of events take
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place by using a triggering mechanism where recording of voltage or current starts the
moment, a threshold is exceeded.
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The causes of power quality problems can be many. #t is often difficult to point an exact
cause for a specific problem. Power quality monitoring equipments comes to aid in such
situations. %ost of the causes of power quality problem can be divided into two categories
. Internal causes
)pproximately ;0< of electrical problems originate within a business facility.
Potential culprits may include large equipments start or shut down, improper
wiring and grounding, overloaded circuits or harmonics.
%# E&ternal causes
)bout !0< of power quality problems originate with the utility transmission and
distribution system .The most common cause is a lightning strike5 other
possibilities include equipments failure, vehicle accidents, weather conditions,
neighboring business and even normal operation of utility equipments.
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STEADY STATE VARIATIONS
This category includes voltage and current variations which are relatively small deviations
of voltage and current characteristics around their nominal or ideal values. The two basic
characteristics are magnitude and frequency. 9n average voltage magnitude and voltage
frequency are equal to their nominal value but they are never exactly equal. 7ariations
must be measured by sampling the voltage and current over time. #nformation is best
presented as a trend of the quantity over time and then analy*ed using statistical methods.
)n overview of voltage and current variations are given below6
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The fast changes or swings in the steady state voltage magnitude are called voltage
fluctuation. The change in voltage magnitude can be due to variations of total load of a
distribution system, action of transformer tap changers, switching of capacitor banks.
#f the variations are large enough or in a certain critical frequency range, the
performance
of the equipment can be affected.
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(nbalance or + phase unbalance is the phenomenon in a + phase system in which the
>%, values of voltages and phase angles between consecutive phases are not equal.
The primary source of voltage unbalance is the unbalanced load. This can be due to an
uneven spread of low voltage customers over the three phases but more commonly
unbalance is due to a large single phase load.
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The voltage waveform is never exactly a single frequency sine wave. The phenomenon
of having periodic steady state distortions of sine wave due to equipment generating a
frequency other than the standard .0 ?* frequency is called harmonic distortion. The
non0 fundamental components present is called &harmonics'. ?armonic distortion of
voltage and current result, from the operation of non0linear loads and devices in the
power system.
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The non0periodic components in supply voltage can be called &noise'. 1istinguishing
noise from other components is not always simple. )n analysis is needed only in case
where noise leads to some problem with power system or end user equipments.
"lectrical noise can be defined as the high frequency interference caused by a number
of factors like arc welding or operation of electrical motor.
EVENTS
"vents are the phenomena which happen once in a while. Power quality events are the
disturbances which can lead to the tripping of equipments, interruptions of production or
plant operation or endanger power system operation. "vents are measured by a triggering
mechanism. )n overview of various events is given below6
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) supply interruption is a condition in which the voltage at supply terminals is close to
*ero. #nterruptions are normally initiated by faults which subsequently trigger
protection measures. #nterruptions can be subdivided based on their duration, thus
based on the way of restoring the supply.
. Sustained Interruptions: These kinds of interruptions are terminated through
manual restoration or replacement of faulted components.
%# Temporar! Interruptions: This refers to interruptions lasting less than ! minutes.
This interruption is terminated through automatic restoration of pre0event situation.
'# (omentar! Interruptions: These interruptions are terminated through self
restoration. ".g. #nterruption due to transients and other self restoring events.
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) sag or swell is a decrease or increase in the >%, value of voltage ranging from a
half cycle to few seconds. The most likely kind of power quality problem is the voltage
sag. ,hort duration under voltages is called &voltage sags' whereas, longer duration
under voltages are referred to as &under voltage'. Aikewise over voltages of very short
duration and high magnitude are called &voltage swells'. Aonger duration over voltage
is called as &over voltage'. ,hort duration voltage variations include variations in the
fundamental frequency voltage that lasts less than minute.
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Transients are sub cycle disturbances of very short duration that vary greatly in
magnitude. Transients are used to refer to fast changes in the system voltage or current
with duration less than .. cycles. Transients can be measured by triggering on the
abnormality involved. Bhen transients occur, thousands of voltage can be generated
into the electrical system causing problems for equipments down the line. Transients
can be divided into ! categories6
1. Impulsive transient: Aightning striking a distribution line is normally an impulsive
transient where there is a large deviation of the wave form for a very short duration
in one direction, followed possibly by a couple of much smaller transients in both
directions.
2. Oscillator! transient6 )n oscillatory transient is one where there is a ringing signal
or oscillation following the initial transient. ".g.6 switching of power factor
correction capacitor is considered the most prevalent type of transient.
VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE EVENTS
The method of classifying events through one magnitude and duration has shown to be
very useful and has resulted in a lot of information and knowledge about power quality.
This classification is aimed at explaining the different types of events.
POWER QUALITY MONITORING
Bith the electrical industry undergoing change, increased attention is being focused on
reliability and power quality. Power providers and users alike are concerned about reliable
power, whether the focus is on interruptions and disturbances or harmonic distortion or
flicker. 9ne of the most critical steps in ensuring reliability is monitoring power quality.
Power quality monitoring can help to identify the cause of power system disturbances and
even help to identify problem conditions before they cause interruptions or disturbances.
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?ence power quality monitoring is a multi pronged approach to identifying, analy*ing, and
correcting power quality problems.
3The only thing worse than having a system failure is not knowing what caused it. Bith
power quality monitoring, power engineers can eliminate some of their troubleshooting
headaches4.
POWER QUALITY MONITORING OB!ECTIVES
The obCectives of a monitoring program determine the choice of measuring equipments
and triggering thresholds, the methods for collecting data, data storage and analysis
requirements and the overall level of effort needed. Deneral classification of obCectives for
power quality monitoring is explained in the following section.
P/+'832;* '--/+'8<= This approach of monitoring is intended to characteri*e the
system performance. ) power producer may find this obCective important because
this helps to understand the system performance and then be able to match the
system performance with customer needs.
R*'832;* '--/+'8<= This kind of monitoring is intended to characteri*e a specific
problem. %any services solve power quality problems by performing short term
monitoring at specific customers or at different loads.
POWER QUALITY MONITORS
The first step to troubleshooting power quality problems is to have a monitor that
accurately measures voltage and current waveforms. The role of monitor for
troubleshooting power quality problems is undeniable. Power quality monitoring devices
come in a variety of shapes and si*es. Commercially available monitors fall into two
categories6 1> -+/3'51* 6+923+/) '9: 2> -*/6'9*93 6+923+/).
PORTABLE MONITORS
?andheld and portable instruments have made great improvements in testing capability in
recent years and are helpful in uncovering small locali*ed problems. $ut these are used for
troubleshooting after an event has taken place. #nstalling a power quality monitor after the
occurrence of the event tells us little about the past. Portable monitors are again subdivided
into two classes6
. $oltage recorders
These instruments record voltage and current strip chart data. Portable monitors are
used for continuous monitoring of steady state voltage variations. These recorders
digiti*e voltage and current signals by taking samples of voltage and current over time.
The most important factor to consider when selecting and using a voltage recorder is
the method of calculation of the >%, value of the measured signal.
%# )isturbance anal!*er
1isturbance analy*er and disturbance monitors form a category of instruments which
have been developed specifically for power quality measurements. The analy*ers are
designed to capture events affecting sensitive devices. They typically can measure a
wide variety of system events from very short duration transients to long duration
outages. Thresholds can be set and the instrument is left unattended to record
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disturbances over a long period of time. >ecording starts the moment, a threshold
value is exceeded.
PORTABLE MONITOR
#n the past, measurement equipments were designed to handle either the events or steady
state variations. Bith advances in processing capability, new instruments have become
available that can characteri*e the full range of power quality variations. The new
challenge involves characteri*ing all the data in a convenient form, so that it can be used to
identify and solve problems. This highlights the features of permanent monitors.
PERMANENT MONITORS
Permanently installed full system monitors strategically placed on pieces of equipments
throughout the facility, lets the users know, what happened, where it happened as soon as it
happened. The main feature of these kinds of monitors is that they characteri*e full range
of power quality variations. They record both the triggered and sampled data. Triggering is
based upon the >%, thresholds for >%, variations and on wave shape for transient
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variation. The simplest monitoring system could be a self contained circuit monitor5
however the real value of monitoring is in automatic data downloading from the measuring
instruments. %onitoring system should fully utili*e the networking infrastructure. ) more
apt term for these efficient monitoring systems would be +real time monitoring s!stems,.
PERMANENTLY INSTALLED FULL SYSTEM MONITOR
REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
>eal time monitoring system contains software and communication facilities for data
collection, processing and result presentation. The software maintains a database of system
performance information which can be accessed. )t the heart we have a server computer
optimi*ed for database management and analysis. $oth the disturbance analy*ers and
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voltage recorders can be integrated into the real time monitoring system. The figure shown
below explains the configuration of a real time monitoring system.
CONFIGURATION OF REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM
(EAS-.E(ENT INST.-(ENTS:
This involves both the voltage recorder and disturbance analy*ers. There is a trigger circuit
to detect events and a data acquisition board that acquires all the triggered and sampled
data.
(ONITO.ING /O.0STATION:
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This is composed by a trigger circuit that is able to detect events and a data acquisition
board driven by the trigger circuit that acquires all of the detected disturbances.
%onitoring workstation is used to gather all information coming from the measuring
instruments and to periodically send information to a control workstation.
CONT.O1 /O.0STATION:
This station configures the parameters of measuring instruments. This gathers and stores
the data coming from remote monitoring instruments. )gain, control workstation is used
for data analysis and export.
CONT.O1 SO2T/A.E:
This software drives the control workstation. The analysis and processing of data depends
on this software. The algorithms used for processing varies according to the system used.
The algorithms used may be based on wavelet transforms or expert systems or some other
advanced technique.
)ATA3ASE SE.$E.:
The data base management system should provide fast and concurrent access for many
users without critical performance degradation. )t the same time any form of unauthori*ed
access must be avoided.
CO((-NICATION C4ANNE1S:
The selection of communication channel strongly depends on monitoring instruments,
connectivity functions and on their physical locations. ,ome of the possible channels are
fixed telephone lines by using a modem, mobile communication system by using a D,%
modem, telephone lines using 1T%E coding etc.
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DATA ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
The analysis is done by the control software and the method of analysis depends on the
type of disturbance. The main obCective of an analy*er is to identify the type of event. Eor
this the analy*er looks for parameters in the measured data to characteri*e the waveform.
The most common practice in analy*ing the results of monitoring programs is to group the
captured events in a number of classes. These classes are made by comparing the captured
waveforms with ideal waveforms. This classification is called disturbance classification.
,ince individual inspection of all wave shapes is not an option due to the large si*e of
databases, a few characteristics are extracted from the measured data0 typically magnitude
and duration. 1atabases will be filled with a lot of information and recorded data. ,o
another task of analy*er is to extract only the relevant disturbances.
The root cause of all the power quality problems can be traced to a specific type of
electrical disturbances. "very disturbance has an associated wave form which describes its
characteristics, i.e. a certain type of fault may be accompanied by a certain type of wave
shape &signature'. The wave shape signature from the monitors provides important clues
towards locating the source of electrical problem.
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DATA ANALYSIS
)nalysis tools for processing measured data present the information as individual events
i.e. disturbance wave forms, trends or statistical summaries. $y comparing the captured
events with libraries of typical power quality variation characteristics and correlating with
system events, causes of variations can be determined. The data analysis system should be
flexible enough to handle data from a variety of monitoring equipments and maintain a
database that can be used by many different applications.
BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY MONITORING
To improve power quality with adequate solutions, it is necessary to know what kinds of
disturbances occurred. ) power quality monitoring system that is able to automatically
detect, characteri*e and classify disturbances on electrical lines is therefore required. This
brings up advantage for both end users and utility companies. The benefits of power
quality monitoring are many. The following section mentions some of them.
"nsures power system reliability.
#dentify the source and frequency of events.
?elps in the preventive and predictive maintenance.
"valuation of incoming electrical supply and distribution to determine if power
quality disturbances are impacting.
1etermine the need for mitigation equipments.
>eduction of energy expenses and risk avoidances.
Process improvements F monitoring systems allows to identify the most sensitive
equipments and install power conditioning systems where necessary.
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CONCLUSION
Traditional monitoring methods are based on the >%, measurements and constrained by
their accuracies. >ecently proposed approaches for automated detection and classification
of power quality disturbances are based on wavelet analysis, artificial neural networks,
hidden %arkov model and bispectra. The use of such advanced techniques makes the
power quality monitoring system more accurate and the power system more reliable.
The configuration complexity of a monitoring system depends primarily upon the number
of instruments used to acquire information and the number of people who need to utili*e it.
The simplest monitoring system could be a self contained circuit monitor built into a
sensitive load. ?owever the real value of monitoring system is in automatic data
downloading from the measuring instruments and hence today, a lot of emphasis is given
on the design of &real time monitoring systems'.
2uture o5 po"er qualit!
#n 0 years time, it may well be that equipment has become fully compatible with the
power supply and does not cause any disturbance to the customers. ?owever, there is no
indication that this will happen soon. ,o right now the emphasis is on mitigation
equipments and on intelligent power quality monitoring systems which enables the
automatic classification and analysis of the measured data.
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REFERENCES
. P. 1)P9/T",4T>)/,#"/T%"T">6 ) 1#,T>#$(T"1 %"),(>"%"/T
,G,T"% E9> P9B"> H()A#TG %9/#T9>#/D, #/ #""" T>)/,. 9/
P9B"> 1"A#7">G 79A(%" @, )P> !002.
!. #""" B9>I#/D D>9(P P.@,4>"C9%%"/1"1 P>)CT#C" E9>
%9/#T9>#/D P9B"> H()A#TG 3, 1>)ET =.
+. C.J.%"A?9>/,4#/T">P>"T)T#9/ 9E P9B"> H()A#TG
%"),(>"%"/T,4, "A"CT>9T"I C9/C"PT,,#/C.
2. (/1">,T)/1#/D P9B"> H()A#TG P>9$A"%, $G %)T?. ?. J.$9AA"/
.. T?" "A"CT>#C P9B"> "/D#/"">#/D ?)/1$99I.
:. www.pqKmonitoring.com
=. www.electrotek.com
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