INTRODUCTION

The demands on bandwidth and spectral availability are endless. Many

telecommunication providers have been deploying different types of access
technologies, such as cable and fixed wireless, in order to fulfill the needs. In many
cases, transmission using fiber optics is preferred due to their ability to send high data
rates with high reliability. Free-space optics technology is an alternative to the already
established fiber optics technology. The main reasons are it requires less installation time
and it can save the required costs significantly compared to the implementation of fiber
optics without losing the capability to send high data rates. This report will explain the
free space optics as a new emerging access technology as well as its possible role in the
future beam light is traveling through the line of sight direction between the transmitter
and the receiver.
Free pace !ptics "F!# communications, also called Free pace $hotonics "F$#
or !ptical %ireless, refers to the transmission of modulated visible or infrared "I&# beams
through the atmosphere to obtain optical communications. 'i(e fiber, Free pace !ptics
"F!# uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of enclosing the data stream in a glass
fiber, it is transmitted through the air. Free pace !ptics "F!# wor(s on the same basic
principle as Infrared television remote controls, wireless (eyboards or wireless $alm)
devices.
Free-space optics "F!# is a wireless line of sight technology that transmits high data
rates using a narrow beam light through the air as transmission medium. This technology
seems to be new for the telecommunication industries.

HISTORY OF FREE SPACE OPTICS (FSO)
*istorically, Free pace !ptics "F!# or optical wireless communications was first
demonstrated by Alexander Graham Bell in the late nineteenth century. +ell,s Free
pace !ptics "F!# experiment converted voice sounds into telephone signals and
transmitted them between receivers through free air space along a beam of light for a
distance of some -.. feet. /alling his experimental device the 0photo phone,1 +ell
considered this optical technology 2 and not the telephone 2 his preeminent invention
because it did not require wires for transmission.
hortly after the invention of laser is the 3.,s, laser beam was proposed for free-
space optical communications. %ith the invention of optical fiber, only the military and
the 455 is interested in free-space optical communication for inter-satellite or space
/ommunication proposes.
In the early 677.s, several companies began to experiment with the idea of
bringing free space optical technology to the private sector. These companies sought to
address the growing need for higher bandwidth connectivity by providing solutions and
networ(ing capabilities not available from the traditional telecommunication carriers.
Initial applications were enterprises connecting two buildings '54s across a right-of-
way.
fiber-optic communications gained worldwide acceptance in the telecommunications
industry, F! communications is still considered relatively new. F! technology enables
bandwidth transmission capabilities that are similar to fiber optics, using similar optical
transmitters and receivers and even enabling %8M-li(e technologies to operate through
HOW FSO WORKS
F! technology is surprisingly simple. It9s based on connectivity between F!-based
optical wireless units, each consisting of an optical transceiver"5 combination
transmitter:receiver in the same device# with a transmitter and a receiver to provide
full-duplex "bi-directional# capability. ;ach optical wireless unit uses an optical source,
plus a lens or telescope that transmits light through the atmosphere to another lens
receiving the information. 5t this point, the receiving lens or telescope connects to a
high-sensitivity receiver via optical fiber. The beams of light in Free pace !ptics
"F!# systems are transmitted by laser light focused on highly sensitive photon
detector receivers. These receivers are telescopic lenses able to collect the photon
stream and transmit digital data containing a mix of Internet messages, video
images, radio signals or computer files./ommercially available systems offer
capacities in the range of 6.. Mbps to <.3 =bps, and demonstration systems report
data rates as high as 6-. =bps.
Free-space optical communication involves the use of optical lin(s across the
space between two points, either within the ;arth9s atmosphere, or in outer space. Figure
shows a generic free-space optics system with a transmitted and received optical antenna
to send and receive an optical beam. The transmitted optical antenna composites of
optical components, usually lens and trac(ing mechanics, to direct the beam toward the
receiver. The received antenna has lens to focus the received beam to an optical receiver.
The optical lin(s usually use laser light, although low-data-rate communication over short
distances is possible using light-emitting diodes "';8s#. Infrared 8ata 5ssociation
"Ir85# in most laptop:palmtop computer is a very simple form of free-space optical
communications using ';8s.
For longer distances, a pair of telescopes is used at each end as the antenna, with a
laser and photo-sensors mounted in each telescope. In some special case, the optical
antenna may be some diffuse optics such that the light beam fills up the whole space to
enable the receiver to obtain a signal in arbitrary orientation. ome modern museums use
';8 array to send narrated information to headphones.
WHY FSO
%hy F!> The global telecommunications networ( has seen massive expansion
over the last few years.F! is accelerated by several factors. First, more and more
bandwidth is needed by the end user, which means that more data access must be
provided. 5s a fact, the number of internet users will be increased to approximately ?7-
million by the end of <..- . The ;-commerce is now becoming more popular, hence the
service providers must provide more bandwidth to the customers.
econd factor is the economic consideration. /ost is an important factor to the
broadband communication industries, as they are trying to offer bandwidth using the
lowest cost possible in order
to increase the revenue. It has been shown that the F! implementation is not only
cheaper compared to the fiber optics, but also compare to other popular technologies li(e
the digital subscriber line "8'# or cable modem services.
The third factor is the fact that the F! technology brings new
possible services that may not be able to be fulfilled by another access technology. For
example, using the F! technology, it is possible to install a high speed data connection
in a remote area within @ days, use it for a special occasion which lasts only several
hours, and then after that uninstall
everything bac(.
Free pace !ptics "F!# systems offer many features, principal among them
being low start-up and operational costs, rapid deployment, and high fiber-li(e
bandwidths due to the optical nature of the technology.
FREE!SPACE OPTICS SYSTE" DESIGN
Wa#elen$%h& '&ed
everal beam light wavelength intervals have been analyAed and used for the F!
system operation. These wavelength intervals have been chosen due to their robust
property against the atmosphere absorption when compared to other wavelengths, and
also due to the possibility of their implementation. The first widely used beam light
wavelength interval is between ?B. nm and B3. nm. Csing this interval, an inexpensive,
reliable, and high performance light beam can be made. ilicon "i# avalanche
photodiode "5$8# detectors and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser "D/;'#
technologies can be used for the operation using this wavelength interval E@F, but they
usually have a lower average lifetime compared to the beam light which operates in the
wavelength interval between 63<7 nm and 6-.. nm. The latter wavelength interval has
low atmosphere attenuation and high component performance which ma(es it possible to
implement the wave division multiplexing "%8M#, however the components are more
expensive compared to the former ones. Many researches are being done in order to
explore the possibility of using the 6.,... nm wavelength for F!
transmission, because it is reported that the transmission using this wavelength has
better fog transmission characteristics.
'aser "'ight 5mplification by the timulated ;mission of &adiation# and light-
emitting diode "';8# are typically used for the transmission of light beam. Most F!
systems use !4-!FF (eying "!!G# as the modulation format, which means that the
light !4 represents a 6 and the light !FF represents a . . !nly lasers are capable of
being modulated at <. Mbit:s to <.3 =bit:s.
C(m)(nen%& '&ed
F! manufacturers usually use D/;' for the operation in the shorter wavelengths
"around B3. nm# and use the Fabry-$erot "F$# or the distributed-feedbac( "8F+# lasers
for the operation in the longer wavelengths "around 633. nm#. !ther laser types can not
be used for the F! transmission. 8etector sensibility is also important in determining
the performance of the overall F! system design. For the wavelengths around B3. nm,
detectors based on ilicon "i# material are widely used.i receivers can detect
extremely low level of light and can operate at a very high bandwidth up to 6. =bit:s.
For the higher wavelengths around 633. nm, detectors based on indium gallium arsenide
"In=a5s# technology are used because they have better detection properties compared to
the i based detectors.
;rbium-doped fiber amplifier ";8F5# and semiconductor optical amplifiers
"!5s# technologies are used to increase the output power of either single or multiple
closely spaced wavelengths. The pea( power is defined as the maximum allowable
output power at the transmitter, which is usually twice the average power for most F!
systems because of the !4-!FF (eying modulation scheme, is normally used. The
average power term is used to define the output power at the transmitter and to classify
the safety of the equipment. The average power also plays an important role in
calculating the system lin( margin.
T*)e& (+ ,eam
5 well designed F! transmitter must be obtained in order to have a narrow
transmitted beam light. This narrowness will guarantee that most of the transmitted
power will be absorbed by the receiver. The measure of the beam narrowness is called
the beam divergence. Two types of beams are usually used in the F! systemsH the
=aussian beam and the top-hat beam. 5s an example of a =aussian beam optical
transmitter, B-I of the transmitted energy is located in a radius of which the amplitude
declines to ..6@3 "6:e<# of its pea( value E@F. 5lternatively, the measure of the energy
can be characteriAed as where the radial amplitude declines to ..@-B "6:e# of its pea(
intensity. 5nother measurement is the full-width at half amplitude "F%*5#, which is
defined as ..3B7 times the beam width for the =aussian beam. The intensity falloff of
the F! non trac(ing system using =aussian beam results in a wea( lin( performance at
the edges of the beam. 5nother disadvantage of =aussian beam is that its pea( intensity,
hence the transmitted power, is limited because of the eye-safety classification
regulation. *owever, the =aussian beam is used in the F! system with automatic
positioning and trac(ing because the intensity changes can be used to measure the
trac(ing error. 5nother alternative to the =aussian beam is the top-hat beam, which has
an almost uniform intensity distribution over the wave front and can be obtained by
using multimode optical fiber as a power transmit source. The measurement of the beam
energy is done by the F%*5, which is approximately equal to ..7 times the beam width
for a good designed transmitter. 4ote that if the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver becomes longer, the beam will have largely expanded through the transmission
path, thus the receiver sees no difference between the =aussian beam transmitter and the
top-hat beam transmitter.
In order to provide a better resistance against the atmospheric attenuation, an F!
system with multiple apertures for both at the transmitter and the receiver can be used.
This design can also provide lin( redundancy, which means that the bloc(ing of the
signal due to surrounding movements can be reduced because the probability of all paths
being bloc(ed is lower. The disadvantage of using multiple apertures comes from its
implementation complexity because it is very difficult to align multiple transmits beam
if multiple transmitters are used, and the light must be coupled onto more receivers if
multiple receivers are used. Implementing the automatic trac(ing and positioning system
will also be more difficult, and at the end the total cost needed will be drastically
increased. The safety of the beam light is also an important subJect. *igh power laser
beam can cause inJury to the eye, and even to the s(in. The wavelengths between K..
nm to 6K.. nm are absorbed by the eye into the retinaL hence a high laser power within
these wavelengths may damage the retina. Many countries and organiAations have
created and defined the laser safety standards which have to be fulfilled by the
manufacturers and the service providers. In general, the safety standards give guidelines
about the safety of the F! system equipments and the safety of the users. Two most
important classifications are the /lass 6 lasers and the /lass 6M lasers. /lass 6 lasers are
safe under reasonably operating conditions, and the /lass 6M lasers should only be
installed in locations where the unsafe use of optical aids can be prevented.
Three important calculations needed to analyAe the quality of the F!
transmission lin( are the calculation of the received power at the optical receiver, the
lin( budget calculation, and the availability. 8ue to the atmospheric absorption and the
traveling distance, the received power can be calculated using
where $ is the power, dt and dr are the transmit aperture diameter and receive aperture
diameter in meters, 8 is the beam divergence in mrad "6:e for the =aussian beam#, & is
the distance between optical transmitter and receiver in (m, and a is the atmospheric
attenuation factor in db:(m based on the environment condition. The factors that can be
controlled by the system designer are the transmit power, the transmitter and receiver
aperture, the beam divergence, and the transmission distance. The
atmospheric attenuation a is uncontrollable and must be obtained from site
measurements.
The lin( budget calculation for a simple F! system without trac(ing involves
input power, optical system loss, geometric loss, alignment loss, and detector sensitivity.
5dding and subtracting these values give us the lin( margin, a value showing the
remaining gain available to combat the atmosphere attenuation. The geometric loss in
d+ can be calculated using
=eometric 'oss
where = is the geometric loss in d+, and other parameters are the same as in equation
"6#. The combination of the overall system design, component reliability, and the
atmosphere condition will determine the availability of the F! system. 5n F!
transmission with 77.7I availability or better is
difficult to obtain due to atmosphere attenuation effect.
FSO- WIRE.ESS/ AT THE SPEED OF .IGHT
Cnli(e radio and microwave systems, Free pace !ptics "F!# is an optical technology
and no spectrum licensing or frequency coordination with other users is required,
interference from or to other systems or equipment is not a concern, and the point-to-
point laser signal is extremely difficult to intercept, and therefore secure. 8ata rates
comparable to optical fiber transmission can be carried by Free pace !ptics "F!#
systems with very low error rates, while the extremely narrow laser beam widths ensure
that there is almost no practical limit to the number of separate Free pace !ptics "F!#
lin(s that can be installed in a given location.
The following are the main wireless applications implemented today H
'ast-Mile 5ccessH *igh-speed lin(s that connect end-users with Internet ervice
$roviders or atellite services. This application remains the most popular
implementation for wireless technology, eliminating, where applicable, the need
for fiber to the curb or fiber to the home.
Metropolitan 5rea 4etwor( extensionsH Csed to connect new networ(s, their core
infrastructure, to complete.
;nterprise /onnectivityH Csed to connect 'ocal 5rea 4etwor( segments housed
within buildings that do not have easily accessible right-of-ways for fiber.
Fiber +ac(upH 5ct as a bac(up for a fiber based system.
+ac(haulH %ireless system used to carry cellular phone traffic from antenna tower
bac( to facilities wired into the public switch telephone.
ervice 5ccelerationH Csed to provide instant service to fiber optic customers
while the fiber infrastructure is being laid
BREAKING THE BANDWIDTH BOTT.ENECK
The global telecommunications networ( has seen massive expansion over the last few
years. First came the tremendous growth of the optical fiber long-haul, wide-area networ(
"%54#, followed by a more recent emphasis on metropolitan area networ(s "M54s#.
Meanwhile, local area networ(s "'54s# and gigabit ethernet ports are being deployed
with a comparable growth rate. In order for this tremendous networ( capacity to be
exploited, and for the users to be able to utiliAe the broad array of new services becoming
available, networ( designers must provide a flexible and cost-effective means for the
users to access the telecommunications networ(. $resently, however, most local loop
networ( connections are limited to 6.3 Mbps "a T6 line#. 5s a consequence, there is a
strong need for a high-bandwidth bridge "the 0last mile1 or 0first mile1# between the
'54s and the M54s or %54s.
5 recent 4ew Mor( Times article reported that more than 6.. million miles of
optical fiber was laid around the world in the last two years, as carriers reacted to the
Internet phenomenon and end users, insatiable demand for bandwidth. The sheer scale of
connecting whole communities, cities and regions to that fiber optic cable or 0bac(bone1
is something not many players understood well. 8espite the huge investment in trenching
and optical cable, most of the fiber remains unlit, B. to 7.I of office, commercial and
industrial buildings are not connected to fiber, and transport prices are dropping
dramatically.
Free pace !ptics "F!# systems represent one of the most promising approaches
for addressing the emerging broadband access mar(et and its 0last mile1 bottlenec(. Free
pace !ptics "F!# systems offer many features, principal among them being low start-
up and operational costs, rapid deployment, and high fiber-li(e bandwidths due to the
optical nature of the technology.
WHAT IS 0THE .AST "I.E1
In most cases, fibre installation is the preferred method for broadband
telecommunications access. !ptical Fibre signals transmitted via a fibre networ( deliver
the most reliable means for transmission because it is a protected medium and has the
ability to transmit at the highest data rate available. In some cases, the time required to
obtain licenses and trenching cable could be unacceptable, while there are other instances
where it is unrealistic to consider cable due to geography or building density. ;xactly
how service providers cost effectively extend service from the nearest networ( node to
end users is (nown as the 9last mile $roblem9 and it is one that free space optics can play
an important role in solving.
APP.ICATIONS
T() 2 A))l34a%3(n&
Telecommunications 4etwor(ing
/omputer 4etwor(ing "'54-to-'54#
+roadband Internet 5ccess
8isaster &ecovery
Temporary 8eployment
T*)34al A))l34a%3(n&
hort distance '54 extension
Internet:Intranet provision
0'ast Mile1 transmission N connections
Traffic =rooming in /ell 4etwor(s
/ellular : Telco +ac(haul
Temporary installations
/rowded urban environments and campuses
8ifficult terrain "crossing highways, rivers,
5irports, railways etc.#
8isaster &ecovery
En%er)r3&e A))l34a%3(n&
;nterprise /onnectivity
*ealth /are
;ngineering N 8esign
Doice N 8ata
Telco +ypass
Dideo ervices
ecurity
FREE SPACE OPTICS (FSO) CHA..ENGES
The advantages Free pace !ptics "F!# do not come without some cost. %hen light is
transmitted through optical fiber, transmission integrity is quite predictable 2 barring
unforeseen events such as bac(hoes or animal interference. %hen light is transmitted
through the air, as with Free pace !ptics "F!# optical wireless systems, it must
contend with a complex and not always quantifiable subJect - the atmosphere.
F($ and Free S)a4e O)%34& (FSO)
Fog substantially attenuates visible radiation, and it has a similar affect on the
near-infrared wavelengths that are employed in Free pace !ptics "F!# systems. 4ote
that the effect of fog on Free pace !ptics "F!# optical wireless radiation is entirely
analogous to the attenuation 2 and fades 2 suffered by &F wireless systems due to
rainfall. imilar to the case of rain attenuation with &F wireless, fog attenuation is not a
0show-stopper1 for Free pace !ptics "F!# optical wireless, because the optical lin(
can be engineered such that, for a large fraction of the time, an acceptable power will be
received even in the presence of heavy fog.
Ph*&34al O,&%r'4%3(n& and Free S)a4e O)%34& (FSO)
Free pace !ptics "F!# products which have widely spaced redundant
transmitters and large receive optics will all but eliminate interference concerns from
obJects such as birds. !n a typical day, an obJect covering 7BI of the receive aperture
and all but 6 transmitterL will not cause a Free pace !ptics "F!# lin( to drop out. Thus
birds are unli(ely to have any inpact on free space optics"F!# transmission.
Free S)a4e O)%34& (FSO) P(3n%3n$ S%a,3l3%*
+uilding way, Tower Movement Fixed pointed Free pace !ptics "F!# systems
are designed to be capable of handling the vast maJority of movement found in
deployments on buildings. The combination of effective beam divergence and a well
matched receive Field-of-Diew "F!D# provide for an extremely robust fixed pointed Free
pace !ptics "F!# system suitable for most deployments. Fixed-pointed Free pace
!ptics "F!# systems are generally preferred over actively-trac(ed Free pace
!ptics"F!# systems due to their low cost.
S43n%3lla%3(n and Free S)a4e O)%34& (FSO)
$erformance of many Free pace !ptics "F!# optical wireless systems is
adversely affected by scintillation on bright sunny daysL the effects of which are typically
reflected in +;& statistics. ome optical wireless products have a unique combination of
large aperture receiver, widely spaced transmitters, finely tuned receive filtering, and
automatic gain control characteristics. In addition, certain optical wireless systems also
apply a cloc( recovery phase-loc(-loop time constant that all but eliminate the affects of
atmospheric scintillation and Jitter transference
S(lar In%er+eren4e and Free S)a4e O)%34& (FSO)
olar interference in Free pace !ptics "F!# free space optical systems operating
at 633. nm can be combated in two ways. The first is a long-pass optical filter window
used to bloc( all optical wavelengths below B3. nm from entering the systemL the second
is an optical narrowband filter proceeding the receive detector used to filter all but the
wavelength actually used for intersystem communications. To handle off-axis solar
energy, two spatial filters have been implemented in !45beam systems, allowing them
to operate unaffected by solar interference that is more than 6.3 degrees off-axis.
FREE SPACE OPTICS (FSO) SECURITY
The common perception of wireless is that it offers less security than wireline
connections. In fact, Free pace !ptics "F!# is far more secure than &F or other
wireless-based transmission technologies for several reasonsH
Free pace !ptics "F!# laser beams cannot be detected with spectrum analyAers
or &F meters
Free pace !ptics "F!# laser transmissions are optical and travel along a line of
sight path that cannot be intercepted easily. It requires a matching Free pace
!ptics "F!# transceiver carefully aligned to complete the transmission.
Interception is very difficult and extremely unli(ely
The laser beams generated by Free pace !ptics "F!# systems are narrow and
invisible, ma(ing them harder to find and even harder to intercept and crac(
8ata can be transmitted over an encrypted connection adding to the degree of
security available in Free pace !ptics "F!# networ( transmissions.
FEATURES AND AD5ANTAGES OF FSO
O Full channel speeds
O 4o license requirements
O ;ase of installation
O *ighly secure
O Fully /ompatible with copper or fiber interfaces
O 4o bridge or router requirements
O /ost effective, rapid pay +ac(
O 4o recurrent annual rental
O Movable 5sset
O Internal or external Mounting
O &esistant to temperature and climatic /hanges
O ;xcellent availability
CO"PARISON WITH OTHER ACCESS TECHNO.OGY
The new F! technology is usually compared to the optical fiber technology. !ptical
fiber has the highest capacity and also reliability among others. It can transfer high
amounts of data rate up to hundreds of =bps, and has been used to connect countries,
continents and cities. +ut the implementation of fiber optics does not enJoy much success
in the smaller geographic areas. 5ccording to some statistics, almost 7. percent of all
office building in the C have no fiber optics access to connect them with the service
provider,s networ( E3F. *igh cost, high complexity, and long installation time are the
reasons behind this fact. To connect buildings with fiber, investment money between
P6...... to P<...... is needed while the installation time may ta(e 6 to < years. F!
technology offers an interesting solution because the cost required is only ten percent of
what optical fibers need, and the installation can be finished within a wee(.
/opper lines are probably the first mean of access technology used to connect
many users in many countries and provide them with voice service. They are already
available in the dense regions as well as in the rural areas. *owever, copper lines are not
intended to transfer high speed data rates. 8igital subscriber line "8'# technology is
created to extend the capability of the copper lines in order to be able to transfer higher
data rates up to theoretically B Mbps, but the availability of 8' is limited to the distance
of 3 (m from the provider,s central office. 8' is also not a good solution when a high
rate data connection must be established within a wee( Just for a special purpose, because
establishing copper lines connection requires digging and also ta(es time. Implementing
F! technology is a good alternative to the copper lines.
Microwave technology is a point to point access solution which is trying to solve
the problem faced by the copper lines. Microwave solutions are easier to build and do not
need wire lines installation.
*owever, the frequency bands used by microwave are licensed and are subJect to
interfere with each other. It means that expensive spectrum licenses must be obtained and
frequency planning must be done in order to reduce interference. 'ocal multipoint
distribution service "'M8# and multichannel multipoint distribution services "MM8#
are the point to multipoint technologies based on microwave transmissions and are
distributing bandwidth from a certain central point and trying to solve the connection
problem where copper lines or fiber optics are not available. +ut they have the same
frequency interference problem as other microwave based technologies. F! technology
can be an alternative to microwave technology, because F! solutions operates in
unlicensed frequencies, avoiding the need for licensing as well as the interference
problem. Fig shows the comparison between F! and other access technology in terms
of transmission rates and geographic coverage, and Table shows the comparison in terms
of required cost per bandwidth.
FUTURE OF FSO TECHNO.OGY
The F! technology became popular as it was used to enable the %all treet toc(
;xchange bac( to business after the 7:66 tragedy in less than KB hours, in an environment
where fiber optics need months to be installed. Merril 'ynch predicts that the F! will
grow into a P< billion mar(et by <..?. The maJor manufacturers of F! optical products
are 'ight$ointe, 5irFiber, and Fsona /ommunications. 5t the moment they are trying to
educate the potential customers about the benefit of using F! solutions, and as the
demand on more bandwidth become larger, F! technology will evolve from Just an
alternative to the fiber optics into one of the most important access solutions. everal
future F! applications are the cellular bac(haul, where F! is used to transfer voice
and data between cellular base stations, %i-Fi hotspots, where F! and %i-Fi wor( well
together since F! provides no interference, cable TD networ(s, where F! is used to
transfer the digital video data, and of course as redundant lin(s for optical fiber net
networ(s, where F! serves as the bac(up lin(.
CONC.USION
Free-space optics technology "F!# has several applications in communications
networ(s, where a connectivity gap exists between two or more points. F! technology
delivers cost-effective optical wireless connectivity and a faster return on investment
"&!I# for ;nterprises and Mobile /arriers. %ith the ever-increasing demand for greater
bandwidth by ;nterprise and Mobile /arrier subscribers comes a critical need for F!-
based products for a balance of throughput, distance and availability.
+ecause of the scalability and flexibility of F! technology, optical wireless products
can be deployed in many enterprise applications including building-to-building
connectivity, disaster recovery, networ( redundancy and temporary connectivity for
applications such as data, voice and data, video services, medical imaging, /58 and
engineering services, and fixed-line carrier bypass.
REFERENCES
6. www.ieee.com
<. The Free pace !ptic %ebsite "httpH::www.freespaceoptic.com#
@. www.google.com
K. www.fsona.com
3. www.colt.net