The Early Mughals - History India

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India's reputation of being the only known source of diamond

mines in the world and its flourishing international trade
attracted many invasions. North Indian Kingdoms resisted
invasions by Arab-Turks for centuries but soon, small Islamic
Empires or Sultanates were established in several parts of the
North.
Before these invasions, Muslim trading communities who
arrived from Arabia in small numbers via the Indian Ocean,
were already trading in coastal South India, especially Kerela.
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Arabs, Turks and Afghans invaded parts of North India and

established the Delhi sultanate in the former Rajput
regions during the twelfth and thirteenth century.
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There was a great impact on culture with the

establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. An Indo-Muslim
culture evolved and this could be seen in architecture,
music, literature and religion. The language of Urdu was
developed at this time which is said to be a mix of Sanskrit,
Persian, Turkish and Arabic. The Delhi Sultanate was the
only Indo-Islamic Empire which placed Razia Sultan, a
woman, on the throne.
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Qutb-ud-din Aybak was responsible for establishing the

Delhi Sultanate. Shams-ud-din Iltumish then later
established a Turkish Kingdom in Delhi, which enabled
future Sultans to conquer Kingdoms in different directions.
The Delhi sultanate, over the next few centuries extended
its Kingdom right up to Bengal and the Deccan.
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Timur, a Turkish-Mongol conqueror, launched a massive

campaign to invade India. He attacked Sultan Nasir-ud-din
Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in Delhi, leaving the city in
ruins.
This led to the fall of the Delhi Sultanate and the emergence of Mughal rule in India.
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Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur

was the founder of the Mughal
Empire. He was the descendant
of Timur and Genghis Khan. His
armies who invaded India under
his leadership compromised of
Turkish, Persian and Pashtun soldiers. Babur with the help of his
armies defeated the last of the
Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodhi in
the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Even though Babur's
army was smaller in size, his 12,000 men who were well
trained succeeded in beating an army of more than a
100,000 men. Babur however, did have the advantage of
superior cavalry tactics, firearms and guns.
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Babur then went on to crush, Rana Sanga of Chittor and

achieved many other military victories. However, just five
years into his reign, he passed away. His biggest legacy was
that he left a set of descendants who fulfilled his dream of
an Islamic Empire in India.
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Babur was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the age of

12, his father appointed him as the governor of Badakshan,
and this is where he proved his administrative skills and
bravery.
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However, after ascending the throne, his people realized

that he lacked his father's clever and crafty mind, even
though he was a great soldier. He got addicted to the luxuries of the palace and did not take much action against
the Rajputs and Afghans who were conspiring against him.
Even his own brothers conspired against him, but he refused to believe it and gave them positions of power.
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Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan general who served under

Babur was one of Humayun's biggest threats. Humayun
clashed with Sher Shah in two battles. The first battle was
at Chausa where he and his men suffered a crushing
defeat and Humayun barely escaped with his life. The
second battle at Kannauj brought an end to Humayun's
reign. Afghan rule was established with the capture of
Delhi and Agra.
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Humayun fled to Persia where he lived in exile for 15 years

after being betrayed by his brothers. In exile, his wife gave
birth to their son, Akbar.
After the death of Sher Shah Suri, his empire began to
crumble as his successor could not re-create Sher Shah's
magic.
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Humayun on realizing this, put an army together with the

help of a Persian King and marched towards Delhi. The
following year, he managed to capture Delhi, along with
Kabul and Kandahar and defeated Sikander Suri, Sher
Shah's successor, ascending the throne at Agra, thus
bringing an end to his days in exile.
His years in exile changed him. After ascending the throne,

Humayun devoted his time to the State. His greatest
achievements lay in the field of painting. He brought
several painters from Persia and they laid the foundation
for Mughal art and style. From here on, there was a fusion
of Persian and Indian styles.
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Humayun's reign however was short-lived. He died in a

tragic accident after falling off his library steps. He was
succeeded by his son Akbar, who went on to become on of
the greatest Mughal kings ever known.
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The Early Mughals - History India

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History for kids

India's reputation of being the only known source of diamond

Arabs, Turks and Afghans invaded parts of North India and

There was a great impact on culture with the

Qutb-ud-din Aybak was responsible for establishing the

Timur, a Turkish-Mongol conqueror, launched a massive

Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur

Babur then went on to crush, Rana Sanga of Chittor and

Babur was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the age of

However, after ascending the throne, his people realized

Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan general who served under

Humayun fled to Persia where he lived in exile for 15 years

Humayun on realizing this, put an army together with the

His years in exile changed him. After ascending the throne,

Humayun's reign however was short-lived. He died in a

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