Engineering Design II

Ng Poh Kiat
Is this a Seal?
Is this a Seal?
Is this a Seal?
Is this a Seal?
Seals
Definition
A Seal is a device for separating two
fluids.
resting
-resting
-moved
seal
Space 1
With
Fluid 1
Space 2
With
Fluid 2
avoid
exchange
Seals
Seals applied in a standard pump
1.1-1.10:
Gaskets
2.1-2.4: radial,
rotary seals
3.1-3.5: form seal
6: centrifugal seal
Seals
Seals
Static Dynamic
Contact Clearance
Rotary Reciprocal Reciprocal Rotary
Sealant
Gaskets
O-Rings
Shrink Fits
Pipe Couplings
Gland packing
O-Rings
Felt seals
Lip/Gartner seals
Mech. Face seals
O-Rings
Packing Ring
Piston ring
Bellows
Diaphragm
Rolling diaphr.
Fixed & floating
Bush
Labyrinth
Viscoseal or
Windback
Centrifugal
Ferromagnetic
hydrostatic
Fixed &
floating Bush
Labyrinth
Seals
What is impermeability?
Has to be defined (molecules, humidity, droplets
etc.)
!Technical impermeability
Thermo- and fluid-
dynamic effects
Fluid to
be sealed
leakage
Aux. material
Part 1
Part 2
leakage
Part 2
Part 1
Fluid to be
sealed
Principle of a static seal
Principle of a dynamic,
clearance seal
Seals
What is impermeability?
Sym. Axis of a piston seal
Sym. Axis of a rod or shaft seal
Movements
Seal
Tappet
Force Housing
Support
Sealing surfaces
Sealing gap
static
dynamic
Principle of a dynamic, contact seal
Sealing gap
Seals Static
Sealant
Gaskets
Compliance with rigid
surface contours
Many different materials
used:
e.g. Paper: light duty
Cardboard: larger size light duty
Asbestos based materials: high
temperature and pressures
Etc.
Sealant
Gasket
Seals Static
Gaskets
Different mounting possible
Be careful about the line of force of screw
Seals Static
Metal seal ring:
high temperatures (! 300 C) and pressures (! 70MPa)
Seals Static
O-Rings
Various cross sections: ring, lobed,
rectangular
Seal function: preload + system pressure
Allows metal-to-metal contact for
dimensional accuracy
Housed in grooves
Many materials for a variety of applications
Seals Static
O-Rings
Assembly & Types
Undercut & the use of extrusion rings
Undercuts
Slitting
caused
by extrusion
Extrusion ring
Seals Static
Shrink fit
Sealing due to dimensional interference
Permanent sealing
Pipe couplings
Taper threads
Compression fittings:
Olive for smaller pipes
Flange and Gasket for bigger pipes
Cone seal
Ductile deformation
Detail Z
Detail Z
Seals Dynamic Rotary
Gland packing
O-Rings
May be in shaft or housing
Various cross sections
Very low speeds for rotation
Very good surface finish necessary
Pre-load
Nut
Fluid to
Be sealed
Soft gasket Spring
Lantern ring Seal ring
Shaft
Seals Dynamic Rotary
Felt seals
For grease lubrication
Prevents dirt ingression
Often used with other types of seals
Bearing
Lubricant (grease)
Flange
Felt Seal
Dirt
Housing
Shaft
Seals Dynamic Rotary
Lip/Gartner seal
Most commonly used cheap seal
Lip faces fluid to be sealed
Seal surface must be scratch free
Cheap long life and easily replaced
Dont use at reciprocal, oscillating conditions;
p > 100 kPa; gas/gas situations

Seals Dynamic Rotary
Mechanical or Face seals
Extends desirable
features of lip seal to
wide range of pressures
Dry and lubricated
Very susceptible to dirt
Difficult to replace in-line
Thermal distortion
causes problems
Materials: carbon, PTFE,
ceramics, brass alloys
Cooling fluid Sealed fluid
Twist lock
Shaft
Bushing
Spring
Rotating
ring
Static
ring
Add. Sealing
(O-Rings)
Seals Dynamic Reciprocating
O-Rings
Packing rings
Pressure increases
sealing effect
Dry and lubricated
Single seal: unidirectional
Double seal: bidirectional
Smooth surface
Seal ring
Support ring
Pressure
Seals Dynamic Reciprocating
Piston rings
Metallic, must
have lubrication
Cascaded
Wiper ring
Wipes off dirt and
water
Let oil film pass
Guide ring
Support ring
Seal ring
Seal ring
Tension ring
Dirt, ice
water
Let pass
Oil film
Wipe off dirt
Pressure slope not
too steep!
Seals Dynamic Contact Reciprocating
Bellow
Diaphragm
Short stroke
High pressure
Rolling diaphragm
Very flexible rubber
diaphragm
Long strokes
Low speed
Positive sealing between
two fluids
Connection
Connection
Bellow
Seals Dynamic Clearance Rotary
Fixed and floating bush
Leakage approx 100 ml/h,
Not often used
Labyrinth
Commonest type of clearance seal
Leakage is half of bush type seal

!
V =
C
3
!p
3l
Seals Dynamic Clearance Rotary
Visco- or Windback seal
Helical grooves pump leakage back into
system
Viscous fluids or at high speeds, moderate
pressure
Seals Dynamic Clearance Rotary
Centrifugal seal
Disc rotating in annular space
Used to seal gas at high rotational speed
Attention
Quite expensive because of accurate
manufacturing
No sealing effect when not rotation
Sometimes need backup seals
Seals Dynamic Clearance Rotary
Ferro-Magnetic seal
Based on fluid which increases viscosity in a
magnetic field
Only for gas/gas applications
Seal pressure: 0.2 MPa per cm of seal length
Hydrostatic seal
Like thin film hydrostatic bearing
Product contamination or leakage inevitable
Designed for specific applications
Seals Dynamic Clearance Reciproc.
Fixed and floating bush
Labyrinth
High leakage
Provide no static seal properties
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Sufficient preload
pre-pressure 10-20%
Groove width
Surface roughness
Avoid extrusion!
Extrusion rings
Mounting damage
Chamfering
Undercut
Surface roughness
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Prefer thicker o-rings
Because of tolerances
Static friction
Appropriate elastomer
Elasticity
Swelling, shrinking
Temperature
Appropriate for the fluid to be sealed
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
What might happen if you disobey design
recommendation
!Challenger disaster 1986
Whats happened?
!Totally destruction of space shuttle
Challenger 75 s after lift-off
Technical reason:
!Poor fuel tank design and sealing (O-Rings)
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Build-up of
the space
shuttle
booster
rockets
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Leak check
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Joint rotation
O-Ring resiliency
Due to low temperatures the resiliency
was on 1/5 of expected value.
Seals O-Ring Design Recommendations
Failure is the best way to learn
! New booster hull design