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ZTE GSM-BSS

After-Sales Competency
Certification Training Manual
GSM/GPRS/EDGE Basic Principles
Course Objectives
Learn GSM development history;
Learn and master network structure of GSM system and functions
principles of different portions;
Learn and be familiar with GSM wireless channel and protocol
Learn and be familiar with main service call process for GSM
Contents
1 GSM Overview..............................................................................................................................................1
!"! GSM #asic Concepts"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!
!"!"! $istory of the mobile communication""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!
!"!"% GSM &efinition""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'
!"% Services Supported by GSM System"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(
!"%"! )elecom Services *rovided by GSM""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(
!"%"% Supplementary Services of the GSM System""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+
!", GSM Specification"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+
2 GSM Network Structure..............................................................................................................................9
%"! GSM -rea &ivision Concepts""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".
%"% GSM composition""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!/
%", Mobile Switchin0 System 1MSS2""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!'
%"' #ase Station Subsystem 1#SS2""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!3
%"3 Operation Maintenance Subsystem 1OMS2""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!3
%"( Mobile Station 1MS2""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!(
%"+ GSM System 4umber""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!(
%"+"! Mobile Subscriber 5S&4 4umber 1MS5S&42"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!(
%"+"% 5nternational Mobile Subscriber 5dentity 15MS52"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!+
%"+", Mobile Subscriber 6oamin0 4umber 1MS642"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!+
%"+"' $andover 4umber""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!7
%"+"3 )emporary Mobile Subscriber 5dentification 1)MS52""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!7
%"+"( Location -rea 5dentification 1L-52""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!7
3 Interfaces and Protocols.............................................................................................................................19
i
,"! 5nerfaces"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!.
,"% *S8&omain *rotocol Stack""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!.
,"%"! 9ser *lane *rotocol Stack at *S &omain"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!.
,"%"% Control *lane *rotocol Stack at *S &omain""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%%
,", CS8&omain *rotocol Stack""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%,
,","! 9ser *lane *rotocol Stack at CS &omain""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%,
,","% Control *lane *rotocol Stack at CS &omain""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%'
4 GSM Radio !annel...................................................................................................................................2"
'"! GSM :orkin0 ;re<uency #and""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%3
'"% Structure of GSM 6adio ;rame"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%+
'", *hysical Channel and Lo0ical Channel"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%.
'","! *hyC$ *hysical Channel"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%.
'","% Lo0ic channel""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",/
'",", Channel Combination""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",,
'"' System Messa0es""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",.
'"'"! Overview""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",.
'"'"% Content of system messa0e"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""",.
" #asic Service and Si$nalin$ Process.........................................................................................................41
3"! Mobile subscriber state""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'!
3"!"! MS starts= network does >-ttach> marks on it"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'!
3"!"% MS shutdowns= separated from network""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'%
3"!", MS #usy"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'%
3"% Location 9pdate"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'%
3"%"! Location update at a MSC office""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'%
3"%"% 5nteroffice Location 9pdate"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""',
3", )ypical Call and $andover *rocess"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""''
3","! Call between Mobile Subscribers"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""''
ii
3","% 5nter8#SC $andover within MSC""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'3
3",", 5nter8MSC $andover""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'3
3"' #asic Si0nalin0 *rocess"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'+
3"'"! Location 9pdate *rocess""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'+
3"'"% 5MS5 &etach *rocess""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'.
3"'", Mobile8Ori0inated Call and Called *arty On8hook *rocess""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3/
3"'"' Mobile8)erminated Call and Callin0 *arty On8hook *rocess"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3!
3"'"3 5nter8cell $andover ;low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3,
% &oice Processin$ and 'e( Radio )ec!nolo$(...........................................................................................""
("! ?oice *rocessin0""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""33
("!"! #asic ;low of ?oice *rocessin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""33
("!"% ?oice @ncodin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3(
("!", Channel @ncodin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3(
("!"' 5nterleavin0Adeinterleavin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3+
("!"3 @ncryptionA&ecryption"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(/
("!"( ModulationA&emodulation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(/
("% ;re<uency multipleBin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(!
(", -daptive e<ualiCin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(,
("' &iversity 6eceivin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(3
("3 &iscontinuous )ransmission 1&)D2""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""((
("( *ower Control""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+
("("! #asic Concepts of *ower Control""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(+
("("% GSM *ower Control *rocess""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(7
("(", $i0h8speed power control""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(.
("+ )imin0 -dvance"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+/
("7 ;re<uency $oppin0 )echnolo0y"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+!
* GPRS and +,G+........................................................................................................................................*"
iii
+"! &efinition and ;eature"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+3
+"!"! G*6S &efinition"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+3
+"!"% G*6S ;eatures""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+3
+"!", @&G@ &efinition""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+(
+"!"' @&G@ ;eatures"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+(
+"% 5nheritance and @volution""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+7
+", G*6S 6adio Channel""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+.
+","! G*6S *hysical Channel"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+.
+","% G*6S Lo0ic Channel"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7/
+",", Mappin0 of Lo0ical Channel Combination in the *hysical Channel""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7%
+","' G*6S Channel Codin0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7+
+"' 6adio Link and Media -ccess Control ;low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""./
+"'"! *a0in0 ;low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""./
+"'"% )#; Setup ;low"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".%
+"'", G*6S SuspendA6esume ;low"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".7
+"'"' )#; 6elease ;low""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!//
+"3 )erminal and -pplication""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!/'
iv
GSM !"er"ie#
$no#le%ge points
)his chapter mainly introduces some basic information for GSM= includin0 GSM
development history= supported service type= specification= and system features"
& GSM Basic Concepts
&& 'istory of t(e mo)ile communication
)he mobile communication was first used in military and some special fields in !.%/Es"
5n !.'/Es= it be0an to be employed for civil use" )he mobile communication really booms
in recent decade" )he development of the mobile communication comprises the
followin0 three phasesF
)he first 0eneration 1!G2 mobile communication system
)he second 0eneration 1%G2 mobile communications system
)he third 0eneration 1,G2 mobile communications system
! Startin0 from !.7/Es= the !G analo0 mobile communication system adopts cellular
networkin0 technolo0y"
$owever= the !G mobile communication system has the followin0 disadvanta0esF
)here is no common interface between systems"
5t cannot keep up with the fast di0itiCin0 of the fiBed network and provide di0ital
bearer services"
5t cannot meet the demand for lar0e capacity due to low fre<uency utiliCation"
5t features poor security" )he information bein0 eBchan0ed on the radio path may
be easily eavesdropped= and the subscriber account may be easily embeCCled"
% &ue to the defects of analo0 systems= the di0ital mobile communication system
characteriCed by di0ital transmission= )ime &ivision Multiple -ccess 1)&M-2=
and narrowband Code &ivision Multiple -ccess 1C&M-2 were developed in
!../Es" )hat is the so8called %G di0ital mobile communication system"
1
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
!2 Compared with the !G mobile communication system= the %G mobile
communication systemF
*rovides hi0h spectrum utiliCation and lar0e system capacity"
*rovides diversified services 1voice services and low8rate circuit8switched data
services2"
@nables automatic roamin0"
*rovides better voice <uality"
*rovides 0ood security"
Can be interconnected with the 5S&4 and *S)4"
%2 $owever= the !G mobile communication system has the followin0 disadvanta0esF
5t can provide low8rate data services only and cannot support multi8media service"
;or eBample= the 5nternet access speed of GSM MS can reach ."( GbitAs
theoretically"
&ifferent %G mobile communication systems in the world use different
fre<uencies and cannot be compatible with each other; therefore= it is difficult to
implement 0lobal roamin0"
4owadays the 5nternet= @8business= and multi8media communication develop very
rapidly" ;ailin0 to provide stron0 support to data communication has already constrained
the development of %G system" )he demand for hi0her data rate and more diversified
services impels the evolution from %G to ,G" ;i0ure !"! 8! shows the evolution process"
5S8.3
C&M-
*&C
GSM
5S8!,(
5S8.38#
$SCS&
G*6S
5S8!,(H
5S8!,($S
5S8%///
MC :C&M-
-65#
:C&M-
9)6-
:C&M-
5M)8%///
%G %"3G ,G
@&G@
9:C8!,(
%"+3G
;i0ure !"!8! @volution from %G to ,G
5n *hase% and *hase%H= two hi0h8rate data service models are put forward for the GSM
2
Chapter ! GSM Overview
system"
$i0h Speed Circuit Switched &ata 1$SCS&2 based on hi0h8speed data bit rate and
circuit switchin0
General *acket 6adio Service 1G*6S2 based on packet switched data
)hese two services are called %"3G services" -doptin0 hi0h8rate adaptive codin0 solution=
the G*6S provides the data rate up to !+! GbitAs"
)he @nhanced &ata 6ates ;or GSM @volution 1@&G@2 developed by the @uropean
)elecommunications Standards 5nstitute 1@)S52 adopts 78*SG 1*hase Shift Geyin02
modulation" 5t supports the rate up to ,7' GbitAs theoretically" )he @&G@ is more
advanced than the G*6S" $owever= it cannot provide the rate up to % MbitAs as the ,G
system does" )herefore= it is called %"+3G technolo0y"
)he research of ,G theory= development of ,G technolo0ies= and establishment of ,G
standards be0an in mid !.7/Is"
)he 5nternational Mobile )elecommunication %/// 15M)8%///2 released by the
5nternational )elecommunications 9nion 15)92 defines and describes ,G" 5t enables the
mobile data service and some fiBed hi0h8speed data services to use one or several radio
channels and fiBed network platform to provideF
- 0lobal standard
5M)8%/// services= which are compatible with other fiBed network services"
$i0h <uality
)he use of common band in the world
Small terminals used in the world"
Global roamin0"
Multi8media services and terminals
$i0her fre<uency utiliCation
;leBibility for the development to the neBt 0eneration"
$i0h8speed hierarchical data rate"
6ate up to % MbitAs in fiBed environment
6ate up to ,7' GbitAs in pedestrian environment"
3
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
6ate up to !'' GbitAs for vehicle mounted stations"
Currently= instead of driven by pure technolo0y= the communication technolo0y is
developin0 into the mode featurin0 the combination and interoperability of services and
technolo0y" 5t is estimated that the lar0est and the most profound chan0e in the comin0
five to ten years is the strate0ic transition from voice services to data services from the
aspect of market application and service demand" )his chan0e will deeply influence the
development trend of the communication technolo0y"
Some researchers and telecom operators describe the fourth80eneration 1'G2 mobile
communication system as a new world better than ,G= which can provide many
unima0inable applications" )he 'G system can provide over !// MbitAs data transmission
rate= which is !/=/// times of the current MSs and 3/ times of ,G MSs" )he 'G MSs can
provide hi0h8performance multi8media contents" )hrou0h 5& application= the 'G MS can
serve as a personal identification device" 5t can also receive hi0h8resolution movies and
)? pro0rams= acin0 as the brid0e of combined broadcast and new telecommunication
infrastructure" 5n addition= some services= such as 'G wireless instant connection= are less
char0ed than ,G services"
&&* GSM Definition
Ori0inally= the Global System for Mobile Communication 1GSM2 was the standard made
for the communication system workin0 at .// M$C in @urope" #ecause the analo0
communication system has limited capability in eBpansion= the GSM is developed on the
demand for capacity eBpansion and has achieved 0lobal success" GSM has become the
wireless communication standard widely accepted in the world"
)he development process of the GSM is as followsF
!.7%F )he Group Special Mobile 1GSM2 was set up in the Conference of
@uropean *osts and )elecommunications 1C@*)2 to develop the %G mobile
communication system"
!.7(F @i0ht proposals put forward by @uropean countries after massive research
and eBperiments were accepted in *aris= and on8site eBperiments were performed"
-fter on8site test= demonstration= and comparison= the GSM member countries
have reached an a0reement that the di0ital system adopts narrowband )ime
&ivision Multiple -ccess 1)&M-2= 6e0ular *ulse @Bcitation8Lon0 )erm
*rediction 16*@8L)*2= voice codin0= and Gaussian Minimum Shift Geyin0
4
Chapter ! GSM Overview
1GMSG2 modulation"
@i0hteen @uropean countries reached GSM Memorandum of 9nderstandin0
1MO92"
GSM took effect"
!..!F )he first GSM network was deployed in @urope"
!..%F )he GSM standard was froCen"
!..,F )he major part of the GSM phase 55 standard was completed"
!..'F - new research phase 1*hase %H2 was added to further improve the GSM as
the platform of mobile data services"
5n the sta0e of GSM *hase 55H= the G*6S service is introduced to provide subscribers
with end8to8end mobile data service based on packet switchin0" )o support the G*6S= the
GSM introduces two kinds of new e<uipmentF Servin0 G*6S Support 4ode 1SGS42 and
Gateway G*6S Support 4ode 1GGS42" )he SGS4 provides similar functions as the
MSC" 5t accomplishes G*6S channel assi0nment= mobility mana0ement= encryption= and
char0in0" GGS4 mainly provides various interconnection interfaces to support the
interconnection amon0 eBternal *&4s like 5nternet and D"%3 and other *LM4s" #y
settin0 up a G*6S backbone network with the above two new types of e<uipment and the
eBistin0 transmission networks 1-)M or frame relay network2 and modifyin0 the eBistin0
GSM network= the operator can easily provide both circuit and packet services and make
effective use of the radio resources and the terrestrial network resources"
@G*6S is a solution for the evolution from G*6S to 9M)S" 5t is 0radually introduced to
the GSM network to provide hi0her data transmission rate" Compared with G*6S= @G*6S
mainly features new modulation and codin0= supports 7*SG modulation and ,/,J GMSG
payload= and provides hi0her bit rate and fre<uency spectrum efficiency" @G*6S also
supports . codin0 schemes from MCS8! to MCS8. and about , times of G*6S bit rate"
:ith @G*6S= network operators can utiliCe eBistin0 wireless network e<uipment to the
maBimum eBtent= and provide subscribers with individual multimedia communication
services before the ,G mobile network is put into commercial use" )he @G*6S can be
introduced without addin0 G*6S network e<uipment" 5t brin0s little impact on the GSM
core network and network applications= but mainly affects the #SS system"
5
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
&* Ser"ices Supporte% )y GSM System
&*& Telecom Ser"ices Pro"i%e% )y GSM
! Circuit Services
!2 ?oice service
;ull8rate voice service
$alf8rate voice service
@nhanced full8rate voice service
%2 &ata Services
!'"'GbitAs full8rate data service
."(GbitAs full8rate data service
'"7GbitAs full8rate data service
%"'GbitAs full8rate data service
% SMS services 1support Chinese short messa0es2
!2 *oint8to8point short messa0e service
*oint8to8point short messa0e service with the mobile user servin0 as called
*oint8to8point short messa0e service with the mobile user servin0 as caller
%2 Cell #roadcast Short Messa0e
Cell broadcast service ori0inated from the SMS center or the OMC86"
, *acket Services
!2 G*6S service
%2 @&G@ Service
-t present= the point8to8point interactive telecom services are supported= includin0
-ccess to the databaseF -llocate service to users as needed= e"0" 5nternet= and
provide storin0 and forwardin0= as well as information processin0 for user8to8user
communications"
Session serviceF *rovide bi8directional user8to8user and port8to8port real time
information communication= e"0" 5nternet )elnet service"
6
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)ele8action serviceF -pplicable to small8volume data processin0 services= credit
card confirmations= lottery transactions= electronic monitorin0= remote meter
readin0 1water= electricity and 0as2= monitorin0 systems= and so on"
&*&* Supplementary Ser"ices of t(e GSM System
GSM supplementary services are diversified= includin0F
Call ;orwardin0 9nconditionalF forward all incomin0 calls to the number specified by
the subscriber"
#arrin0F barrin0 of out0oin0Acomin0 calls"
Call :aitin0F :hen a call is connected for a subscriber= indication of a new comin0 call
is 0iven to the subscriber" )he subscriber can accept= reject or i0nore the waitin0 call"
Call $oldF - subscriber can suspend the connected call to do other thin0s"
Multiparty ServiceF - simultaneous communication with up to siB parties is allowed"
Closed 9ser GroupF )he subscribers of C9G are restricted from out0oin0 and incomin0
calls= but they can normally communicate with each other"
$ot #illin0F )he network 0enerates an instant call billin0 messa0e from the billin0
mana0er" 5t is applicable to leased phone service= includin0 all kinds of call modes" #ills
are 0enerated and presented to the subscriber immediately after the call is ended"
&+ GSM Specification
GSM critieria was issued and compiled by @)S5"
@)S5 divided it into many phases= established Special Mobile Group 1SMG2 that takes
responsibility for relevant GSM criteria"
GSM criteria only contain detailed specification for its functions and interfaces= no
re0ulations for hardware" )his is to reduce desi0n restriction and enable various operators
can buy e<uipment from different manufacturers"
)echnical specification for GSM system can be divided into !% chaptersF
!" Overview
%" Service
," 4etwork
7
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
'" MS8#S interface and protocol
3" *hyscial layer at radio path
(" ?oice codin0 specification
+" MS terminal adapter
7" #S8MSC interface
." 4etwork interconnection
!/" Service interconnection
!!" 6eco0niCed e<uipment and model specification
!%" Operation and maintenance
8
* GSM ,et#or- Structure
$no#le%ge points
)his section introduces network structure of GSM system and basic functions of
various 4@s"
*& GSM Area Di"ision Concepts
5n the GSM system= due to the mobility of users= the location information is a very
crucial parameter= which can be presented in the way as shown in ;i0ure %"! 8%"
;i0ure %"!8% 6elationship between -reas in GSM
)he smallest area in the GSM network is the area covered by a #)S 1all8direction
antenna2 or a sector antenna= and it is the cell"
Several cells can compose a location area that can be set by the network operators" -
location area can be associated with one or more #SCs but belon0s to one MSC"
Location area information is stored in MSCA?L6 of the system and the L-5 is used for
location area identification"
)o confirm the position of the mobile station= the re0ion covered by each GSM *LM4 is
divided into several L-s" One L- can contain one or several cells" )he network will store
the L- of each mobile station as location information for pa0in0 the mobile station" )he
pa0in0 of the mobile station is made by pa0in0 all the cells in the location area where the
mobile station is located" 5n the plannin0 of the network= it is paramount to divide
9
location areas" 5n the division of location areas= on the premise that no eBcessively hi0h
call load occurs= try to minimiCe the number of location updates"
:hen an MS moves into another location area= it will find that the received L-5 differs
from the ori0inal one stored in the S5M card and then re0isters the new one" )his process
is location update process that is initiated by the MS"
)he MSC service area is the area overlapped by all the cells under it" 5t can be one or
several location areas"
*LM4 service area is composed of one or multiple MSC service areas and each country
may have one or several of them" ;or eBample= the national GSM mobile communication
network code of China Mobile is represented by K//L= while that of China 9nicom is
represented by K/!L"
GSM service area contains the *LM4s of countries all over the world"
*&* GSM composition
)he GSM communication system consists mainly of three partsF mobile switchin0 sub8
system 1MSS2= base8station sub8system 1#SS2 and mobile station 1MS2= as shown in
;i0ure %"% 8,"
IBM
IBM
#SS MSS
MS
MS
*S)4
Other
PLMN
9m
5nterfac
e
-
5nterf
ace
;i0ure %"%8, GSM System Composition
Mo-ile Switc!in$ Su-s(ste. /MSS0
MSS fulfills messa0e eBchan0in0= user information mana0ement= call connection and
number mana0ement functions"
10
Chapter ! GSM Overview
#ase Station Su-s(ste. /#SS0
)he #SS is controlled by MSC in a certain wireless covera0e and communicates with the
MS" 5t implements channel allocation= user access and pa0in0= and information
transmission functions"
Mo-ile Station /MS0
MS which is the mobile e<uipment of the GSM system consists of two partsF mobile
terminal and customer 5& card 1S5M card2" )he mobile terminal is nothin0 but a
KhandsetL= which performs such functions as voice codin0= channel codin0= information
encryption= information modulation and demodulation= information transmission and
receivin0"
O1eration 2 Maintenance Su-s(ste. /OMS0
-lso includin0 the operation and maintenance subsystem 1OMS2= the GSM system
mana0es and monitors the entire GSM network" 5t implements the functions like
monitorin0= status reportin0 and fault dia0nosis of all the component functions within the
GSM network"
*osition of GSM di0ital mobile communication network in #SS is as shown in ;i0ure
%"% 8'"
11
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
#SCn
#)S
MSCA?L6
SGS4
SMC
$L6A-9C
@56
MS
Other PLMN
GGS4
GGS4
*&4
)@
*S)4 MSCA?L6
-bis
#)S
MS
9m
-bis

#SC!

-
Gb
;i0ure %"%8' *osition of the #SS in the GSM 4etwork
)he #SS provides a brid0e between the fiBed part and the wireless part in the *LM4
network= connects the MS for communications directly via the wireless interface and
connects the MSC of MSS"
;i0ure %"% 83 shows the basic GSM network structure"
12
Chapter ! GSM Overview
#SC
)6-
9
MSCA?L6
SMC
GMS
C
-9
C
5:
;
@56
$L
6
*S)4
5S&
4
*&4
Signal
#)
S
MS
#)
S
MS
;i0ure %"%83 GSM 4etwork Structure
)he meanin0 of each name is as followsF
MSF Mobile Station
#)SF #ase )ransceiver Station
#SCF #ase Station Controller
)6-9F )ranscodin0 and 6ate -daptation 9nit
5:;F 5nterworkin0 ;unction
@56F @<uipment 5dentity 6e0ister
MSCF Mobile Switchin0 Center
?L6F ?isitor Location 6e0ister
GMSCF Gateway MSC
$L6F $OM@ Location 6e0ister
-9CF -uthentication Center
13
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
SMCF Short Messa0e Center
*S)4F *ublic Switched )elephone 4etwork
5S&4F 5nte0rated Services &i0ital 4etwork
*&4F *ublic &ata 4etworks
- GSM di0ital mobile communication system is composed of the Mobile Switchin0
System 1MSS2= #ase Station Subsystem 1#SS2= Operation Maintenance Sub8system
1OMS2 and Mobile Station 1MS2" )he followin0 introduces the functions of each part"
*&+ Mo)ile S#itc(ing System .MSS/
4SS performs switchin0 function and database for mana0ement of user data= mobility
and security"
)he MSS consists of such entities as the mobile switchin0 center 1MSC2= home location
re0ister 1$L62= visitor location re0ister 1?L62= e<uipment identity re0ister 1@562=
authentication center 1-9C2 and short messa0e center 1SMC2"
MSCF -s the core of the GSM= the MSC implements the switchin0 function= that
is= accomplishes the communication connection between the *LM4 subscribers
and the subscribers in other networks" 5t implements the functions such as the
pa0in0 access of *LM4 subscribers= channel assi0nment= call connection= traffic
control= billin0= and base station mana0ement" 5t provides interfaces to other
functional entities= interfaces with other networks= and interfaces for connectin0
with other MSCs"
$L6F )he central database of the system" 5t stores all subscriber8related
information= includin0 roamin0 authority= basic services= supplementary services
and current location information" 5t provides routin0 information for MSC for the
purpose of call setup" -n $L6 may cover multiple MSCs or even the whole
mobile network"
?L6F ?L6 stores information of all subscribers in the covera0e= and provides
conditions for establishin0 call connections for the re0istered mobile subscribers"
-s a dynamic database= the ?L6 must eBchan0e lar0e volume of data with the
$L6 to ensure data validity" :hen a subscriber leaves the controllin0 area of a
?L6= it re0isters in another ?L6" )he ori0inal ?L6 deletes the temporary records
of that subscriber" )he ?L6 is always inte0rated with the MSC physically"
14
Chapter ! GSM Overview
-9CF - strictly protected database that stores subscriber authentication information
and encryption parameters" )he -9C and $L6 are inte0rated physically"
@56F Stores parameters related to the mobile station e<uipment" 5t can identify=
monitor and block the mobile e<uipment= to prevent unauthoriCed mobile
e<uipment from 0ainin0 access to the network"
*&0 Base Station Su)system .BSS/
#SS serves as a brid0e between the 4SS and MS" 5t performs wireless channel
mana0ement and wireless transceivin0" )he #SS includes the #ase Station Controller
1#SC2 and #ase )ransceiver Station 1#)S2"
#SCF Located between the MSC and the #)Ss= the #SC controls and mana0es one
or several #)S" 5t accomplishes radio channel assi0nment= #)S and MS transmit
power control= and inter8cell handover" )he #SC is also a small switch that
convers the local network via 5nterface - and connects with the MSC"
-s a wireless transceivin0 e<uipment controlled by the #SC in the #SS= the #)S
is in char0e of radio transmission and implements wired8related wireless
conversion= radio diversity= radio channel encryption= and hoppin0" )he #)S is
connected with the #SC throu0h -bis interface= and connected with the MS
throu0h 9m interface"
5n addition= the #SS also comprises the )6-9" Located between the #SC and the MSC=
the )6-9 performs the conversion between !( GbitAs 6*@8L)* codes and (' GbitAs -
law *CM codes"
*&1 !peration 2 Maintenance Su)system .!MS/
)he OMS refers to the operation maintenance part of the GSM system" -ll functional
units in the GSM system can be connected to the OMS via respective networks" )he
OMS performs such functions as monitorin0 various functional units in the GSM
network= issuin0 status report= and dia0nosin0 faults"
)he OMS consists of two partsF Operation Maintenance Center M System 1OMC8S2
and OMC86adio 1OMC862" )he OMC8S serves the 4SS= while the OMC86 serves the
#SS"
15
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
*&3 Mo)ile Station .MS/
-s the subscriber e<uipment in the GSM= the MS can be vehicle installed or hand
portable" )he MS consists of mobile terminals and Subscriber 5dentity Module 1S5M2
card"
)he mobile terminal is in char0e of voice si0nal processin0 and radio transceivin0"
)he S5M stores all information re<uired for identifyin0 a subscriber and security
information= preventin0 unauthoriCed user access" - mobile terminal can not 0ain
access to the GSM network without an S5M card"
*&4 GSM System ,um)er
*&4& Mo)ile Su)scri)er 5SD, ,um)er .MS5SD,/
MS5S&4 number is the number dialed by caller while callin0 certain subscriber in di0ital
public terrain celluar mobile communication network" 5ts number comprises ofF

State 4o" $ome valid 5S&4 number
$ome Mobile 5S&4 number
China code number is 7("
)he structure for valide 5S&4 number in China isF

4!4%4,
Mobile service number
$!$%$,
$L6 5&
-#C&
Mobile number
$ome valid 5S&4 number
&omestic valid 5S&4 number is a number with !/ di0its"
!" Mobile service access number 14!4%4,2
)o identify different mobile systems= mobile service access number is !,38!,. for
current post and telecom; !,/ for China 9nicom"
16
Chapter ! GSM Overview
%" $L6 identification number 1$!$%$,2
$!$% in $L6 identification number is allocated uniformly by state; $, is assi0ned
by different provinces" One $L6 can contain one or more $!$%$, numbers"
," Mobile subscriber number 1-#C&2
-#C& is mobile suscriber number in each $L6= automatically assi0ned by
different $L6s"
*&4&* 5nternational Mo)ile Su)scri)er 5%entity .5MS5/
5MS5 is the only one number to identify a mobile subscriber in *LM4= composed of !3
di0its"

MCC M4C MS54
5nternational mobile number
$ome mobile number
MCC N mobile country code= composed of , di0its= to uni<uely identify the country for
mobile subscriber" China is '(/"
M4C N mobile network code= composed of % di0its= to uni<uely identify the mobile
network for mobile subscriber" GSM *LM4 network is // for post and telecom ministry=
and that for China 9nicom is /!"
MS54 Mobile subscriber identification number= a number with !/ di0its= such as
$!$%$,.DDDDDD" :here= $!$%$, is same as $!$%$, in MS5S&4; . represents
GSM.//M$O; DDDDDD is subscriber number"
5MS5 is used to all si0nalin0 in GSM mobile communication network= saved in $L6=
?L6 and S5M card"
*&4&+ Mo)ile Su)scri)er Roaming ,um)er .MSR,/
MS64 is a number that is assi0ned to mobile subscriber temporarily by ?L6 based on
$L6 re<uest each time callin0 mobile subscriber= its aim is to route a0ain" )his number
can be used by and relased to other subscribers after conneciton"
5ts structure is !,./M!M%M,-#C" M!M%M, is MSC number= and M!M% is same as
17
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
$!$% in MS5S&4 number"
-#C code is ///P'.."
*&4&0 'an%o"er ,um)er
$O4 is a number temporarily assi0ned to mobile subscriber by tar0et MSCA?L6= to
select route durin0 interoffice handover"
)his number is a part of MS64 number= only used durin0 interoffice handover for
mobile subscriber" 5t can be released to and used by other subscribers after connection" 5ts
structure is !,./M!M%M,-#C" M!M%M, is MSC number= and M!M% is same as
$!$% in MS5S&4 number"
-#C code is 3//P..."
*&4&1 Temporary Mo)ile Su)scri)er 5%entification .TMS5/
)MS5 is to provide security for 5MS5= which is temporarily assi0ned to visited mobile
subscriber identification number by ?L6" -s a ' bytes #C& code= it only can be used
locally and assi0ned by different MSCA?L6"
*&4&3 6ocation Area 5%entification .6A5/
L-5 is used to identify location area= its structure as followsF
MCCHM4CHL-C
:hereF MCC and M4C are same as that of 5MS5"
L-C is location area code= to uni<uely identify each location area in ChinaEs di0ital
*LM4" -s a % bytes heBadecimal #C& code= represented as L!L%L,L' 1ran0e is
////P;;;;= which can define (33,( different location areas"2
18
+ 5nterfaces an% Protocols
$no#le%ge points
G@6-4 interfaces
9ser planeAcontrol plane protocol stack at *S and CS
+& 5nerfaces
)he main interfaces in GSM system is as shown in ;i0ure ,"! 8!"
;i0ure ,"!8! GSM interfaces
9m interface is a wireless interface"
5nterface - provides messa0es about the establishment and deletion of 5nterface -
connection= as well as upper8layer messa0es transparently forwarded between MS and
MSC" 5nterface - also transfers voice information"
Gb interface provides messa0es about the establishement and deletion of Gb interface
connection= as well as upper8layer messa0es transparently forwarded between MS and
SGS4" Gb interface also transfers G*6S data"
+&* PS-Domain Protocol Stac-
+&*& 7ser Plane Protocol Stac- at PS Domain
)he user plane protocol stack at *S domain is as shown in ;i0ure ,"% 8%"
19
PHY
RLC
PDCP
LLC
SNDCP
PHY
RLC
PDCP
SNDCP
LLC
BSSGP
Network
Service
5u-ps
G)
7m
MS
6elay
GERAN SGSN
/ Ack Unack
RLC
MAC MAC
/ Ack Unack
RLC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
Gb influenced protocols
FR
IP
L2
FR
BSSGP
Network
Service
IP
L2
L1 L1
L1
GP!U
L2
UDP/IP
L1
GP!U
L2
UDP/IP
3s defined in
Iu S1ecs.
3s defined in
Iu S1ecs.
;i0ure ,"%8% 9ser plane protocol stack at *S domain
5n this fi0ure= the white sections represent the peculiar protocol stack under -AGb mode=
the li0ht 0rey sections representin0 the peculiar protocol stack under 5u mode= and the
0rey sections representin0 the common protocol stack under both modes" ;rom the
fi0ure= we can see that both operatin0 modes are separated above the M-C layer"
*rotocols at all layers under 5u mode are very similar to those of 9)6-4 in terms of
architecture and hierarchy= and most protocols= such as *&C*= G)*89= and 9&*A5*= are
identical" )heir difference lies in the protocol at the radio link layerF 6LCAM-C= which is
<uite different from the related protocols under -AGb mode" $owever= this is an
important evolution of G@6-4 as compared with GSMA@&G@"
! 9m 5nterface
!! GSM 6;
)he physical layer of the 9m interface is 6; interface= which uses the same
transmission mode as GSM circuit service" )he 6; interface mainly defines carrier
characteristic= channel structure= modulation mode= and 6; indeB"
%! 6LCAM-C Layer
6LC refers to the radio link control protocol of air interface between base station
and MS= with main functions includin0 error detection for 9m interface data
blocks as well as retransmission and confirmation of incorrect data blocks"
20
Chapter ! GSM Overview
M-C controls the access si0nalin0 process on radio channel= makes decision
when a lar0e number of MS access shared media= and maps LLC frame onto
GSM physical channels"
Compared with the M-C function under -AGb mode= G@6-4 M-C features the
followin0 two major differencesF
5t supports one M-C entity and multiple )#;s"
5t supports M-C8layer encryption"
,! LLC Layer
LLC is a radio link protocol based on hi0h8speed data link procedure $&LC" 5t
provides hi0hly reliable encrypted lo0ic links" )he LLC layer 0enerates LLC
addresses and frame fields from the S4&C data unit of the S4&C layer to create
complete LLC frames" LLC also supports point8to8multipoint addressin0 and
control of data frame resendin0" LLC is independent of the bottom8layer radio
interface protocol to minimiCe network subsystem 14SS2 modifications when
introducin0 other optional G6*S radio solutions" GSM/'"(' provides LLC
speficications"
'! S4&C*
-s the transition between the network layer and the link layer= S4&C* protocol is
mainly used for packetin0 and packa0in0 data= sendin0 data to the LLC layer for
transmission= and determinin0 )C*A5* address and encryption mode"
-t the S4&C layer= the data tranmitted between mobile station and SGS4 is
divided into one or more S4&C packet units= which are then placed in LLC frame"
3! 6elay
5t is used for the relay and forwardin0 of LLC *&9 between the 9m interface and
the Gb interface"
% Gb 5nterface
!! L! 8 *hysical transmission layer
L! can use % MbitAs @! cable or C-)3 network cable"
%! 4S 14etwork Service2
)he 4S layer is based on frame relay= and is used to tranmit upper8layer #SSG*
21
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
*&9"
,! #SSG*
)his protocol is used to provide a connectionless link between #SS and SGS4 for
unacknowled0ed data transmission on transmission platforms"
'! 5*
5* refers to the 5nternet *rotocol defined in 6;C +.!= and is used for routin0 user
data and control si0nalin0" 5* is used at the data link layer of the Gb interface
when ;@ transmission is used between #SC and SGS4"
3! ;6
;6 provides permanent virtual circuit and transmits user data and si0nalin0 at the
Gb interface" )he ;6 protocol is used at the data link layer of the Gb interface
when @! tranmission is used between #SC and SGS4"
+&*&* Control Plane Protocol Stac- at PS Domain
)he control plane protocol stack at *S domain is as shown in ;u0ure ,"% 8,"
RR
PHY
RLC
LLC
GMM/SM
PHY
RLC
RRC
GMM/SM
LLC
BSSGP
Network
Service
5u-ps
G)
7m
MS
6elay
GERAN SGSN
Ack/Unack
RLC
MAC MAC
Ack/Unack
RLC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
Gb influenced protocols
FR
IP
L2
FR
BSSGP
Network
Service
IP
L2
L1 L1
LAPD" LAPD"
RR
RRC
RR
PHY
RLC
LLC
GMM/SM
PHY
RLC
RRC
GMM/SM
LLC
BSSGP
Network
Service
5u-ps
G)
7m
MS
6elay
GERAN SGSN
Ack/Unack
RLC
MAC MAC
Ack/Unack
RLC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
Gb influenced protocols
FR
IP
L2
FR
BSSGP
Network
Service
IP
L2
L1 L1
LAPD" LAPD"
RR
RRC
L2
L1
RANAP
SCCP
As Define%
in 5u Specs#
L$
L2
L1
RANAP
SCCP
As Define%
in 5u Specs&
L$
;u0ure ,"%8, Control plane protocol stack at *S domain
5n this fi0ure= the white sections represent the peculiar protocol stack under -AGb mode=
the li0ht 0rey sections representin0 the peculiar protocol stack under 5u mode= and the
0rey sections representin0 the common protocol stack under both modes" )he functions
22
Chapter ! GSM Overview
of such protocols as 6-4-* and SCC* are identical with those of the correspondin0
9)6-4 protocols" )he 66C protocol plays a key role in the fusion of GSMA@&G@
network and 9)6-4" 5t inte0rates the characteristics of %G and ,G networks and
represents the most important evolution from G@6-4 to 9M)S"
GMMASM performs the followin0 mobilityAsession mana0ement functionsF G*6S
mobility mana0ement= session mana0ement protocol processin0 1such as attachAdetach2=
security mana0ement= routin0 area update= location area update= and *&* conteBt
activationAdeactivation"
+&+ CS-Domain Protocol Stac-
+&+& 7ser Plane Protocol Stac- at CS Domain
)he user plane protocol stack at CS domain is as shown in ;i0ure ,", 8'"

RLC RLC
G#%11/
F&
5u-cs
A
7m
MS
6elay
GERAN 2G!MSC
MAC MAC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
- influenced protocols
L1
L1
AAL2/AM
--L8%
S-6 SSCS
Fra"in'
Protoco(
)2*#+1*,
L1
AAL2/AM
--L8%
S-6 SSCS
Fra"in'
Protoco(
)2*#+1*,
RLP
AMR
L1
PHY
AMR/FR/
EFR/HR
AMR
PHY
ran-co.in' /RAU 0Re(a10
$G!MSC
RLP
RLP
;i0ure ,",8' 9ser plane protocol stack at CS domain
5n this fi0ure= the white sections represent the peculiar protocol stack under -AGb mode=
the li0ht 0rey sections representin0 the peculiar protocol stack under 5u mode= and the
0rey sections representin0 the common protocol stack under both modes" ;rom the
fi0ure= we can see that no user plane protocol processin0 eBists under 5nterface - mode"
5n fact= voice data only needs code conversion and rate adaption under 5nterface - mode"
23
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
9nder 5u mode= the user plane protocol stack of voice data is relatively simple" 5ts radio
interface protocol stack is the same as that of *S domain= with 5u interface protocol usin0
;* 1;ramin0 *rotocol2"
+&+&* Control Plane Protocol Stac- at CS Domain
)he control plane protocol stack at CS domain is as shown in ;i0ure ,", 83"
MP
A-
I2
L1
L2 )AAL*,
MP$!B
SSCF!NNI
SSC&P
RANAP
SCCP
L1
L2 )AAL*,
SSC&P
RANAP
SCCP
5u-cs
MS
6elay
GERAN MSC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
- influenced protocols
SCCP SCCP
BSSAP BSSAP
A
5u-cs
MS
6elay
GERAN MSC
Common protocols
5u influenced protocols
- influenced protocols
SCCP SCCP
BSSAP BSSAP
L1
A
L1
L2 )AAL*,
MP$!B
SSCF!NNI
SSC&P
RANAP
SCCP
L1
L2 )AAL*,
SSC&P
RANAP
SCCP
MP
L1
RR
RLC
RLC
RRC
7m
LAPD" LAPD"
RR
RRC
RR
PHY
MM/UMM/CC/SS
PHY
RRC
7m
MAC MAC
LAPD" LAPD"
RR
RRC
RLC
RLC
MM/UMM/CC/SS
A-
I2
;i0ure ,",83 Control plane protocol stack at CS domain
5n this fi0ure= the white sections represent the peculiar protocol stack under -AGb mode=
the li0ht 0rey sections representin0 the peculiar protocol stack under 5u mode= and the
0rey sections representin0 the common protocol stack under both modes" ;rom the
fi0ure= we can see that the control plane protocol stack at both CS domain and *S domain
is identical under 5u mode" *rotocols at all layers are as described previously= and will not
be further discussed here"
24
0 GSM Ra%io C(annel
$no#le%ge points
)his section introduces GSM radio frame= channel concept= division function for
different channels= mappin0 combination mechanism between channels"
0& GSM 8or-ing 9re:uency Ban%
! :orkin0 fre<uency
Currently= the GSM communication system works at .//M$C= eBtended .//M$C
and !7//M$C" !.//M$C band is adopted in some countries"
!2 .//M$C fre<uency
9plinkin0 1transmitted by MS and received by #S2 fre<uency ran0eF 7./M$CP
.!3M$C
&ownlinin0 1transmitted by #S and received by MS2 fre<uency ran0eF .,3M$CP
.(/M$C
%2 @Btended .//M$C band
9plinkin0 1transmitted by MS and received by #S2 fre<uency ran0eF 77/ M$CP
.!3 M$C
&ownlinin0 1transmitted by #S and received by MS2 fre<uency ran0eF .%3 M$CP
.(/ M$C
,2 !=7//M$C fre<uency
9plinkin0 1transmitted by MS and received by #S2 fre<uency ran0eF !+!/M$CP
!+73M$C
&ownlinin0 1transmitted by #S and received by MS2 fre<uency ran0eF !7/3M$CP
!77/M$C
'2 !=.//M$C fre<uency
9plinkin0 1transmitted by MS and received by #S2 fre<uency ran0eF !73/M$CP
!.!/M$C
25
&ownlinin0 1transmitted by #S and received by MS2 fre<uency ran0eF
!.,/M$CP!../M$C
% Channel interval
)he interval between two adjacent channels in any band is %// k$C"
, Channel confi0uration
-ll channels are confi0ured with the same interval"
!2 .//M$C fre<uency
)he channel numbers are in the ran0e of !P!%'" )here are !%' fre<uency bands in all"
)he relationship between the channel numbers and fre<uency band nominal
central fre<uency is illustrated as followsF
;u 1n2 N 7./ H /"% D n 1M$C2= uplink
;d 1n2 N ;u 1n2 H '3 1M$C2= downlink
:here= ! NQ n NQ !%'= n is a fre<uency se<uence= or an -bsolute 6adio ;re<uency
Channel 4umber 1-6;C42"
%2 @Btended .//M$C band
)he channel numbers are in the ran0e of /P!%' and .+3P!/%," )here are !+'
fre<uency bands in all"
)he relationship between the channel numbers and fre<uency band nominal
central fre<uency is illustrated as followsF
;u 1n2 N 7./ H /"% n 1M$C2= / NQ n NQ !%'
;u 1n2 N 7./ H /"% 1n8!/%'2 1M$C2= .+3 NQ n NQ !/%,
;d 1n2N;u 1n2 H '3 1M$C2
,2 !=7//M$C fre<uency
)he channel numbers are in the ran0e of 3!%P773" )here are ,+' fre<uency bands
in all"
)he relationship between the channel numbers and fre<uency band nominal
central fre<uency is illustrated as followsF
;u 1n2N!+!/"% H /"% 1n83!%2 1M$C2
26
Chapter ! GSM Overview
;d 1n2N;u 1n2 H .3 1M$C2
3!% n 773
'2 !=.//M$C fre<uency
)he channel numbers are in the ran0e of 3!%P7!!" )here are ,// fre<uency bands
in all"
)he relationship between the channel numbers and fre<uency band nominal
central fre<uency is illustrated as followsF
;u 1n2N!73/"% H /"% 1n83!%2 1M$C2
;d 1n2N;u 1n2 H 7/ 1M$C2
3!% n 7!!
' &upleB transceivin0 interval
!2 .//M$C fre<uency
)he dupleB transceivin0 interval is '3M$C"
%2 @Btended .//M$C band
)he dupleB transceivin0 interval is '3M$C"
,2 !=7//M$C fre<uency
)he dupleB transceivin0 interval is .3M$C"
'2 !=.//M$C fre<uency
)he dupleB transceivin0 interval is 7/M$C"
0&* Structure of GSM Ra%io 9rame
)here are five layers for structure of GSM radio frame= that is= timeslot= )&M- frame=
multiframe= super frame= and hyper frame"
! )imeslot is the basic unit of physical channel"
% )&M- frame is composed of 7 timeslots= a basic unti to occupy carrier bandwidth=
that is= each carrier has 7 timeslots"
, Multiframe has the followin0 two typesF
1!2 Multiframe composed of %( )&M- frames" )his kind of multiframe is used
27
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
to )C$= S-CC$= and ;-CC$"
1%2 Multiframe composed of 3! )&M- frames" )his kind of multiframe is used
to #CC$= CCC$ and S&CC$"
' Super frame is a continous 3!D%( )&M- frame= composed of 3! multiframes
with %( frames or %( multiframes with 3! frames"
3 $yper frame is composed of %/'7 super frames"
;i0ure '"% 8( lists the schematic dia0ram of hierarchical frame structure in GSM system"
;i0ure '"%8( $ierarchical frame structure in GSM system
)&M- frame is compiled cycly with the period of ,hrs %7mins 3,s +(/ms
1%/'73!%(7#* or %/'73!%( )&M- frames2" - hyper frame contains %/'73!%(
)&M- frames" @ach hyper frame can be divided into %/'7 super frames= each super
frame is 3!%( )&M- frames se<uence 1("!%s2" @ach super frame is composed of
multiframes" Multiframe can be divided into two types"
Multiframe with %( framesF it contains %( )&M- frames 1%(7#*2= with duraiton of
!%/ms" 3! multiframes form a super frame" )his kind of multiframe is used to carry )C$
1and S-CC$ plus ;-CC$2"
Multiframe with 3! framesF it contains 3! )&M- frames 13!7#*2= with duraiton of
,/(/A!,ms" %( multiframes form a super frame" )his kind of multiframe is used to #C$
and CCC$"
28
Chapter ! GSM Overview
0&+ P(ysical C(annel an% 6ogical C(annel
0&+& P(yC' P(ysical C(annel
)&M- indicates it is divided into 7 time se0ements by time on each carrier for GSM.//=
each timeslot se0ement is called as a timeslot")his kind of timeslot is called as channel=
or physical channel" - )&M- frame comprises of successive 7 timeslots on a carrier= that
is= one carrier can provide 7 physical channels on a carrier for GSM"
GSM uses )&M- and ;&M- technolo0ies= as shown in the fi0ure below"
;i0ure '",8( ;&M-
;i0ure '",8+ )&M-
29
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
0&+&* 6ogic c(annel
5f you consider each timeslot of )&M- frame as physical channel= the content
transmitted in physical channel is lo0ical channel" Lo0ic channel indicates the control
lo0ic channel or voice= data lo0ic channel assi0ned in 7 timeslots for )&M- for different
control si0nals and voice or data services"
)he transmitted information on physical channel in GSM di0ital system is the pulse
strin0 composed of about !// modulated bits= called as burst pulse se<uence 8 #urst"
Carry different lo0ic channels in different #urst information formats"
)he lo0ical channels fall into common channels and dedicated channels" ;i0ure '", 8+
shows the lo0ical channels defined by the GSM"
;i0ure '",8+ GSM Lo0ic Channel
0&+&*& Common C(annel
)he common channel means the broadcast control channel to transfer broadcast messa0es
from the #)S to MS= and the common control channel to transfer the bidirectional
si0nals re<uired to set up connections between the Mobile8Service Switchin0 Center
1MSC2 and MS"
! #roadcast Channel
#C$s are unidirectional channels from the base station to the MS" )he #C$s
30
Chapter ! GSM Overview
comprisesF
;re<uency correction channel 1;CC$2F )ransmits the information used to correct
the MS fre<uency" )he MS receives the fre<uency correction information throu0h
the ;CC$ and corrects its time base fre<uency"
SynchroniCation channel 1SC$2F )ransmits frame synchroniCation 1)&M- frame
number2 information and #ase Station 5dentity Code 1#S5C2 to MSs"
#roadcast control channel 1#CC$2F #roadcasts 0eneral information to #)Ss" ;or
eBample= broadcast the local cell and nei0hborin0 cell information= and
synchroniCation 1time and fre<uency2 information on this channel" )he MSs listen
to the #CC$ periodically to obtain the information transmitted on it= such as the
Local -rea 5dentity= List of 4ei0hborin0 Cell= fre<uency table used in the local
cell= cell identity= power control indication= intermittent transmission permission=
access control= and C#C$ description" )he #CC$ carrier is transmitted by the
base station at the fiBed power= and its si0nal stren0th is measured by all the MSs"
% Common Control Channel
)he CCC$s are point8to8multipoint bi8directional channels between the base
station and the MS" includin0
*a0in0 channel 1*C$2F #roadcasts the pa0in0 messa0es from the base station to
the MS" 5t is a downlink channel"
6andom access channel 16-C$2F )he MS sends information to the base station
throu0h this channel when accessin0 the network at random" )he information sent
includes the response to the pa0in0 messa0e of the base station and the access of
mobile8ori0inated call" )he MS also applies for a stand8alone dedicated control
channel 1S&CC$2 from the base station throu0h this channel" )he 6-C$ is a
uplink channel"
-ccess 0rant channelF )he base station sends the assi0ned S&CC$ to the MS that
accesses the network successfully throu0h this channel" )he -GC$ is a downlink
channel"
0&+&*&* De%icate% C(annel .DC'/
&edicated channels are the traffic channels that transmit voices and data" Some dedicated
channels are used for the purpose of control"
! &edicated Control Channel
31
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
)he &CC$s are point8to8point bi8directional channels between the base station
and the MS" )he &CC$s includeF
Stand8alone dedicated control channel 1S&CC$2F )ransmits the si0nalin0 and
channel information between the base station and the MS= such as the
authentication and re0istration si0nalin0 messa0es" &urin0 the establishment of a
call= the S&CC$ supports bi8directional data transmission and the transfer of short
messa0es"
Slow associated control channel 1S-CC$2F )hrou0h this channel= the base station
sends the power control messa0e and frame adjustment messa0e to the MS= and
receives si0nal stren0th report and link <uality report from the MS"
;ast associated control channel 1;-CC$2F )ransmits inter8cell handover si0nalin0
messa0es between the base station and the MS"
% )raffic Channel
)he )C$s transmit voice and data services" -ccordin0 to the switchin0 mode= the
)C$s can be divided into circuit8switched channels and data8switched channels"
-ccordin0 to the transmit rate= the )C$s can be divided into full8rate channels and
half8rate channels" )he rate of the GSM full8rate channels is !, GbitAs= and that of
the GSM half8rate channels is ("3 GbitAs" 5n addition= the enhanced full8rate
channel has the same rate as the full8rate channels= which is !, GbitAs" $owever= it
has better compressed codin0 scheme than the full8rate channels" )hat is why the
enhanced full8rate channel provides better voice <uality"
0&+&+ C(annel Com)ination
5n practice= lo0ic channels of different types are usually mapped to the same physical
channel= which is called channel combination"
;ollowin0s are nine channel combinations of GSMF
! ;ull8rate traffic channel 1)C$;ull2F )C$A; H ;-CC$A; H S-CC$A);;
% $alf8rate traffic channel 1)C$$alf2F )C$A$ 1/= !2 H ;-CC$A$1/= !2 H
S-CC$A)$ 1/= !2;
, $alf8rate! traffic channel 1)C$$alf%2F )C$A$ 1/= /2 H ;-CC$A$ 1/= !2
HS-CC$A)$ 1/= !2 H )C$A$ 1!= !2;
' 5ndividual dedicated control channel S&CC$F S&CC$A7 1/= R = +2 H S-CC$AC7
32
Chapter ! GSM Overview
1/= R = +2;
3 Main broadcast control channel 1Main#CC$2F ;CC$ H SC$ H #CC$ H CCC$;
( Combined broadcast control channel 1#CC$Combined2F ;CC$ H SC$ H #CC$
H CCC$ H S&CC$A' 1/= R =,2 H S-CC$AC' 1/= R = ,2;
+ #roadcast channel 1#C$2F ;CC$ H SC$ H #CC$;
7 Cell broadcast channel 1#CC$withC#C$2F ;CC$ H SC$ H #CC$ H CCC$ H
S&CC$A' 1/= R = ,2 H S-CC$AC' 1/= R = ,2 H C#C$;
. Slow dedicated control channel 1S&CC$withC#C$2F S&CC$ H S-CC$ H
C#C$"
-mon0 the above channel combinations= CCC$ N *C$ H 6-C$ H -GC$" C#C$F Only
downlink channels are aC#C$F Only downlink channels are available= carryin0 cell
broadcast information and sharin0 the physical channel with S&CC$"
@ach cell broadcasts an ;CC$ and an SC$" )he basic combination in downlink includes
an ;CC$= an SC$= a #CC$ and a CCC$ 1*C$H-GC$2= allocated strictly to )4/ of
#CC$ carrier confi0ured for a cell= as shown in ;i0ure '", 87"
S F B C
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
*1 34
S F C C S F C C S F C C I
R R R R R R R R R R
D5 D1 D2 D$ D+ D* D6 D% A5 A1 A2 A$
S F C C
R R R R R R R R R R
I I I
D5 D1 D2 D$ D+ D* D6 D% A+ A* A6 A% I I I
A1 A2 A$ I I I
A* A6 A% I I I
D5 D1 D2 D$ D+ D* D6 D% A5
D5 D1 D2 D$ D+ D* D6 D% A+
S F B C S F C C S F D5 D1 S F D2 D$ I S F A5 A1
S F B C S F C C S F D5 D1 S F D2 D$ I S F A2 A$
D$
D$
R R
R R
A2 A$
A5 A1
D2
D2
S F
S F
D5 D1
D5 D1
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
F78FCCH S78SCH
B78BCCH C78CCCH79CCCH:PCH;AGCH;RACH7<
R78RACH D78SDCCH
A78SACCH/C I78i.(e
BCCH;CCCH
79=>??7<
BCCH;CCCH
79@=??7<
A SDCCH/A
79=>??7<
A SDCCH/A
79@=??7<
BCCH;CCCH
;+SDCCH/+
79=>??7<
BCCH;CCCH
;+SDCCH/+
79@=??7<
)a, FCCH;SCH;BCCH;CCCH
)B, SDCCH/A)5C###C%,;SACCH/CA)5C###C%,
)c, FCCH;SCH;CCCH;SDCCH/+)5C###C$,;SACCH/C+)5C###C$,
;i0ure '",87 3!8frame Channel Structure
;or the half8rate voice channel combination= each timeslot has two half8rate sub8channels
33
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
and correspondin0 S-CC$= with %()&M- frames as the multi8frame" )he frame
structure is shown in ;i0ure '", 8."
$
/
$
/
S
!
S
/
$
!
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
/
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
$
!
%( f rames
;i0ure '",8. Structure of $alf8rate ?oice Channel
0&+&+& C(annel Mapping
Obviously= the lo0ical channels in the GSM are much more than the ei0ht physical
channels that a GSM carrier can provide" 5f each lo0ical channel is confi0ured with a
physical channel= the ei0ht physical channels provided by a carrier are not enou0h" 5n
such case= eBtra carriers must be added" $owever= the communication in this way is not
hi0hly effective" )he way to solve this problem is to multipleB the CCC$= that is=
multipleB the CCC$ on one or two physical channels"
5n GSM= the mappin0 relationship between the physical channel and the lo0ical channel
is set up as followsF
One base station 1#S2 has 4 carriers= and each carrier has ei0ht timeslots" Carriers are
defined as f/= f!= f%= R ;or the downlink= the numberin0 be0ins with the /th timeslot
1)S/2 of f/" )S/ is used only to mappin0 the control channel" f/ is also called the
broadcastin0 control channel 1#CC$2" ;i0ure '", 8!/ shows the multipleBin0
relationship of #CC$ and CCC$ on )S/"
;i0ure '",8!/ MultipleBin0 of #CC$ and CCC$ on )S/
34
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)he #CC$ and CCC$ occupy 3! )S/s in total" )hou0h only the )S/ of each frame is
occupied= the len0th is 3! )&M- frames in terms of time" -s a multiframe= its end is
marked by the appearance of an idle frame" -fter the idle frame= a new multiframe starts
from ; and S" 6epetition in this constitutes the multiframe structure of )&M-"
:hen there is no pa0in0 or call access= the #S always transmits f/ on" )his enables the
MS to detect the si0nal stren0th of the #S and to determine which cell to use"
;or the uplink= the )S/ on f/ does not include the above channels" 5t is used only for the
access of the MS; that is= it is used in the uplink as the 6-C$" ;i0ure '", 8!! shows the
)S/ of 3! consecutive )&M- frames"
;i0ure '",8!! MultipleBin0 of 6-C$ on )S/
)he #CC$= ;CC$= SC$= *C$= -GC$ and 6-C$ are all mapped to the )S/" )he
6-C$ is mapped to the uplink= and the rest are mapped to the downlink"
)he )S! on f/ is used to map the dedicated control channel to the physical channel"
;i0ure '", 8!% shows the mappin0 relationship"
;i0ure '",8!% MultipleBin0 of S&CC$ and S-CC$ on )S! 1&ownlink2
35
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
Since the bit rate in call setup and re0istration is <uite low= ei0ht dedicated control
channels can be placed on one timeslot to improve the multipleBin0 ratio of the timeslot"
)he S&CC$ and S-CC$ have !/% timeslots in total= that is= !/% time division
multipleBin0 1)&M2 frames"
)he &D 1&/= &!= R2 of the S&CC$ is used only when the MS sets up a call" :hen the
MS transfers to the )C$ and the subscriber starts the conversation or the release is
re0istered= the &D is used in other MSs"
)he -D 1-/= -!= R2 of the S-CC$ is mainly used to transfer unimportant control
information such as wireless measurement data"
)he )S! on the uplink f/ and that on the downlink f/ have the same structure" )hey have
an offset in time= however= which means simultaneous bidirectional connection for an
MS" ;i0ure '", 8!, shows the multipleBin0 of the S&CC$ and S-CC$ on the )S! of
the uplink f/"
;i0ure '",8!, MultipleBin0 of S&CC$ and S-CC$ on )S! 19plink2
)he uplink and downlink )S/ and )S! on f/ are used by the lo0ical control channel=
while the remainin0 siB physical channels )S% to )S+ are used by the )C$"
;i0ure '", 8!' shows the mappin0 from the )C$ from the physical channel"
36
Chapter ! GSM Overview
;i0ure '",8!' MultipleBin0 of )C$
;i0ure '", 8!' only 0ives the )&M relationship of )S%" 5n this fi0ure= ) stands for the
)C$= which is used to transmit voice or data; - for the S-CC$= which is used to transfer
control commands such as the command to chan0e the output power; 5 for 5dle= which
does not contain any information but is used in measurement" )S% conducts )&M with
%( timeslots as a cycle" )he idle timeslot serves as the be0innin0 or end of a repeatin0
se<uence"
)he structure of the )C$ of the uplink is completely the same as that of the )C$ of the
downlink" )he only difference is an offset in time= which is three timeslots" )hat is= the
)S% of the uplink and that of the downlink do not appear simultaneously= which means
that it is not necessary for the MS to conduct sendin0 and receivin0 simultaneously"
;i0ure '", 8!3 shows the offset between the uplink and downlink of the )C$"
;i0ure '",8!3 9plink and &ownlink Offset of )C$
;rom the above description= it can be concluded that on f/F
)S/F a lo0ical control channel= with repeat cycle of 3! timeslots"
)S!F a lo0ical control channel= with repeat cycle of !/% timeslots"
)S%F a lo0ical service channel= with repeat cycle of %( timeslots"
37
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
)S, to )S+F lo0ical traffic channels= with repeat cycle of %( timeslots"
)he )S/ to )S+ of other f/ P f4 are all traffic channels"
)he channel confi0uration adopted by O)@ for common cells is as followsF
4umber of carrier fre<uencies ! % , ' 3 ( +
4umber of control channels ! % % % , , ,
4umber of service channels + !' %% ,/ ,+ '3 3,
0&0 System Messages
0&0& !"er"ie#
)o 0et or provide different services= MS need 0et many messa0es from the network" )he
messa0es broadcasted from radio interfaces are called as system messa0es= fallin0 into !%
typesF type!= %= %bis= %ter= ,= '= 3= 3bis= 3ter= (= += 7"
@ach system messa0e is composed of the followin0 elementsF
4etwork 5&= L-5= and cell 5&"
Measurement report messa0e for cell handover and process mesa0e for cell
selection"
&escriptive messa0e of the structure of current control channel"
Messa0es on different options in this cell"
Messa0es about allocation of #CC$ fre<uency in adjacent cell"
System messa0e is transferred in two kinds of lo0ical channelsF #CC$ and S-CC$
channels"
!! 5n idle mode= the network transfers system messa0e !P' and +P7 throu0h #CC$"
%! 5n communication mode= the network transfers system messa0e 3 and ( throu0h
S-CC$"
0&0&* Content of system message
)he system messa0e contains the followin0 contentsF
! System messa0e !F cell channel description H 6-C$ control parameters
% System messa0e %F description of #CC$ fre<uency in adjacent cell H 6-C$
38
Chapter ! GSM Overview
control messa0e H allowed *LM4
, System messa0e %bisF description of #CC$ fre<uency in eBtended adjacent cell H
6-C$ control messa0e
' System messa0e %terF description % of #CC$ fre<uency in eBtended adjacent cell
3 System messa0e ,F cell id H L-5 H control channel description H cell selection
parameter H 6-C$ control parameter
( System messa0e 'F L-5 H cell selection parameter H 6-C$ control parameter H
C#C$ channel description H C#C$ mobile confi0uration
+ System messa0e 3F description of #CC$ fre<uency in adjacent cell
7 System messa0e 3bisF description of #CC$ fre<uency in eBtended adjacent cell
. System messa0e 3terF description of #CC$ fre<uency in eBtended adjacent cell
!/" System messa0e (F cell id H L-5 H cell selection
!!" System messa0e +F cell reselection parameter
!%" System messa0e 7F cell reselection parameter

39
1 Basic Ser"ice an% Signaling Process
$no#le%ge points
)his section introduces GSM terminal start= position re0isterAupdate= service call and
handover service implementation and si0nalin0 interaction process"
1& Mo)ile su)scri)er state
1&& MS starts; net#or- %oes <Attac(< mar-s on it
)hat is= commonly used 5MS5 attachment= divided into the followin0 three casesF
!" 5f MS is started firstlyF no L-5 in S5M card= MS transmits >location update
re<uest> messa0e to MSC= inform GSM system this is a new subscriber in this
location area" MSC transmits >location update re<uest> to $L6 based on 5MS5
number sent by this subscriber= $L6 records MSC number that sends re<uest= and
correspondin0 ?L6 number= and send MSC >location update acceptance>
messa0e" 9p to now= MSC considers the MS is activated= do attachement mark on
correspondin0 5MS5 for this subscriber= then send >location update validation>
messa0e to MS= and S5M card of this MS records this location area identification"
%" 5f MS is not firstly started= but start after shutdown= L-5 accepted by MS is not
consistent with ori0inal L-5 in its S5M card= MS immediately sends >location
update re<uest> to MSC= ?L6 shall jud0e whether ori0inal L-5 is the ori0inal
location in service area"
5f jud0ement is affirmative= MSC only re<uires chan0e ori0inal L-5 code in user
S5M card to new L-5 code"
5f it is ne0ative= MSC sends >location update re<uest> to $L6 based on the
information in 5MS5 number for this subscriber= $L6 records the MSC number to
send re<uest into database= then return >location update acceptance>" MSC does
>attachment> mark for user 5MS5= and send >location update acknowled0ement>
messa0e to MS= and MS chan0es ori0inal L-5 code in S5M card to new L-5 code"
:hen MS starts a0ain= the received L-5 is consistent with that saved in ori0inal S5M
41
cardF at this time= ?L6 does >attachment> mark for this subscriber"
1&&* MS s(ut%o#ns; separate% from net#or-&
-fter MS powers off= MS sends separation processin0 re<uest to MSC= MSC informs
?L6 to do >separation> marks for this MS on correspondin0 5MS5 after receivin0 the
re<uest" -t this time= $L6 doesnEt 0et the notification that this subscriber has detach from
the network" :hen this subscriber is pa0ed= $L6 re<uests MS64 from visitor
MSCA?L6= and then ?L6 informs $L6 this subscriberEs MS power off"
1&&+ MS Busy
-t this time= assi0n a service channel to transmit voice or data for this MS= and label this
subscriber as >busy> on subscriber 5S&4"
1&* 6ocation 7p%ate
:hen an MS moves into another location area= it will find that the received L-5 differs
from the ori0inal one stored in the S5M card and then re0isters the new one" )his process
is location update process that is initiated by the MS" )here are two cases for location
updateF
!" Location area of MS is chan0ed= but still at same MSC office;
%" MS transfers from one MSC office to the other MSC office"
1&*& 6ocation up%ate at a MSC office
5f location is updated at a MSC office= $L6 doesnEt participate in location update
process" Location update at same office is as shown in ;i0ure 3"% 8!(F


#SC


"%!
"!!
",! "'!

MSCA?L6

L-5
!

L-5
%

M
S
M
S
;i0ure 3"%8!( Location 9pdate at Same MSC Office
42
Chapter ! GSM Overview
Location update at same MSC office is simple= fallin0 into the followin0 four stepsF
:hen MS roams to a new location area= it is found received L-5 is not consistent with
that saved in S5M card throu0h analysis= then a location update re<uest is sent to current
base station controller 1#SC2"
5f #SC receives location update re<uest from MS= it sends a location update re<uest to
MSCA?L6"
?L6 modifies the data for this MS= chan0es the L-5 to current L-5= then sends a
response messa0e to #SC"
#SC sends a response messa0e to MS= and MS chan0es L-5 saved in its S5M card to
current L-5" So the location update process at same MSC office is completed"
1&*&* 5nteroffice 6ocation 7p%ate
:hen mobile subscriber roams from a MSC office to the other= you shall do interoffice
location update" -t this time= $L6 shall participate in location update process= as shown
in ;i0ure 3"% 8!+F
!" Location update between different MSCs is more complicated than that at same
MSC" )o more conveinient description= ori0inal MSC office for subscriber is
MSC!= roamed MSC office is MSC%" 5n the fi0ure= #SC is omitted= but it also will
be mentioned durin0 description= #SC and MSC are called as #SC! and #SC%=
specific steps as followsF
%" :hen mobile subscriber roams to the other MSC office= if MS founds current L-5
is not consistent with that saved in S5M card= it sends location update re<uest to
#SC%= and #SC% sends a location update re<uest to MSC%"
," :hen MSCA?L6% receives location update re<uest= it founds there is not the
information about this subscriber 1a roamin0 subscriber from other MSC2 in
current MSC= so it sends a location update re<uest to $L6 that the subscriber is
re0istered"
'" $L6 sends a location update acknowled0ement to MSCA?L6%= and sends some
data about this subscriber to MSCA?L6%"
3" MSCA?L6% sends a location update acknowled0ement messa0e to MS throu0h
#SC%= after MS receives it= the MS chan0es L-5 saved in its S5M card to current
L-5"
43
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
$L6 takes char0e of sendin0 messa0e to MSCA?L6!= and informs ?L6! to delete the
data about this subscriber"



"3!


"%!
",! "!!
"'!
$L6
MSCA?L6!
MSCA?L6%
M
S
M
S
;i0ure 3"%8!+ Location update between different MSCs
Location update process is as above steps !83" $erein= we will specially proposeF before
each location update= authentication shall be done for this subscriber"
1&+ Typical Call an% 'an%o"er Process
1&+& Call )et#een Mo)ile Su)scri)ers
MS! services between MSC!A?L6!= MS% service between MSC%A?L6%= and MS%
belon0s to $L6A-9C"
!" MS! of caller subscriber dials MS% number= and informs MSC! throu0h #S
system;
%" MSC! analyCes phone number of called subscriberEs MS%= finds the $L6
belon0in0 to MS%= and sends route re<uest to $L6;
," $L6 <ueries current location information of MS%= enables MS% servin0 to
MSC%A?L6%= and re<uests route information to MSC%A?L6%;
'" MSC%A?L6% assi0ns route information= that is= MS64; submit MS64 to $L6;
3" $L6 sends MS64 to caller MSC!;
(" MSC! establishes call with MSC% based on MS64;
+" MSC%A?L6% sends pa0in0 messa0e to called subscriber MS%;
7" MSC%A?L6% founds MS% subscriber can receive messa0e;
." @stablish call between MSC% and MSC!;
44
Chapter ! GSM Overview
!/" -fter MSC! sends connection si0nal to caller MS!= MS! can talk with MS%"
;i0ure 3", 8!7 is call process"
;i0ure 3",8!7 Call process
1&+&* 5nter-BSC 'an%o"er #it(in MSC
5ntra8MSC handover indicates radio channel for mobile subscriber is transferred from
current #SS to the other #SS under same MSC"
:hole handover process is finished by same MSC= MSC shall issue handover re<uest for
new #SS= enables new #SS ready for access; after new #SS responds to handover
re<uest= MSC informs MS to handover throu0h ori0inal #SS; when MS is successfully
connected in new #SS= MSC takes char0e of establishment of new connection"
#efore whole handover is finished= MSC shall keep previous connection= so when MS
handover fails= you can do communication at ori0inal connection" Only if the handover is
finished= MSC can release ori0inal connection and provide communication for MS on
new connection"
1&+&+ 5nter-MSC 'an%o"er
5nter8MSC handover indicates when mobile subscriber is communicatin0= he moves from
a MSC to the other MSC in #SS covera0e= so handover occurs to keep communication"
5nter8MSC handover re<uires mutual assortion from MSC8- and MSC8#A?L6" MSC8-
as mobile subscriber controller for handover ends until call is released"
5nter8MSC handover processF
!" #SS8- is not satisfied with MS radio channel <uality and check adjacent location
45
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
information= considers suitable adjacent L-5 as tar0et information and re<uires
MSC8- control handover by handover re<uirement information;
%" MSC8- analyCes handover re<uirement messa0e= founds tar0et belon0s to MSC8#
covera0e ran0e= and re<uests #SS8# prepare for MS connection throu0h MSC8#=
that is= handover re<uest;
," -fter MSC8# receives handover re<uests from MSC8-= it re<uires ?L6 consider
handover number as the address information established from MSC8- to MSC8#
circuit;
'" #SS8# switchs re<uest response" MSC8# sends handover re<uest response to
MSC8-= in which handover number is informed to MSC8-;
3" MSC8- selects )9* route between MSC8- and MSC8# based on handover
number in handover re<uest response= and sends ori0inal address messa0e to
MSC8#" Called number is the handover number;
(" MSC8#A?L6 receives ori0inal address messa0e to acknowled0e handover number=
and returns address complete messa0e to MSC8-;
+" -fter MSC8- receives address complete messa0e= it indicates MS handover
throu0h #SS8-;
7" MS connects #SS8#= #SS8# informs MSC8-MS it has been successfully
connected to #SS8# throu0h MSC8#;
." Channel is successfully established between MS and #SS8#= and MSC8# informs
MSC8- finishes handover;
!/" MSC8# finishes conenction and informs MSC8- communication is successfully
established= and handover succeeds 1)9*2"
;i0ure 3", 8!. is handover process"
46
Chapter ! GSM Overview
#SS8-
MSC8-
?L6
MSC8#
?L6
#SS8#
"%!
"'!
"3!
"(!
"7!
".!
"!/!
"!!
"+!
"%!
"'!
"7!
".!
"+!
MS
MS
-ccess
;i0ure 3",8!. $andover process
1&0 Basic Signaling Process
1&0& 6ocation 7p%ate Process
;i0ure 3"' 8%/ shows the location update process of the MS"
47
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples

6LC
6LS&
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ CM&


6; C$ 6@L -CG
6; C$ 6@L
6@L 54&
9-
&5SC
&@-C) S-CC$
&6

C$ 6@L
C$ 6@L
&)!

Clear COM
&)!

Clear CM&
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ COM


&5

C5*$ MO&@ COM


C5*$ MO&@ COM
C5*$ MO&@ CM&
@4C6S CM&
CC
C6

LOC 9*& 6@T


@S) 54&
9-
S-#M
5MM -SS
5MM -SS CM&
C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
C$ 6T&
C$ 6@T
MS #)S #SC MSC
&)-*

LOC 9*& -CC@*)


;i0ure 3"'8%/ Location 9pdate *rocess of MS
)he MS sends a C$ 6@T 1Channel 6e<uest2 messa0e throu0h the 6-C$ to the #)S"
9pon receivin0 the C$ 6T& 1Channel re<uired2 messa0e= the #)S processes it and then
sends it to the #SC"
-fter receivin0 the C$ 6@T messa0e= the #SC sends a C$ -C) messa0e to the #)S to
activate the S&CC$" -fter activatin0 the channel= the #)S returns a C$ -C) -CG
messa0e"
)he #SC sends the 5MM -SS CM& to the #)S" 9pon receivin0 the messa0e= the #)S
sends the 5MM -SS throu0h the -GC$ to the MS" :hen receivin0 the messa0e= the MS
sends the S-#M" )he #)S sends the 9- to the MS"
-t the same time= the #)S sends a channel establishment indication 1@S) 54&2 to the
#SC= containin0 a re<uest to update the mobile phone location" )he #SC forwards the
location update re<uest to the MSC 1LOC 9*& 6@T2 via C6" -s receivin0 the re<uest=
the MSC sends back a CC messa0e to the #SC"
48
Chapter ! GSM Overview
9p to now= the S&CC$ has been established between the mobile phone and the #)S"
)he location update messa0e is transmitted to the MSC over S&CC$= and the MSC
sends a location update acceptance messa0e 1LOC 9*& -CC@*)2 to the mobile phone
after performin0 an optional encryption"
)he MSC sends a Clear CM& messa0e to the #SC" )he #SC returns a Clear COM
messa0e to the MSC" Meanwhile= the #SC sends the #)S a C$ 6@L messa0e to release
the S&CC$ and a &@-C) S-CC$ messa0e to deactivate the S-CC$"
)he #)S sends a C$ 6@L messa0e to the MS" )he MS re<uests the #)S to release radio
link 1&5SC2" )he #)S returns the 9- and reports the channel release indication to the
#SC"
)he #SC sends a 6; C$L 6@L messa0e to the #)S" )he #)S returns a 6; C$L 6@L
-CG messa0e" )he radio channel is released"
1&0&* 5MS5 Detac( Process
;i0ure 3"' 8%! shows the 5MS5 detach procedure"

6; C$ 6@L -CG
6; C$ 6@L
6@L 54&
9-
&5SC
&@-C) S-CC$
&6

C$ 6@L
C$ 6@L
C6@;
C6

5MS5 &@)-C$
@S) 54&
9-
S-#M
5MM -SS
5MM -SS CM&
C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
C$ 6T&
C$ 6@T
MS #)S #SC MSC
;i0ure 3"'8%!
)o power off a mobile phone= an S&CC$ channel should be established first" )hen a
power8off messa0e is sent to the MSC over S&CC$ 15MS5 &@)-C$2" 9pon receivin0
the messa0e= the MSC releases the S&CC$"
49
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
1&0&+ Mo)ile-!riginate% Call an% Calle% Party !n-(oo- Process
;i0ure 3"' 8%% shows the mobile8ori0inated call and the called party on8hook process"
:hen a mobile subscriber ori0inates a call= the S&CC$ is established first= and then a
re<uest for the )C$ is sent throu0h the S&CC$ to the MSC"

6; C$ 6@L -CG
6; C$ 6@L
6LC
6LS&
C$ 6@L
&5SC
9-
6; C$ 6@L
6; C$ 6@L -CG
6@L 54&
&@-C) S-CC$
&6

C$ 6@L
@S) 54&
-SS COM
&)!

-SS COM
&)!F-SS 6@T
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ CM&


C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
*$S CO4) CO4;
9-
S-#M
*$S CO4) 6@T
&6

-SS CM&
-SS CM&
&)!

Clear COM
&)!

Clear CM&
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ COM


&5

C5*$ MO&@ COM


C5*$ MO&@ COM
C5*$ MO&@ CM&
@4C6S CM&
CC
C6

CM S@6? 6@T
@S) 54&
9-
S-#M
5MM -SS
5MM -SS CM&
C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
C$ 6T&
C$ 6@T
MS #)S #SC MSC
&)-*FS@)9*
&)-*FC-LL *6OC
&5

-SS COM
&)-*

-lertin0
&)-*

Connect
&)-*

Connect -CG
#$%

&)-*

&isconnect
&)-*

6elease
&)-*

6elease COM
&)-*FCM S@6? -CC*
;i0ure 3"'8%% Mobile8Ori0inated Call and Called *arty On8hook *rocess
50
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)he MSC sends an -ssi0nment 6e<uest messa0e to the #SC" -fter receivin0 the
messa0e= the #SC sends an 5MM -SS CM& messa0e to the MS" )he MS establishes a
)C$ with the #)S" )he #)S sends a channel establishment indication= completes
immediate assi0nment= and release the S&CC$"
)he MSC sends a rin08back tone to the mobile phone over the established )C$" - call
session is set up by connection establishment and connection confirmation"
:hen the called hooks on= the MSC sends a disconnection messa0e to the mobile phone"
)hen the mobile phone releases the )C$ and the MSC replies with a release
acknowled0ement to complete the )C$ release process"
1&0&0 Mo)ile-Terminate% Call an% Calling Party !n-(oo- Process
;i0ure 3"' 8%, shows the mobile8terminated call and the callin0 party on8hook process"
)o call a mobile phone= the MSC initiates a pa0in0 messa0e to the mobile phone= which
establishes an S&CC$ upon receivin0 the pa0in0 messa0e" )hen the S&CC$ is released
after a )C$ has been established" )he call setup is accomplished over the )C$"
:hen the call is ended= the )C$ is to be released"
51
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples

9&)

*-G
*-G CM&
*-G 6@T
6; C$ 6@L -CG
6; C$ 6@L
6LC
6LS&
C$ 6@L
&5SC
9-
6; C$ 6@L
6; C$ 6@L -CG
6@L 54&
&@-C) S-CC$
&6

C$ 6@L
@S) 54&
-SS COM
&)!

-SS COM
&)!F-SS 6@T
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ CM&


C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
*$S CO4) CO4;
9-
S-#M
*$S CO4) 6@T
&6

-SS CM&
-SS CM&
&)!

Clear COM
&)!

Clear CM&
&)!

C5*$ MO&@ COM


&5

C5*$ MO&@ COM


C5*$ MO&@ COM
C5*$ MO&@ CM&
@4C6S CM&
CC
C6

*-G 6@S
@S) 54&
9-
S-#M
5MM -SS
5MM -SS CM&
C$ -C) -CG
C$ -C)
C$ 6T&
C$ 6@T
&)-*FS@)9*
&)-*FC-LL CO4;
&5

-SS COM
&)-*

-lertin0
&)-*

Connect
&)-*

Connect -CG
#$%

&)-*

&isconnect
&)-*

6elease
&)-*

6elease COM
#SC MSC #)S MS
;i0ure 3"'8%, Mobile8)erminated Call and Callin0 *arty On8hook *rocess
52
Chapter ! GSM Overview
1&0&1 5nter-cell 'an%o"er 9lo#
;i0ure 3"' 8%' illustrates the inter8cell handover flow"
#ased on the measurement reports ori0inated from the mobile phone continuously= the
#SC jud0es whether it is necessary to perform handover"
:hen intra8cell handover is necessary= the mobile phone is located in the source cell
#)S!" )he #SC activates a )C$ in the tar0et cell #)S%= and sends a handover command
to the mobile phone" )he mobile phone is switched to the )C$ in #)S% and completes
the handover process"
-s the intra8cell handover is completed= the #SC informs the MSC of the event and
releases the )C$ in the source cell"

&)!

$O *@6;
$O CM&
C$ -C)
M@-S 6@*
6; C$ 6@L -CG
6; C$ 6@L
&5

$O COM
@S) 54&
$O &@)
C$ -C) -CG
MS #)S! #)S% #SC MSC
M@-S 6@S
&6

$O CM&
$O -CC@SS
*$S 54;O
S-#M
9-
$O COM
;i0ure 3"'8%' 5nter8cell $andover *rocess
53
3 =oice Processing an% $ey Ra%io
Tec(nology
$no#le%ge points
)his section describes basic voice processin0 for GSM= and several key radio
enhanced technolo0ies"
3& =oice Processing
3&& Basic 9lo# of =oice Processing
5n the GSM system= the MS processes voice si0nals on wireless interfaces as shown in
;i0ure ("! 8%3"
;i0ure ("!8%3 ?oice *rocessin0 in the GSM System
)he process of sendin0 voice si0nals is as followsF for analo0 voice si0nals= first make
-A& conversion before doin0 voice codin0 to output !,GbitAs di0ital voice si0nals" )o
control errors in the process of transmission= channel codin0 and interleavin0 processin0
shall be conducted on di0ital voice si0nals= which are then encrypted accordin0 to the
inputAoutput bit stream of !F!" )hese bits are 0rouped into 7 !A% burst pulse se<uences
1correspondin0 to voice si0nalsA%/ms se0ment2 before they are transmitted at about
%+/GbitAs in the appropriate timeslots"
)he voice si0nals are received followin0 the steps belowF @ach radio si0nal transmitted
by the #)S is demodulated first= followed by burst demultipleBin0 and decryption" :hen
every ei0ht !A% bursts are received completely= the bursts are de8interleaved and
55
assembled into a '3(8bit messa0e" )hen come the steps of channel decodin0= checkin0
and correctin0 errors in the transmission" ;inally= the bitstreams 0enerated by the decoder
are decoded= and converted to analo0 voices"
3&&* =oice Enco%ing
)his section= takin0 eBample for full8rate voice encodin0= eBplains the voice encodin0
process in the GSM system"
)he current GSM system adopts the !,kbAs voice encodin0 scheme= called re0ular pulse
eBcitation8lon0 term prediction 16*@8L)*2" )his scheme is desi0ned to 0uarantee error8free
voice <uality close to that in the fiBed telephone network"
5t divides the voice into several %/ms voice blocks= and samples the voice blocks by
7k$C to 0et !(/ samples" )hen it <uantitates the sample values to 0enerate !(8bit di0ital
voice si0nals= and a !%7kbitAs data stream is produced conse<uently" -s it is unable to
transmit the data stream over the wireless channels due to its hi0h8speed bit rate= it must
be compressed by usin0 a decoder" - full8rate decoder compresses the voice block into
%(/bit= and produces a source encodin0 rate of !,kbitAs" Other procedures of si0nal
processin0 such as channel encodin0 are performed neBt"
On the #)S end= the !,kbitAs source bit rate can be recovered" $owever= for the purpose of
transmission on -bis interface at a rate of !(kbitAs= additional ,kbitAs si0nals should be added=
to control the )C operation remotely" On the )C end= !,kbitAs to ('kbitAs conversion is to be
made to adapt to the ('kbitAs rate on the 5nterface -"
3&&+ C(annel Enco%ing
)hen= channel codin0 will be conducted on the %(/bit data block" Channel codin0 is used
to improve the transmission <uality and overcome bad influences on si0nals caused by
various interferences"
Special redundancy technolo0y is used in channel encodin0" 6edundant bits are inserted
at the transmittin0 end accordin0 to some specific rules= and are used in the decodin0
process at the receivin0 end to detect bit errors and correct them to recover the ori0inal
messa0e"
)wo encodin0 schemes are available in the GSM systemF Convolutional code and packet
code" 5n practice= they are used in combination"
Convolutional codeF compiles k information bits into n bits" #oth k and n are very small
56
Chapter ! GSM Overview
so that they are suitable for transmission in a serial port manner" #esides they also show
very little delay" )he coded n code elements are not only related to k information code
elements of this packet= but also to information code elements in the precedin0 148!2=
where 4 is called constraint len0th" Convolutional code is 0enerally eBpressed as 1n= k=
42" )he error8correction capability in convolution encodin0 0rows stron0er with the rise
of 4= while the error probability decreases eBponentially as 4 rises" )he convolutional
code is used to correct errors= and is effective in this purpose when the decoder works
with the maBimum likelihood estimate mode"
*acket codeF )his is a kind of choppin0 cyclic code= which obtains the redundancy di0its
by increasin0 the eBclusive8O6 al0orithm of information bits and mappin0 the k input
redundancy information di0its onto n output binary cells 1nUk2 throu0h eBclusive8O6
al0orithm" )he packet code is mainly used for detectin0 and correctin0 errors in 0roups"
5t is 0enerally used in combination with the convolutional code"
3&&0 5nterlea"ing/%einterlea"ing
#urst errors in wireless communication often results from lon08time attenuation" Channel
codin0 alone is inade<uate for error detection and correction" )he interleavin0
technolo0y is adopted in the channels to better solve the error problems"
#y interleavin0 technolo0y= the continuous bits in an information block are se0mented
and transmitted individually accordin0 to certain rules" )hat is to say= the ori0inal
continuous blocks become discontinuous ones in transmission= and form a 0roup of
interwoven messa0e blocks= which are to be recovered 1via de8interleavin02 into the
ori0inal information blocks at the receivin0 end" 5t is as shown in ;i0ure ("! 8%("
;i0ure ("!8%( 5nterleavin0 )echnolo0y
57
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
:ith the interleavin0 technolo0y= if a certain messa0e block is lost durin0 transmission=
actually only part of each information block is missin0 after bein0 recovered instead of
the whole information block= thus makin0 it easier to recover the lost messa0e by takin0
advanta0e of the encodin0 technolo0y"
5n the GSM= different codin0 and interleavin0 modes are used in different types of
channels" See )able ("! 8! for details"
)able ("!8! Codin0 and 5nterweavin0 of Circuit Lo0ical Channels
Channel )ype
5nput
6ate
kbitAs
5nput
Code
#lock
bits
Code Output
Code
#lock
bits
5nterleavin0 &epth
Check #it )ail #it
Convolutional
code rate
!2
)C$A;SF
5a !, 3/ *arity check= ,
' !A%
'3( On ei0ht !A% bursts 5b !, !,%
55 !, +7
)C$A$S
5a 3"( %% *arity check= ,
( !A,
%%7 On four !A% bursts 5b 3"( +,
55 3"( !+
)C$A;."(F
)C$A$'"7F
!%
(
%'/ '
!A%= one bit is
removed from
every !3 bits
'3( Combine on %% une<ual bursts
)C$A;'"7F ( !%/ ,% !A, '3( Combine on %% une<ual bursts
)C$A;%"'F ,"( +% ' !A( '3( On ei0ht !A% bursts
)C$A$%"'F ,"( !'' 7 !A, '3( Combine on %% une<ual bursts
SC$ %3 *arity check= !/ ' !A% +7 Combine on one S# burst
6-C$ 7 *arity check= ( ' !A% ,( Combine on one -# burst
;-CC$F !7' *acket code= '/ ' !A% '3( On ei0ht !A% bursts
S-CC$F
#CC$
S&CC$
-GC$
VVVV
!7' *acket code= '/ ' !A% '3( On four whole bursts
4oteF )he voice input rate on )C$A;S is !, GbitAs= that is= each speech frame lasts %/ ms and contains %(/ bits" -ccordin0 to the interference of different
bits on voice= the %(/ bits are divided into 5 cate0ory 1!7% bits in total2 and 55 cate0ory 1+7 bits in total2" )he 5 cate0ory is further divided into 5a and 5b"
)he 5a bits are very important bits" 5f any of them is incorrect= the subscriber will hear a loud noise in %/ ms voice interval" )here are 3/ 5a bits and !,%
5b bits" )hat is= the %(/ bits in a speech frame 1%/ ms2 is W d1/2= d1!2="""= d1!7!2= d1!7%2= """= d1%3.2X" )he part with a sin0le line is 5 cate0ory= and that with
a double8line is 55 cate0ory" 5t is similar to the )C$A$S"
)able ("! 8! 0ives the codin0 and interleavin0 adopted in different types of transmission"
58
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)he first column lists the channels and the related transmission mode" )he 5nput Code
#lock column 0ives the siCe of the data block 1bits2 before channel codin0" )he Output
Code #lock column 0ives the siCe of the data block 1bits2 after channel codin0" 5n Code=
the parameters are listed in the same se<uence as the codin0 se<uence" )he tail bit is >/>"
)he decodin0 is in the reverse order"
;ollowin0 is description of channel codin0 and interweavin0= takin0 voice communication
for eBample"
5n the GSM= the voice input rate on )C$A;S is !,kbAs= that is= %(/ bits are transmitted
every %/ms" )he %(/ bits are protected by means of se0mented codin0"
-mon0 the %(/ bits= !7% bits adopts !A% convolutional codin0= and the remainin0 +7 bits
are not protected" -mon0 the !7% bits= 3/ bits are performed with parity check and then
with !A% convolutional codin0" )hree information bits are added" )hose 3/ bits are called
5a bits" )he other !,% bits= called 5b bits= are performed with !A% convolutional codin0
directly"
;i0ure ("! 87 shows the interleavin0 al0orithm of voice si0nals on )C$A;" -fter channel
codin0= '3( bits are carried in every %/ms" )hose bits are divided into ei0ht 0roups= with
the 3+ bits in each 0roup carried in different burst pulses 1ei0ht #*s in total2" )o
maBimiCe irrelevancy between the bit se<uences= the bits should be arran0ed as described
in )able ("! 8%"
;i0ure ("!87 5nterleavin0 of Cells
59
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
)able ("!8% ;ull8rate speech interleavin0 al0orithm
Serial 4o" 5tems 4ote
! /= 7= R= ''7 @ven bits 1# block2 in #* 142
% != .= R= ''. @ven bits 1# block2 of #* 14 H !2
, %= !/= R= '3/ @ven bits 1# block2 of #* 14 H %2
' ,= !!= R= '3! @ven bits 1# block2 of #* 14 H ,2
3 '= !%= R= 3% Odd bits 1- block2 v #* 14 H '2
( 3= !,= R= '3, Odd bits 1- block2 v #* 14 H 32
+ (= !'= R= '3' Odd bits 1- block2 v #* 14 H (2
7 += !3= R= '33 Odd bits 1- block2 v #* 14 H +2
'3( bits are divided into ei0ht 0roups 1rows2= 3+ bits in each 0roup 1columns2= occupyin0
#* 142 P #* 14H+2 information - blocks or information # blocks" -n interwoven #*
carries !!' bits of information plus % bits of stolen frame= totalin0 !!( bits" )he !!' bits
contain 3+ bits 1odd bits2 of information block - and 3+ bits 1even bits2 of information
block #= and the remainin0 two bits are used to indicate respectively whether the first
half #* 1odd2 or the last half #* 1even2 is subscriber data or fast channel associated
si0nalin0"
3&&1 Encryption/Decryption
@ncryption measures are taken in the GSM system" )hose encryption measures are
applicable to voice= data and si0nalin0" )hey are independent of the data type= and work
for normal bursts only" @ncryption is accomplished by eBclusive or operation of an
encryption se<uence 1computed by -3 encryption al0orithm via key Gc and frame
number2 and !!' information bits on a normal burst"
:hen the same se<uence is available in the receivin0 end= the ori0inal data are
retrievable by eBclusive or operation with the encryption se<uence"
3&&3 Mo%ulation/Demo%ulation
Modulation and demodulation are the last step in si0nal processin0" 9sin0 GMSG
modulation mode at a rate of %+/"7,, k #aud= GSM usually conducts demodulation with
?iterbi al0orithm 1with a balanced demodulation method2" &emodulation is the reverse
of modulation"
GMSG is a special di0ital ;M modulation mode")he modulation rate is %+/"7,,
kilobauds" )he ;re<uency Shift Geyin0 1;SG2 modulation with bit rate four times of
fre<uency offset is called MSG 1Minimum Shift8fre<uency Geyin02" 5n GSM= the
60
Chapter ! GSM Overview
Gaussian demodulation filter is used to further reduce the modulation spectrum" 5t can
cut the fre<uency conversion speed"
)he GMSG can be eBpressed by a 5AT dia0ram" 5f there is no Gaussian filter= when a
series of constant !s are sent= the MSG si0nal will be kept in the state that is hi0her than
the center fre<uency (+"+/7 k$C of the carrier" 5f the center fre<uency of the carrier
serves as the fiBed phase reference= the si0nal (+"+/7 k$C will cause steady increment of
phase" )he phase rotates ,(/Y at (+=+/7 times per second" 5n a bit period 1!A%+/"7,,
k$C2= the phase moves !A' a circle in the 5AG dia0ram= that is= ./Y" )he data ! can be
looked as ./Y plus the phase" )wo !s makes a phase increment by !7/Y= three !s makes a
increment by %+/Y= and so on" )he data / indicates the same phase chan0e in the reverse
direction"
)he actual phase track is strictly controlled" 5n the GSM= di0ital filter and !AT or di0ital
;M modulator are used to 0enerate correct phase track accurately" )he 6oot Mean S<uare
16MS2 between the actual track and the ideal track allowed by GSM specifications
cannot eBceed 3Y= and the peak deviation cannot eBceed %/Y"
3&* 9re:uency multiple>ing
9nder full dupleB mode= one radio channel has a pair of channel fre<uencies" One
fre<uency is used for transmission in either direction" - specific radio channel ;! can be
used to call a cell in a 0eo0raphical area 1C!2 with a covera0e radius of 6= and can be
reused in another cell that is & away from C! and also has a covera0e radius of 6"
;re<uency multipleBin0 is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system" 5n a
fre<uency multipleBin0 system= users at different 0eo0raphical locations 1different cells2
can use channels of the same fre<uency at the same time 1See ;i0ure ("% 8.2" )he
fre<uency multipleBin0 system can 0reatly improve spectrum effectiveness= but it will
cause serious interference if desi0ned poorly" Such interference= which results from
sharin0 the same channel= is called co8channel interference= an important issue that must
be considered in fre<uency multipleBin0"
61
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
;i0ure ("%8. D/R
)he freu<nency reuse concept can be used in both time domain and space domain" 5n
time domain= fre<uency multipleBin0 refers to occupyin0 the same workin0 fre<uency in
different timeslots= called )ime8&ivision MultipleBin0 1)&M2" 5n space domain=
fre<uency multipleBin0 can be divided into two cate0oriesF
!! Confi0urin0 the same fre<uency in two different 0e0o0raphical areas= for eBample=
usin0 -M or ;M broadcastin0 station of the same fre<uency in different cities"
%! 9sin0 the same fre<uency repeatedly in the same area of a system" )his solution is
used in the cellular system" )here are many cells of the same fre<uency in a
system= dividin0 the whole spectrum allocation into K fre<uency multipleBin0
modes= as shown in ;i0ure ("% 8!/= where KN'= += !% and !."
62
Chapter ! GSM Overview
;i0ure ("%8!/ N-cell reuse mode
)he distance & between two cells of the same fre<uency depends on the tolerable co8
channel interference= which depends on the CA5 value re<uired by the voice <uality"
CA5 refers to the proportion of the useful carrier power applied to the input interface of
the receivin0 antenna 1C2 to the interference si0nal power 152" 5t reflects the <uality of the
si0nals received at the receivin0 side durin0 the si0nal transmission in the air"
3&+ A%apti"e e:uali?ing
Mobile communication channel is a selective fre<uency fadin0 channel chan0ed with
time= inter8code interference occurs due to the multi8path influence= so the si0nal at 6B
side will be de0raded" -s such= add a e<ualiCer for demodulation at 6B side" #asically=
63
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
e<ualiCer is a kind of filter= which corrects the linear distortion of a channel"
@<ualiCer can do e<ualiCin0 at fre<uency domain and time domain" GSM uses time
domain e<ualiCin0= enablin0 the better performance in whole system"
)ime domain e<ualiCin0 is divided into manual e<ualiCin0 and auto e<ualiCin0" -uto
e<ualiCin0 also can be divided into preset auto e<ualiCin0 and adaptive auto e<ualiCin0"
;or preset auto e<ualiCin0= first transfer predefined test pulse before transferrin0 data=
then adjust e<ualiCer tap parameters based on test result" )ransfer the data a0ain after the
adjustment" Sou cannot adjust e<ualiCin0 parameters durin0 data transmission" -daptive
e<ualiCer continually measures the tolerance from the best value durin0 data
transmission= and adjusts the e<ualiCer parameters based on the tolerance" -daptive
e<ualiCer can 0et the best e<ualiCin0 effect while the channel feature chan0es with the
time"
-daptive e<ualiCer also can be divided into linear and non8linear e<ualiCer accordin0 to
its si0nal property"
5n 0eneral= non8linear e<ualiCer uses decisive feedback e<ualiCer 1&;@2 and maBimum
likelihood se<uence estimation 1MLS@2 e<ualiCer"
&i0ital mobile communication system has the hi0her re<uirements on the e<ualiCer as
followsF
! 5t can adapt to different channels in mobile communication= enablin0 the si0nal
with certain transmission performance;
% )he e<ualiCer has 0ood conver0ence and its trainin0 process is short;
, 5t can trace certain channel chan0es with time;
' 5t has simple structure= easy al0orithm= and <uick to implement in hardware"
)he performance of linear e<ualiCer is poor if there is Cero point 1or very low point2 in
channel fre<uency response" )he channel for mobile communication is selective
fre<uency fadin0 channel= so linear e<ualiCer is not suitable for di0ital mobile
communication system"
Mobile communication often uses non8linear e<ualiCer= such as &;@ and MLS@" &;@
has the problem of error code spreadin0= so it is better to use MLS@"
)he workin0 mode of e<ualiCer can be divided into trainin0 mode and di0ital
transmission modes" 9nder trainin0 mode= the e<ualiCer does trainin0 based on known
64
Chapter ! GSM Overview
se<uence" 9nder di0ital transmission mode= the e<ualiCer finishes si0nal e<ualiCin0
process" GSM is a )&M- system= and its trainin0 se<uence is in the middle of each burst
pulse" ;or a special physical channel= the workin0 principle of e<ualiCer isF receive the
si0nal to buffer this physical channel= first train the e<ualiCer= and then finish e<ualiCation
for this timeslot si0nal" -bove processes are repeated in the cycle of )&M- frame
duration 1'"(!3 ms2" )he e<ualiCer works under periodical trainin0 mode= easy to trace
channel chan0es with time= with short trainin0 process= only %( bits"
5n GSM= each burst pulse occupies !3("%3 bits= seiCin0 a timeslot= about 3++ Zs" 5n
comparison with channel fadin0 period= it is very small 1fadin0 period is !/ ms if car
speed is (/ kmAhr2= so it is considered that channel chan0es is low with time within a
timeslot" )rainin0 se<uence is %( bits 1about .("% Zs2= placed in the middle of burst pulse=
so channel parameter can be considered same within a timeslot"
3&0 Di"ersity Recei"ing
&iversity reception technolo0y is commonly used in GSM" Si0nals with less relevance
carryin0 the same messa0e are received on multiple tributaries= and are combined before
bein0 transmitted= to reduce the effect of si0nal attenuation on stability of the receivin0
si0nals"
&iversity consists of different formsF Space diversity= fre<uency diversity= time diversity
and polarity diversity"
! Space diversity
)wo sets of antennae are set in the space that receive the same si0nals
independently and combine the si0nals for output= to 0reatly lessen the si0nal
attenuation" )he underlyin0 principle of space diversity is that the field stren0th
varies randomly with the space" )he lar0er the space distance= the more variant the
multipath transmission= and the less relevant the receivin0 filed stren0th"
6elevancy refers to the similarity between the si0nals" -ppropriate space should
be specified in space diversity" -ccordin0 to the test and statistics= CC56 su00ests
the spacin0 between two antennas should be lar0er than /"( wavelen0th= namely
dU/"([= to achieve a satisfactory diversity result and that it should be better to near
the odd number multiplication of [A'" @ven if the distance between antennas is
shortened to be [A'= 0ood diversity effect can be achieved"
% )ime &iversity
65
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
#y means of time diversity= a messa0e is sent in a certain delay= or a messa0e is
sent partially at different time within a delay acceptable to the system" )ime
diversity in GSM is implemented by interleavin0 technolo0y"
, ;re<uency &iversity
;re<uency diversity enables a si0nal to be sent on more than two fre<uencies"
Si0nals at different fre<uencies are synthesiCed at the receivin0 end= to decrease or
eliminate si0nal attenuation by makin0 use of different paths of the wireless
carriers at different fre<uencies" )hus= only one receivin0 antenna and one
transmitter antenna are re<uired in a cell" ;re<uency diversity in GSM is
implemented by fre<uency hoppin0 technolo0y"
' *olarity diversity
*olarity diversity produces 0ood diversity effect by receivin0 si0nals throu0h two
sets of antennae with a polariCation in certain de0ree" )he two sets of polariCed
antennae in polarity diversity can be inte0rated in one set of antenna" So= only one
receivin0 antenna and one sendin0 antenna are re<uired in a cell" 5f dupleBers are
available= one inte0rated transceivin0 antenna is enou0h= which saves the antenna
0reatly"
3&1 Discontinuous Transmission .DT@/
?oice transmission is available in two modesF One is continuous voice codin0 1one voice
frame every %/ms2 no matter whether the user speaks or not" )he other is the &)D mode=
which performs !,kbAs codin0 durin0 the voice activity period and 3//bAs codin0 durin0
the non8voice activity period= and transfers one comfort noise frame 1%/ms each frame2
every '7/ms" ;i0ure ("3 8!! illustrates the &)D8mode voice frame transmission"
)he &)D mode accomplishes two objectivesF Lower the total interference level in the air
and save the transmitter power" )he &)D mode and the common mode are selectable=
since the former will sli0htly lower the transmission <uality"
66
Chapter ! GSM Overview
;i0ure ("38!! Speech ;rame )ransmission in &)D Mode
3&3 Po#er Control
3&3& Basic Concepts of Po#er Control
*ower control means to control the actual transmittin0 power 1keep it as low as possible2
of MS or #S in radio propa0ation= so as to reduce the power consumption of MSA#S and
the interference of the entire GSM network" 4eedless to say= the prere<uisite of power
control is to ensure the 0ood communication <uality of the on0oin0 calls" )he power
control process is simply illustrated in ;i0ure ("( 8!%"
- #
;i0ure ("(8!% *ower Control
-s shown in ;i0ure ("( 8!%= the MS at point - is far from the #S antenna" #ecause the
propa0ation loss of electric wave in air is in direct proportion to n power of the distance=
the MS at - needs hi0her transmit power to ensure 0ood communication <uality"
Comparatively= point # is closer to the #S transmission antenna= hence smaller transmission
loss; therefore= to obtain similar communication <uality= a mobile phone at point # can
use lower transmission power durin0 communication" :hen a mobile phone in
communication is movin0 from point - towards point #= the power control can reduce its
67
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
transmittin0 power 0radually" On the contrary= if it is movin0 from point # towards point
-= the power control can increase its transmittin0 power 0radually"
)he power control is classified as uplink power control and downlink power control= they
function separately" #y uplink power control= it means to control the MS transmittin0
power= while downlink power control means to control the #S transmittin0 power" 4o
matter uplink power control or downlink power control= the uplink or downlink
interference is suppressed as the transmit power is reduced" Meanwhile the power
consumption of the MS or base station is reduced" )he most obvious benefits are the
avera0e conversation <uality of the whole GSM network is 0reatly increased= and the MS
standby time is prolon0ed"
3&3&* GSM Po#er Control Process
)he ori0inal information used for decision makin0 durin0 a power control process is
obtained from the measurement data of the MS and #S and correspondin0 control
decision can be made after processin0 and analyCin0 of the ori0inal data" Similar to the
handover control process= the whole power control process is shown in ;i0ure ("( 8!,"
;i0ure ("(8!, *ower Control *rocess
!2 Measurement data savin0
)he measurement data related to power control includes uplink si0nal level= uplink
si0nal <uality= downlink si0nal level= and downlink si0nal <uality"
%2 -vera0e measurement data processin0
68
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)o reduce the influence of compleB radio transmission on the measurement values=
the smooth processin0 of the measurement data usually adopts the forward
avera0in0 method" )hat is= the avera0e value of multiple measurement values is
used to make a power control decision" )he parameter settin0 in avera0in0
calculation may vary with the types of the measurement data= i"e"= <uantity of the
measurement data to be used may be different"
,2 *ower control decision makin0
5n the decision makin0 of power control= there are three parametersF a threshold=
an 4 value= and a * value" -mon0 the latest 4 avera0e values= if there are *
parameters eBceed the threshold= the si0nal level is too hi0h or the si0nal <uality is
0ood; if there are * parameters are lower than the threshold= the si0nal level is too
low or the si0nal <uality is poor"
-ccordin0 to the condition of the si0nal level or <uality= the mobile phone or #S
can jud0e how to control the transmittin0 power= and the increase or decrease
amplitudes are determined by the pre8confi0ured values"
'2 *ower control command sendin0
-ccordin0 to the power control decision= the correspondin0 control command is
sent to the #S= which will then eBecute the command or transfer it to MS"
32 Measurement data correction
-fter power control= the ori0inal measurement data and avera0e values are useless"
5f the useless information is still kept= it may cause incorrect power control
decision" )herefore= it is necessary to discard the outdated data or update it for
later use"
)he fastest power control can be performed once every '7/ ms= which is the
hi0hest speed that the measurement data is reported" 5n other words= an entire
power control process is eBecuted once in at least '7/ms"
3&3&+ 'ig(-spee% po#er control
)he control eBtent of the power control process recommended by @)S5 is fiBed as %d# or
'd# normally" $owever= in most practical cases the fiBed power control eBtent is unable
to achieve optimal effects= for a simple eBampleF
:hen an MS initiates a call at a location very near to the #S antenna= its start
69
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
transmittin0 power is the maB" transmittin0 power of the MS in the system messa0e
broadcast in the cell #CC$ 1MS\)D*:6\M-D\CC$2" 5tIs obvious that at this time as
the MS is <uite close to the MS antenna= the power control process is supposed to reduce
its transmittin0 power as fast as possible" $owever= it can hardly be achieved by the
power control process recommended by the @)S5 specifications= because only %d# or
'd# is decreased each time" 5n addition= there is an interval between every two power
control processes 1because enou0h new measurement data need be collected2" )herefore=
it takes a lon0 time to reduce the transmit power of the MS to a proper value" 5t is the
same in the downlink direction" Obviously this is disadvanta0eous in terms of reducin0
interference to the whole GSM network" )o improve this= the power control eBtent each
time should be increased= which is the core idea of the hi0h8speed power control"
)he hi0h8speed power control can= accordin0 to the actual si0nal stren0th and <uality=
work out the power control eBtent to be realiCed= without the limitation of the fiBed
eBtent = thus solvin0 the power control problem without much effort when the MS makes
the initial access" Of course its functions are not limited to this situation" 5t can work in
many cases e"0" fast movin0 mobile phones= sudden interference or obstacles" :henever
lar0e eBtent power control is re<uired= the hi0h8speed power control process is the ideal
solution"
3&4 Timing A%"ance
-s )&M- technolo0y is implemented on the space interface= the MS must only employ
the )Ss allocated to it= and remain inactive in other time" Otherwise= it may interfere with
subscribers occupyin0 other )Ss in the same carrier"
5n the GSM= the MS re<uires three intervals between timeslots when receivin0 or
transmittin0 si0nals" See ;i0ure ("+ 8!'"
70
Chapter ! GSM Overview
;i0ure ("+8!' 9plink and &ownlink Offset of )C$
Supposin0 an MS occupies )S%= and call si0nals tend to shift away from the #S= a
messa0e from the #S will delay in reachin0 the MS" Meanwhile= the response messa0e
ori0inated from the SM will also delay in reachin0 the #S" 5f nothin0 is done to fiB the
problem= the messa0e sent from )S% in the MS will eventually overlap with another
callin0 messa0e received in )S, in the #S" 5t is important to monitor the time when a call
reaches the #S" -s the distance between the MS and the #S chan0es= the system issues
instructions to the MS notifyin0 it of the transmission time lead" )his process is called
adjustment of time lead"
-fter a specific connection has been established= the #)S measures the time shift between
the pulse )Ss and the received MS )Ss" 5t calculates the appropriate time lead based on the
measured time shift= and notifies the MS of it on S-CC$ at certain fre<uency"
3&A 9re:uency 'opping Tec(nology
Spread spectrum techni<ues= includin0 direct spread 1&S2 and fre<uency hoppin0 1;$2=
are often adopted in di0ital mobile telecom systems to enhance the anti8interference
capabilities" ;$ is adopted in the GSM system"
)here are two reasons for why fre<uency hoppin0 is used" ;irst= based on the principle of
fre<uency diversity= this techni<ue is used to counteract 6ailei0h fadin0" 6aylei0h fadin0
refers to the short8term amplitude chan0e that mobile radio transmission suffers
inevitably in case of obstacles" &ifferent fre<uencies will suffer different de0rees of
71
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
fadin0= which becomes more independent with the increase in fre<uency difference"
)hrou0h fre<uency hoppin0= bursts will not be dama0ed by 6aylei0h fadin0 in the same
way" Second= it is used on the basis of anti8jammin0 feature" 5n areas where traffic is
heavy= the cellular system is liable to be restricted by the interference from fre<uency
multipleBin0= and the ratio of carrier to interference 1CA52 may chan0e a lot durin0 the
call" C depends on the position of the MS relative to the #S" 5 depends on whether this
fre<uency is used in the adjacent cells" ;$ enables the interference to be scattered amon0
many calls that may interfere with the cell instead of bein0 concentrated in one call"
;$ refers to hoppin0 of the carrier fre<uency within a wide fre<uency band accordin0 to
a certain se<uence" Control and information data are converted into base band si0nals
after modulation= which are then sent into the carrier for modulation" -fterwards= the
carrier fre<uency chan0es under the control of pseudo8random codes= the se<uence of
which is the ;$ se<uence" ;inally= ;$ se<uences are sent via the 6; filter to antenna for
transmission" )he receiver determines the receivin0 fre<uency accordin0 to ;$
synchroniCation si0nals and ;$ se<uence= receives the correspondin0 si0nals after ;$ for
demodulation" )he basic structure of ;$ is illustrated in ;i0ure ("7 8!3"
;i0ure ("78!3 #asic Structure of ;$
;eatures of ;$ technolo0yF ;$ technolo0y can be used to increase the workin0 bands of
the system and improve the system capacity to resist interference and fadin0" 5t can also
improve and protect the pulses of valid information from the impact of 6aylei0h fadin0"
72
Chapter ! GSM Overview
?ia ;$= the ori0inal data can be recovered from channel decodin0= and the increase in ;$
numbers may enhance ;$ 0ain= conse<uently improvin0 anti8interference and anti8fadin0
capabilities of the system"
;$ is actually used to avoid eBternal interference" 5n other words= it is to prevent or
0reatly reduce co8channel interference and fre<uency selective fadin0 effect by
convertin0 the fre<uencies at a rate that interference cannot catch up with" )he increase
of the ;$ number is due to the fact that the ;$ system 0ain e<uals to the ratio of ;$
system bandwidth to 4 minimum ;$ intervals" 9sually= the ;$ number should be 0reater
than three" 5f fre<uency diversity is also available for the ;$ system and the messa0e is
decided more effectively via a lar0e number decision law after several 0roups of ;$s
simultaneously transmit one messa0e= more subscribers can work at the same time with
least mutual interference"
)he fre<uency hoppin0 comprises baseband hoppin0 and 6; hoppin0"
#ase band ;$ keeps the transmittin0 and receivin0 fre<uencies of each carrier unit
unchan0ed= but sends the frame unit transmittin0 data to different carrier units at
different ;4 1;rame 4umber2 moments"
$owever= radio fre<uency hoppin0 is to control the fre<uency synthesiCer of each
transceiver= makin0 it hop in each time slot accordin0 to different schemes"
73
4 GPRS an% EDGE
$no#le%ge points
)his section describes evolution of GSM technolo0iesF basic concept= network
structure= radio channel= and basic application of G*6S and @&G@"
4& Definition an% 9eature
4&& GPRS Definition
G*6SF General *acket 6adio Service"
)he General *acket 6adio Service 1G*6S2 is the packet data service introduced in GSM
*hase%H" 5t provides subscribers with the end8to8end mobile data services based on
packet switchin0 and transmission technolo0ies" )he G*6S can effectively utiliCe the
radio resources and network terrestrial resources and is suitable for lon08time small8
volume burst data services"
4&&* GPRS 9eatures
)he G*6S has the followin0 featuresF
Seamless connection with 5* network
5* technolo0y is adopted in the core network of the G*6S= and many transmission
technolo0ies are employed in the bottom layer of the G*6S" )hus= it is easy to
implement the seamless connection with the hi0hly developed 5* network"
$i0h rate
:ith the help of multi8slot bindin0 and hi0h8speed codin0 scheme= the G*6S
phase 5 adopts CS! and CS% codin0 schemes= and provides the access rate up to
!!3 GbitAs" )he G*6S phase 55 adopts CS, and CS' codin0 schemes= and provides
up the rate up to !+! GbitAs"
-lways online and flow char0in0
)he G*6S provides the >availability for connection everywhere and the
75
performance of always online>= offerin0 new means for mobile subscribers to
access the 5nternet and 5ntranet rapidly" Once a G*6S terminal is powered on and
connected with the G*6S network= it can maintain the online status all the way"
)he subscriber can receive and send information at any time without the dial8up
process re<uired in circuit switchin0" -s lon0 as the G*6S terminal does not
transmit data= it will not occupy network and radio resources" )hus= the mobile
subscribers can benefit from the flow char0in0" )hat is= the mobile subscribers can
stay online as lon0 as possible without botherin0 the prohibitive bill"
Mature technolo0y
)he G*6S provides solutions to implement data services in the mature GSM
technolo0ies and current networks" 5t can save investment and make <uick return"
4&&+ EDGE Definition
@&G@F @nhanced &ata 6ate for GSM @volution"
@nhanced &ata 6ate for GSM @volution 1@&G@2 is a kind of technolo0y for transition of
GSM to ,G" 5t mainly adopts a new modulation mode in the GSM system includin0 most
advanced multislot operation and 7*SG modulation technolo0y" 7*SG technolo0y makes
the si0nal space of GMSG modulation technolo0y in eBistin0 GSM network eBtend from
% to 7 so that each symbol contains ' times of previous messa0es"
)he reason why @&G@ is called the solution for transition of G*6S to ,G mainly lies in
such technolo0y can fully utiliCe eBistin0 GSM resources includin0 eBistin0 GSM
fre<uency and most of eBistin0 GSM e<uipment" )his technolo0y only makes small
chan0es to the network software and hardware part" 5n this way= operators can provide
mobile subscribers with such wireless multimedia services as 5nternet browsin0= video
teleconference and hi0h8speed email transfer= that is= individual multimedia
communication services can be offered to subscribers before the ,G mobile network is
put into commercial use" -s @&G@ is the transition technolo0y between eBistin0 %G
mobile network and ,G network= it is also called %"3G 1%"+3 0eneration2 technolo0y"
4&&0 EDGE 9eatures
5n terms of protocol= the @&G@ technolo0y mainly affects the #SS 1i"e" #)S and #SC"2
of the wireless access part in the GSM system= but does not affect eBistin0 GSM core
network and network applications= and the interfaces between the #SS and the MSC and
SGS4 in the eBistin0 system will be kept" )hus= network operators can utiliCe eBistin0
76
Chapter ! GSM Overview
wireless network e<uipment to maBimum eBtent to provide subscribers with individual
multimedia communication services before the ,G mobile network is put into
commercial use" @&G@ has the followin0 featuresF
@&G@ neither chan0es GSM or G*6S network structure nor introduces new
network element= but only up0rades the #SS"
5n terms of wireless interfaces= @&G@ does not chan0e the GSM channel structure=
multiframe structure and codin0 structure"
@&G@ supports two data transmission modesF packet service 1non8real time
service2 and circuit switchin0 service 1real time service2" )he bearers are @G*6S
and @CS& respectively"
@&G@ adopts octal 7*SG modulation technolo0y= supports ,/,J of GMSG
payload= and provides hi0her bit rate and spectral efficiency 1stable ,7'GbitAs in
mobile environment and up to %MbitAs in static environment2 so that various
wireless application re<uirements can be basically satisfied"
@&G@ adopts 78phase shift keyin0 17*SG2 modulation mode= and supports the
symbols represented by absolute phase of si0nals" 5t includes 7 possible symbols=
and each symbol is mapped as three bits" )herefore= theoretically= @&G@ can
provide up to three times of GSM rate"
5n a poor wireless environment= the performance of 7*SG is worse than that of
GMSG" )herefore= @&G@ adopts both 7*SG and GMSG in the codin0 mode"
&ifferent from GMSG= output si0nals of 7*SG are not constantly enveloped=
which affects the e<uipment implementation and mobile phone measurement to
some eBtent"
Compared with G*6S= @&G@ adopts new codin0 mode" @G*6S supports nine
codin0 modes from MCS8! to MCS8.= and about three times of G*6S bit rate"
MCS83 to MCS8. adopt 7*SG modulation mode; MCS8! to MCS8' adopt GMSG
modulation mode" &ifferent from G*6S and CS8! to CS8' rate= it is specially
desi0ned for @G*6S link adaptation control al0orithm" )he MCS! to MCS8.
codin0 modes fall into three clustersF -= # and C"
5n G*6S= only the ori0inal codin0 mode can be adopted data transmission" :hen
wireless transmission environment 0ets worse= retransmission mi0ht always fail"
)he codin0 scheme of @G*6S allows that data can be divided into two parts with
77
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
a low8rate codin0 scheme for retransmission when the data with a hi0h rate codin0
scheme transmission fails so that it can adapt well the worse wireless transmission
environment"
Compared with G*6S= @G*6S makes chan0es to the 6LCAM-C in link layer= and
defines better link control al0orithm and two link <uality control modesF Link
-daption 1L-2 and 5ncremental 6edundancy 1562"
4&* 5n(eritance an% E"olution
@ach standard for current %G has a set of methods to up0rade %G network into ,G= that
isF
1!2 @volution route to C&M- %/// may be 5S.3 1or C&M- One2 ] C&M-%///!B
1C&M- %/// sin0le carrier system2 ] C&M- %///8,B 1C&M- %/// three
carriers system2 or :C&M-"
1%2 @volution route to :C&M- may be GSM]G*6S]@&G@]:C&M -"
1,2 @volution route to )&8SC&M- is not obvious now" 5t is possible to implement
smooth transition based on GSM M-* network= also compatible to -4S5'! and
transitted to ,G"
Standards Selection in China
China 9nicom eastablished C&M- network in whole country= usin0 5S.3 C&M- core
network based on -4S5'!" Currently= it includes C&M- %///= C&M- @?O"
China Mobile selected evolution based on GSMAG*6S" )he critical <uestion is to select
:C&M- or )&8SC&M-" #ecause these two aspects are not eBclusive= so China Mobile
ever eBpressed cross usa0e of different standards is a tendency reco0niCed internationally"
G*6S &evelopment *rospect
;or %G communication standard= C&M- One is later + years than GSM standard" &urin0
these + years= 4okia and @ricsson business eBpanded around the world= and GSM 0ained
unprecedented success" &ue to market restriction= 9S- C&M- factory= T9-LCOM= and
Gorean Samsun0 LG always canEt 0et more commercial opportunity"
;rom evolution mode= due to GSM scale advanta0es= it enables more countries prefer
:C&M- or )&8SC&M- evolution scheme" %"3G transitional technolo0y for this
evolution scheme is G*6S= so G*6S technolo0y is outstandin0" Currently= there are over
!// operators that open G*6S commerce system= trial commerce system= or
78
Chapter ! GSM Overview
eBperimental system 0lobally" G*6S technolo0y has been eBtensively deployed in 0lobal
GSM network" Some famous telecom e<uipment manufacturers= such as 4okia= Siemens=
@ricsson= Motorola= are actively developin0 G*6S related products= and a series of
solutions have been proposed"
&ue to dense population in ChinaEs city and the feature of maB commercial potential
0lobally= we shall firstly build )&8SC&M- radio access network in hotspot and island
landform to solve capacity and service traffic problem= to 0radually implement )&8
SC&M- evolution mode based on GSMAG*6S network independently developed in
China"
Obviously= G*6S is the transitonal technolo0y from %G to ,G= also a ladder to ,G
network"
4&+ GPRS Ra%io C(annel
#ecause the basic desi0n approach of G*6S is to maintain its compatibility with GSM as
much as possible= the G*6S inherits the fre<uency band use mode and wireless
transmission mode of the GSM" ;re<uency band use means )&M- under ;&M-= and
wireless transmission means the basic transmission unit on the wireless path is the burst
pulse that lasts !3A%( ms 1e<uivalent to about !3("%3 modulation bits2"
-s with the GSM system= the G*6S system divides a carrier into ei0ht timeslots which
form ei0ht basic time division channels" )herefore= a physical channel can be uni<uely
determined by a )&M- frame se<uence= a timeslot 4o" 1module 72 and a determined
hoppin0 se<uence" Since G*6S is desi0ned to coeBist with the ori0inal GSM voice
transmission= in a GSM cell that supports G*6S= some physical channels 1timeslots2 may
be used for voice transmission and other physical channels may be used for G*6S packet
data transmission" 5n addition= some G*6S si0nalin0 flows= such as packet system messa0e
broadcastin0= packet access and resource allocation= will be conducted on the CS channel"
4&+& GPRS P(ysical C(annel
#ecause the basic desi0n approach of G*6S is to maintain its compatibility with GSM as
much as possible= the G*6S inherits the fre<uency band use mode and wireless
transmission mode of the GSM" ;re<uency band use means )&M- under ;&M-= and
wireless transmission means the basic transmission unit on the wireless path is the burst
pulse that lasts !3A%( ms 1e<uivalent to about !3("%3 modulation bits2"
79
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
-s with the GSM system= the G*6S system divides a carrier into ei0ht timeslots which
form ei0ht basic time division channels" )herefore= a physical channel can be uni<uely
determined by a )&M- frame se<uence= a timeslot 4o" 1module 72 and a determined
hoppin0 se<uence" Since G*6S is desi0ned to coeBist with the ori0inal GSM voice
transmission= in a GSM cell that supports G*6S= some physical channels 1timeslots2 may
be used for voice transmission and other physical channels may be used for G*6S packet
data transmission" 5n addition= some G*6S si0nalin0 flows= such as packet system messa0e
broadcastin0= packet access and resource allocation= will be conducted on the CS channel"
4&+&* GPRS 6ogic C(annel
*CC$= *#CC$= *&)C$= *-CC$*)CC$A9= *)CC$A&
-ll the packet lo0ical channels are mapped to a dedicated packet data channel 1*&C$2"
)he packet lo0ical channels can be divided into the followin0 cate0ories as shown in
)able +", 8,F
)able +",8, *acket Lo0ical Channels
*acket Common Control
Channel 1*CCC$2
*acket random access channel *6-C$ 1uplink2
*acket pa0in0 channel 1**C$2 1downlink2
*acket access 0ranted channel 1*-GC$2 1downlink2
*acket notification channel 1*4C$2 1downlink2
*#CC$ 1downlink2
*acket transmission channel *acket data transport channel 1*&)C$F *&)C$A9 and *&)C$A&2
*acket dedicated control
channel
*acket -ssociated Control Channel 1*-CC$2
*acket time lead control channel 1*)CC$A92
*acket time lead control downlink channel 1*)CC$A&2
:hereF
! *acket Common Control Channel 1*CCC$2
)he *6-C$ delivers packet access burst pulse and eBtended access burst pulse"
)he MS sends data or pa0in0 response to the #SS throu0h the *6-C$"
**C$ is desi0ned either to pa0e CS services or G*6S services" #ut CS pa0in0 is
only applicable to MS level8- and level8#" **C$ also uses pa0in0 0roup and
supports &6D"
#efore the MS sends the packet= the *-GC$ is used to allocate one or more *&)C$s
to the MS= so as to implement the packet transmission" ;or an MS already in packet
80
Chapter ! GSM Overview
transmission mode= the resources allocated can also be transferred in the *-CC$"
*4C$ is used for notifyin0 the MS of *)M8M calls" 5n order to monitor the
*4C$= &6D mode is necessary"
% *acket #roadcast Control Channel 1*#CC$2
)he *#CC$ broadcasts packet data system messa0es" )he parameters carried in
these messa0es determine the mappin0 of the channels on multiframes" 5f no
*#CC$ is allocated= the information can also be transferred on the #CC$" )he
#CC$ will 0ive definite indication= showin0 whether the cell supports packet data
service" 5f the cell supports packet data service= and *#CC$ is assi0ned= the
*#CC$ combination confi0uration information will be 0iven"
, *acket transmission channel
9nder the packet switchin0 mode= the *&)C$ bears subscriber data" 5t is
allocated temporarily to a specific MS or a 0roup of MSs 1under the *)M8M
mode2" 9nder multi8slot mode= an MS can use several *&)C$s concurrently"
#ecause different lo0ical channels can be multipleBed on a physical channel= a
*&)C$ can bear / to %!"' GbitAs pure data rate 1includin0 6LC header2" &ifferent
from the CS service= all the *&)C$s are unidirectional" )he MS uses the
*&)C$A9 to send packet data to the network and uses the *&)C$A& to receive
packet data from the network"
' *acket dedicated control channel
)he *-CC$ transmits si0nalin0 information= such as confirmation and power
control" 5t also carries resource allocation and reallocation messa0es= which can be
used to allocate *&)C$ capacity or add new *-CC$ in the future" &urin0 packet
transmission= the MS can enter the CS mode throu0h *-CC$ pa0in0" )he *-CC$
is dynamically allocated to the physical channel which carries *&)C$" 5t is a
bidirectional channel"
*)CC$A9 serves to transfer random access burst pulse and estimate the time lead
of an MS in packet transmission mode"
*)CC$A& is used to correct the time lead of several MSs" One *)CC$A&
corresponds to several *)CC$A9"
81
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
4&+&+ Mapping of 6ogical C(annel Com)ination in t(e P(ysical C(annel
-fter G*6S is added= three lo0ical channel combinations will be addedF
*#CC$ H *CCC$ H *&)C$ H *-CC$ H *)CC$
*CCC$ H *&)C$ H *-CC$ H *)CC$
*&)C$ H *-CC$ H *)CC$
:here= *CCC$ N **C$ H *6-C$ H *-GC$ H *4C$"
&ifferent lo0ical channels may appear on the same *&C$" )he physical channel is
shared in unit of blocks" )hat is= on a *&C$= the type of the lo0ic channel that the block
belon0s to varies from one block to another" Channel type is the messa0e type 5&
contained in the head of a block 1eBcept for *6-C$2"
4&+&+& Mapping of 7plin- C(annel
! Mappin0 of the *&)C$A9 and *-CC$A9
;or each *&C$ allocated to the MS= the MS will be allocated with an 9S;
19plink State ;la02" )he network uses the 9S; to control the multipleBin0 of radio
blocks of different MSs in the uplink *&C$" )he 9S controls the timeslot use of
the MS" 5t is used in the dynamic and eBtended dynamic medium access modes"
)he three8bit 9S; is located on the header of each downlink radio block= and can
form ei0ht states used for uplink transmission multipleBin0" 5n the *CCC$= one
9S; value is used to mark the *6-C$ 19S; N idle2= and other values are reserved
for use by seven different MSs 19S; N 6!A6% R 6+2" :hen a *&C$ is not the
*CCC$= the ei0ht 9S; values are all used to reserve uplinks for ei0ht different
MSs" :hen an MS without a 9S; uses the uplink= a 9S; value can be used to
prevent conflict of the uplink channel" )he 9S; is directed to the neBt uplink radio
block"
:hen the MS finds its own 9S; on the header of a #D 1#B N #/R#!!2 downlink
block of a *&C$= the MS will be able to use #DH! 1D^N !!2 or #/ 1when DN!!2
uplink block on this *&C$ " 5f the network permits= the MS can also use three
consecutive blocks 1there are four blocks in total2"
)he *-CC$A9 correspondin0 to the *&)C$A& will be determined by the network
in the pollin0 mode"
% Mappin0 of the *)CC$A9
82
Chapter ! GSM Overview
:hen the MS obtains *&)C$ allocation from a certain *&C$= it will also obtain
*)CC$A9 allocation from the *&C$" )he cycle of the *)CC$A9 is ei0ht 3%8
multiframes= includin0 !( *)CC$A9 sub8channels 1/R!32" )he *)CC$A9 sub8
channel 4o" possessed by an MS is determined by the time advance indeB 1)-52
obtained by the MS in resource allocation= 5t is as shown in ;i0ure +", 8!("
83
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
#/P#!!N6adio blocks
5dle frames are numbered from ! to ,! _odd numbers`
*)CC$ frames are numbered from/ to ,/ _even numbers`
3%8multiframe number nH+F
uplink )-5N!' )-5N!3
downlink )-8messa0e ' )-8messa0e '
#/ #! #% #, #' #3 #( #+ #7 #. #!/ #!! ,! ,/ %. %7
#/ #! #% %' #, #' #3 %3 #( #+ #7 %( #. #!/ #!! %+
3%8multiframe number nH(F
uplink )-5N!% )-5N!,
downlink )-8messa0e ' )-8messa0e '
#/ #! #% %/ #, #' #3 %! #( #+ #7 %% #. #!/ #!! %,
3%8multiframe number nH3F
uplink )-5N!/ )-5N!!
downlink )-8messa0e , )-8messa0e ,
#/ #! #% !( #, #' #3 !+ #( #+ !7 #. #!/ #!! !.
3%8multiframe number nH'F
uplink )-5N7 )-5N.
downlink )-8messa0e , )-8messa0e ,
#7
downlink )-8messa0e ! )-8messa0e !
#/ #! #% / #, #' #3 ! #( #+ #7 % #. #!/ #!! ,
3%8multiframe number nF
uplink )-5N/ )-5N!
#/ #! #% ' #, #' #3 3 #( #+ #7 ( #. #!/ #!! +
3%8multiframe number nH!F
uplink )-5N% )-5N,
downlink )-8messa0e ! )-8messa0e !
3%8multiframe number nH%F
uplink )-5N' )-5N3
downlink )-8messa0e % )-8messa0e %
#! #/ #% 7 #, #' #( . #3 #+ #7 !/ #. #!/ #!! !!
#/ #! #% !% #, #' #3 !, #( #+ #7 !' #. #!/ #!! !3
3%8multiframe number nH,F
uplink )-5N( )-5N+
downlink )-8messa0e % )-8messa0e %
;i0ure +",8!( Mappin0 of *)CC$ on the *hysical Channel
84
Chapter ! GSM Overview
, 9plink *CCC$F mappin0 of *6-C$
-s described above= on the *&C$ with *CCC$= if the 9S; is marked as idle= it
indicates that the correspondin0 downlink block is the *6-C$" )he *6-C$ can be
mapped in a fiBed manner" )he number of *6-C$ blocks fiBedly allocated on a
*CCC$ is determined by the system broadcastin0 parameter K#S\*6-C$\#LGSL"
5ts relationship with the specific blocks is determined by the block occupyin0 order
described above"
4&+&+&* Mapping of Do#nlin- C(annel
! Mappin0 of the *&)C$A& and *-CC$A&
)he MS interprets every downlink block on the allocated *&C$= and determines if
the block is its *&)C$A& and *-CC$A& accordin0 to the );5"
)he )#; is a physical connection used by two 66 entities to transmit LLC *&9
in a unidirectional manner on the packet data wireless channel" )his parameter is
used in the LLC frame transmission se<uence of the same timeslot in the same cell
to replace the MS identification in the 6LCAM-C layer" 5t is a wireless resource
assi0ned to one or multiple *&C$s" 5t transmits some 6LCAM-C blocks carryin0
one or multiple LLC *&9s" One )#; is temporary and only kept in the data
transmission period 1that is= until there are no 6LCAM-C blocks for transmission
or= in the 6LC acknowled0ement mode= all 6LCAM-C blocks are acknowled0ed
to be received by the receiver2"
;or each )#;= the network allocates a );5" ;or concurrent )#;s in each direction=
the );5 allocated is uni<ue and replaces the MS identifier in the 6LCAM-C layer"
5n different directions= the same );5 can be used" )he );5 is assi0ned in the
resource allocation messa0e before the transmission of the LLC frame"
)he 6LCAM-C block related to a specific )#; must contain a );5" ;or a 6LC
data block= the )#; is jointly identified by the );5 and the transmission direction
of the data block" ;or a 6LCAM-C control messa0e= there are also the
transmission direction and type of the messa0e in addition to the );5" 5f the header
of a downlink control block contains a );5= the );5 identifies to which MS the
control messa0e should be sent; otherwise= all MSs will receive this messa0e" 5f
the );5 in the header is inconsistent with that in the messa0e body= the MS accepts
the );5 in the header"
% Mappin0 of the *#CC$ and transmission of the packet system messa0e
85
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
5n one cell= the *#CC$ is only mapped to one *&C$" )he specific location is
broadcast by the #CC$" 5n a 3%8multiframe= the *#CC$ is mapped to
#S\*#CC$\#LGS 1wherea #S\*#CC$\#LGSQb '2 blocks" )he specifi c blocks are
determined by the occupyin0 se<uence of blocks described above"
5n the packet idle mode= the MS will detect the system messa0es on the #CC$ and
learn from S5,= S5'= S5+ and S57 if the cell support G*6S and if the *#CC$ is
confi0ured" 5f there is the *#CC$= the MS leaves the #CC$ to listen to the
system messa0es *S5s ! P , on the *#CC$ and perhaps other *S5 messa0es" )he
#SC determines when to send what messa0es and when to stop sendin0 the
messa0es"
)he system parameter K*S5!\6@*@-)\*@65O&L determines the sendin0 location
of *S5 !" 5n addition= eBcept *S5 != other *S5s are divided into two 0roups" One
0roup is sent at a hi0h repetition rate= while the other is sent at a low repetition
rate" )he number of *S5s sent at a hi0h repetition rate is indicated by the parameter
K*S5\CO94)\$6L= while the number of *S5s sent at a low repetition rate is
indicated by the parameter K*S5\CO94)\L6L"
)he system sends *S5s accordin0 to the followin0 rulesF
!2 *S5 ! will be sent on #LOCG #/ when )C N /" 1)C N 1;4 &5? 3%2 mod
*S5!\6@*@-)\*@65O&2
%2 :hen #S\*#CC$\#LGS U != *S5 ! will be also sent on #LOCG #( when
)C N /"
,2 )he *S5s in the 0roup sent at a hi0h fre<uency will be sent in the se<uence
determined by the network" )he se<uence starts when )C N /; that is= the
sendin0 cycle of *S5s in this 0roup is *S5!\6@*@-)\*@65O&c3% frame"
:hen the *S5s in this 0roup are sent= the *#CC$ #LOCG= which is not
occupied by rules 1!2 and 1%2= will be occupied"
'2 *S5s sent in the 0roup at a low fre<uency will be sent in the se<uence
determined by the network= and the sendin0 will be repeated non8stop" :hen
the *S5s in this 0roup are sent= the *#CC$ #LOCG= which is not occupied
by rules 1!2= 1%2= and 1,2 will be occupied"
, Mappin0 of the downlink *CCC$
)he mappin0 of the downlink *CCC$ on a certain *&C$ can be described by the
86
Chapter ! GSM Overview
followin0 four rulesF
!2 5f the *&C$ has a *#CC$= #S\*#CC$\#LGS blocks are used in the
*#CC$"
%2 5n the remainin0 blocks= #S\*-G\#LGS\6@S blocks will not be able to be
used in the **C$; they can only be used in the *-GC$= *4C$= *&)C$ and
*-CC$"
,2 )he remainin0 blocks will be able to be used in the **C$= *-GC$= *4C$=
*&)C$ and *-CC$"
'2 :hen the *#CC$ is on timeslot k= the *CCC$ can be located only on
timeslot n and n U k 8 ' and n QN +"
;or eBample= on a *&C$ with both *#CC$ and *CCC$= when the system
parameter #S\*#CC$\#LGSN%= #S\*-G\#LGS\6@SN3= accordin0 to the
#LOCG seiCure se<uence 1#/= #(= #,= #.= #!= #+= #'= #!/= #%= #7= #3= #!!2=
we can know thatF *#CC$ will be on #/ and #(; **C$ can be only on #!/= #%=
#7= #3 and #!!; while *-GC$= *4C$= *&)C$ and *-CC$ can be on #,= #.=
#!= #+= #'= #!/= #%= #7= #3 and #!!"
4&+&0 GPRS C(annel Co%ing
)he G*6S defines four codin0 schemes on the *&)C$F CS8! to CS8'" @Bcept for
*6-C$ and *)CC$A9= other packet control channels adopt CS8!" ;or the packet access
pulse on *6-C$ and *)CC$A9= there are 78bit and !!8bit codin0 schemes" ;i0ure +",
8!+ and ;i0ure +", 8!7 shows the codin0 process of four different codin0 schemes"
9S; #CS
6adio block
rate !A% convolutional codin0
puncturin0
'3( bits
;i0ure +",8!+ Codin0 *rocess of CS8! to CS8,
87
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
9S; #CS
block
code
6adio block
no codin0
'3( bits
;i0ure +",8!7 Codin0 *rocess of CS8'
-s shown in the fi0ure above= the first step of the encodin0 is to append a #lock Check
Se<uence 1#CS2 to the radio block= which is used for error detection" ;or the CS!PCS,
codin0 schemes= the second step is to pre8encode the 9S; 1not for CS!2= then append '
tail bits= and perform half8rate convolutional encodin0= which is used for error correction"
)he last step is puncturin0 to obtain desired encodin0 rate" @rror8correction codin0 is not
performed in CS8'"
)able +", 8' shows the specific codin0 process of the four channel codin0 schemes"
)able +",8' Channel Codin0 *rocess of *&)C$
)ype
$andlin0 ;low
CS! CS% CS, CS'
Len0th of data
source
!7' bits %+! bits ,!3 bits '!, bits
*acket codin0
!2 ;ire codin0" )he
multinomial 0enerated
isF
1&
%,
!2 1&
!+
&
,
!2=
)he #CS added is '/
bits"
%2 -dd four tail bits" )he
codin0 data len0th is
%%7 bits"
!2 *acket codin0" )he
multinomial 0enerated isF
&
!(
&
!%
&
3
!= #CS
added is !( bits
%2 9S; preprocessin0= as
shown in )able !8'"
,2 -dd four tail bits" )he
codin0 data len0th is %.' bits"
!2 *acket codin0" )he
multinomial 0enerated
isF
&
!(
&
!%
&
3
!=
%2 )he 9S;
preprocessin0 is the
same as CS%"
,2 -dd tail bits" )he
codin0 data len0th is
,,7 bits"
!2 *acket codin0" )he
multinomial
0enerated isF
&
!(
&
!%
&
3
!=
%2 9S;
preprocessin0= as
shown in )able !83"
,2 -dd tail bits" )he
codin0 data len0th is
'3( bits"
Convolutional
code
!2 Convolutional codin0
with a !A% code rate" )he
multinomial 0enerated is
G/!&
,
&
'
= G!
!&&
,
&
'
%2 4o hole
!2 Convolutional codin0 with
a !A% code rate" )he
multinomial 0enerated is
G/!&
,
&
'
= G!!&
&
,
&
'
%2 Cut a code of !,% bits with
the hole" )he position of the
!2 Convolutional codin0
with a !A% code rate"
)he multinomial
0enerated isF G/ !
&
,
&
'
= G!!&
&
,
&
'
%2 *osition of the holeF
4one
88
Chapter ! GSM Overview
)ype
$andlin0 ;low
CS! CS% CS, CS'
holeF
C 1,H'Bk2= kN,= R= !'( and
kd.= %!= ,,= '3= 3+= (.= 7!=
.,= !/3= !!+= !%.= !'!
C1,H( B k2 and
C13H( B k2 kN%= ,= R=
!!!
)able +", 8' shows the difference amon0 the four codin0 schemes= which can be seen
from )able +", 83"
)able +",83 G*6S Channel Codin0
dcs
Code
6ate
SiCe 1bytes2 of
6LCAM-C data block
MaBimum throu0hput
1kbps2 of 6LCAM-C
CS8! !A% %/ 7
CS8% %A, ,/ !%
CS8, ,A' ,( !'"'
CS8' ! 3/ %/
CS! has powerful error correction capability and tolerates a certain bit error ratio"
)herefore= it has low re<uirements for the wireless environment" $owever= its
disadvanta0e is that its throu0hput is the smallest" 5t can be said that the hi0her a codin0
plan 1CS' is the hi0hest codin0 plan2= the weaker its error correction capability and the
bi00er its throu0hput" )able +", 8( describes the codin0 and interleavin0 procedure of
various packet lo0ical channels"
)able +",8( Codin0 and 5nterleavin0 of *acket Lo0ical Channels
Channel
)ype
5nput
6ate
kbitAs
5nput Code
#lock bits
Code Output
Code
#lock
bits
efgh
5nterleavin0
&epth
Check #it
9S;
*recodin0
)ail
#it
Convolutional
Code 6ate
*&)C$
1CS!2
!7'
*acket
code= '/
' !A% '3(
On four 4#
bursts
*&)C$
1CS%2
%+!
*acket
code= !(
-ddin0
three bits
' !A% '3(
On four 4#
bursts
*-6C$=
*)CC$A&
7 *arity ( ' !A% ,(
Combine on one
-# burst
!! *arity ( '
!A%= perforate
reduction code
( bits
,(
Combine on one
-# burst
89
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
Channel
)ype
5nput
6ate
kbitAs
5nput Code
#lock bits
Code Output
Code
#lock
bits
efgh
5nterleavin0
&epth
Check #it
9S;
*recodin0
)ail
#it
Convolutional
Code 6ate
*)CC$A9 !7' *acket= '/ ' !A% '3(
On four
inconsecutive
bursts
**C$=
*-GC$=
*4C$=
*#CC$=
*-CC$
!7'
*acket
code= '/
' !A% '3(
On four
consecutive
bursts
4&0 Ra%io 6in- an% Me%ia Access Control 9lo#
4&0& Paging 9lo#
;or the MS in idle packet mode= 6; connection or downlink )#; can be built at network
side throu0h pa0in0 flow" -t this time= pa0in0 flow only can be initiated on sub8channel
of CCC$ or *CCC$"
;or the MS in packet transmission mode= 6; connection can be built at network side
throu0h pa0in0 flow" -t this time= pa0in0 flow only can be initiated on sub8channel of
CCC$ or *CCC$"
;or type - or #= under idle packet mode= if *CCC$ eBists= pa0in0 mesa0e is sent on
*CCC$= otherwise pa0in0 messa0e of 66 connection establishment is sent on CCC$"
;or type - or #= under packet transmission mode= relevant pa0in0 messa0e can be sent on
*-CC$" ;or )ype # of MS= to decode the information on the sub8channel of CCC$ is
not re<uired under packet transmission mode"
;or type C of MS= it does not support the pa0in0 for 66 connection setup after G*6S
attaches= re0ardless of idle packet mode or packet transmission mode" -t this time= type
C of MS becomes unreachable for non8G*6S service"
4&0&& Paging 9lo# of =oice Ser"ice
-fter MS attaches on G*6S= initiate a 66 connection throu0h the pa0in0 flow of 66
connection establishment at network side" )his flow only can be initiated at network side"
5nitiate the pa0in0 flow of 66 connection at network side by broadcastin0 pa0in0 re<uest
messa0e on proper sub8channel of CCC$ or *CCC$= and start timer ),!!," 5f *-G54G
90
Chapter ! GSM Overview
6@S*O4S@ messa0e is not received before timer ),!!, eBpires= send pa0in0 re<uest
messa0es repeatedly at network side and restart timer ),!!," )he number of pa0in0
attempts can be confi0ured at network side"
;i0ure +8!. #uild *a0in0 ;low of ?oice Service on CCC$ or *CCC$A*-CC$
!" 5f CS service pa0in0 is initiated on CCC$= it is a normal pa0in0 flow for GSM
voice service"
%" 5f initiatin0 CS service pa0in0 on *CCC$= it only adapts to type - or # MS under
idle packet mode= and network operation mode is 5" &ifferent from the pa0in0
messa0e sent on CCC$= *-CG@) *-G54G 6@T9@S) messa0e sent on *CCC$ is
to implement pa0in0 multiple MSs throu0h repeated pa0e info structure in this
messa0e" 5f only usin0 )MS5 pa0in0= this domain can occur up to ' times; if only
usin0 5MS5 pa0in0= this domain can occur up to % times"
," )he pa0in0 for 66 connection setup initiated on *-CC$ is used to type - or # of
MS under packet transmission mode= and network operation mode is 5" 5n this case=
*-CG@) *-G54G 6@T9@S) messa0e is sent to MS on suitable *-CC$" )he
messa0e content is consistent with *CCC$"
4&0&&* Pac-et Paging 9lo#
:hen MS is in packet transmission mode= packet pa0in0 flow shall be initiated at
network side to set up downlink packet transmission with this MS" *acket pa0in0 flow
only can be initiated at network side"
91
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
;i0ure +8%/ *acket *a0in0 ;low
:hile doin0 packet pa0in0 on CCC$= *-G54G 6@T9@S) messa0e shall be identified
by *8)MS5 or 5MS5" 5f pa0in0 in *8)MS5 can call ' MSs at the same time; if pa0in0 in
5MS5 can call % MSs at the same time; if pa0in0 in 5MS5 and *8)5MS5 modes= it can call
, MSs at the same time"
9sin0 *CCC$ pa0in0= *-CG@) *-G54G 6@T9@S) messa0e can contain multiple MS
5&s" )he domain of 6epeated *a0e info struct in the messa0e occurs to implement the
pa0in0 for multiple MSs" 5f only usin0 *8)MS5 pa0in0= this domain can occur up to '
times; if only usin0 5MS5 pa0in0= this domain can occur up to % times"
4&0&* TB9 Setup 9lo#
)#; setup can be initiated at MS and network side" 5f *CCC$ is confi0ured in the cell=
)#; setup is initiated on *CCC$; if no *CCC$ is confi0ured in the cell= initiate )#;
setup on CCC$"
;or the MS monitorin0 *CCC$ under idle packet mode= uplink )#; is not re<uired to
send measurement report= but send it on temp channel 1sin0le *-CC$ block2"
4&0&*& 7plin- TB9 Setup 9lo#
5f there is *CCC$ in the cell= packet access shall be initiated in *CCC$= otherwise
initiate it in CCC$" *acket access flow comprises one8phase access and two8phase
access"
5n the process of uplink )#; setup= if )#; has been built in downlink= uplink )#; can be
initiated on *-CC$" 5f MS is releasin0 a uplink )#;= althou0h there is no downlink )#;=
uplink )#; setup also can be initiated on *-CC$"
92
Chapter ! GSM Overview
One4P!ase 3ccess 5low on 67P6
;i0ure +8%! One8*hase -ccess ;low
!" MS sends C$-44@L 6@T9@S) or *-CG@) C$-44@L 6@T9@S) messa0e
based on pre8defined schedule on 6-C$A*6-C$= and MS leaves from idle
packet mode" 5f *#CC$ is confi0ured= use *6-C$ to transmit= otherwise use
6-C$"
%" On CCC$A*CCC$ channel that receives C$-44@L 6@T9@S) or *-CG@)
C$-44@L 6@T9@S) messa0e at network side= send 5MM@&5-)@
-SS5G4M@4) A *acket 9plink -ss messa0e in unacknowled0ement mode to
assi0nm packet uplink resource for MS"
," ;or one8phase packet access= after MS receives 5MM@&5-)@
-SS5G4M@4)A*acket 9plink -ss messa0e= the decision mechanism of
scramblin0 is as followsF
-fter MS receives uplink assi0nment messa0e= the three former 6LC data blocks
shall carry )LL5" 5f receivin0 the first 6LC data block at network side= respond it
with *-CG@) 9*L54G -CG" )LL5 shall be filled in the messa0e" -fter MS
receives the uplink acknowled0ement= if )LL5 in the messa0e is matched with
itself= it indicates this radio resource is allocated to it" Otherwise= you shall <uit"
93
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
-fter the first 6LC data block 1with )LL52 is sent by MS at network side= the
scramblin0 decision of one8phase access is finished at network side"
)wo4P!ase 3ccess 5low on 67P6
;i0ure +8%% )wo8*hase -ccess ;low
!" 5n two8phse access= 5MM -SS5G4A*acket 9plink -ss allocates a *-CC$ block
for MS" #y usin0 this block= MS sends *acket 6esource 6e<uest messa0e 1with
)LL52"
%" &ependin0 on *acket 6esource 6e<uest messa0e= send *-CG@) 9*L54G
-SS5G4 to MS at network side= to allocate specific channel resource and
include )LL5 in this command"
," &ecision mechanism of scramblin0 is as followsF
-fter MS receives the second *-CG@) 9*L54G -SS5G4= compare whether
)LL5 in the messa0e is consistent with that in *-CG@) 6@SO96C@ 6@T" 5f yes=
it succeeds"
94
Chapter ! GSM Overview
81link )#5 Setu1 5low on P36
;i0ure +8%, 9plink )#; Setup ;low on *-CC$
!" &urin0 downlink )#;= MS initiates packet access flow by sendin0 *-CG@)
&O:4L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e that has the elements of channel re<uest
description on *-CC$"
%" Send *-CG@) 9*L54G -SS5G4M@4) or *-CG@) )5M@SLO)
6@CO4;5G96@ messa0e on *-CC$ to MS at network side= to assi0n radio
resource"
," MS switches to assi0ned uplink *&C$ and starts sendin0 6LC data block" -t this
time= each uplink data block need not contain )LL5"
4&0&*&* Do#nlin- TB9 Setup 9lo#
&ownlink )#; setup can be initiated by 66 entity= which applies the flow of packet
downlink assi0nment= at network side" :hen MS is under idle packet mode= use packet
downlink assi0nment flow on *CCC$ or CCC$= to allocate a );5 for downlink )#; and
assi0n a downlink *&C$"
95
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
,ownlink )#5 Setu1 5low on 67P6
;i0ure +8%' &ownlink )#; Setup ;low under 5dle *acket Mode
!" 5f upper layer has the re<uest to transit LLC *&9 to MS under idle packet mode=
downlink )#; setup flow is tri00ered"
%" Send *acket &ownlink -ssA 5MM -SS5G4 messa0e on *-GC$A-GC$ belon0in0
to MS at network side" 5f *#CC$ is confi0ured= use *-GC$ to transmit=
otherwise use -GC$"
," &ownlink assi0nment messa0e shall contain timin0 advance" 5f do not receive
valid initial timin0 advance at network side= send *acket *ollin0 re<uest messa0e
to notify MS of sendin0 *-CG@) CO4)6OL -CG4O:L@&G@M@4) messa0e
to 0et it"
'" -fter MS receives above messa0e= it sends *-CG@) CO4)6OL -CG messa0e in
the format of four access burst pluses" 9se these four access burst pluses at
network side to calculate the initial timin0 advance of MS"
3" Send )5M54G -&?-4C@ messa0e to update it in time at network side" 5f )-
value is not specified in assi0nment messa0e= before MS 0ets a valid )-= does not
allow to send normal burst 1such as *-CG@) &O:4L54G-CGA4-CG messa0e2
on uplink"
96
Chapter ! GSM Overview
,ownlink )#5 Setu1 5low on P36
;i0ure +8%3 &ownlink )#; Setup ;low on 9plink
!" &urin0 uplink transmission= send *-CG@) &O:4L54G -SS5G4M@4) 1or
*-CG@) )5M@SLO) 6@CO4;5G96@2 messa0e to MS on *-CC$ at network
side= to initiate downlink )#;" 5f sendin0 *-CG@) )5M@SLO) 6@CO4;5G96@
messa0e= the messa0e shall contain &O:4L54G\);5\-SS5G4M@4) domain"
Meanwhile= you shall obey the multi8timeslot limit of MS"
%" -fter receivin0 assi0nment messa0e and )#; initialiCation time 1if provided2= MS
shall switch to assi0ned *&C$ and enter into the flow of downlink data
transmission"
97
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
4&0&*&+ Pac-et Bueue 9lo#
;i0ure +8%( *acket Tueue ;low
!" -fter network side receives *acket Channel 6e<uest messa0e= if there is no
resource and <ueue is allowed= send *-CG@) T9@954G 4O)5;5C-)5O4
messa0e and direct MS enter into <ueue se<uence"
%" &urin0 <ueue= send *-CG@) *OLL54G 6@T9@S) messa0e via MS at network
side to 0et current )- value of this MS" MS is addressed by )emporary Tueuin0
5dentity 1)T52"
," -fter receivin0 *-CG@) *OLL54G 6@T9@S) messa0e= MS sends *-CG@)
CO4)6OL -CG messa0e in the mode of four access burst pulses on the uplink
block directed by 66#*" )his radio block is considered as a *-CC$ block"
'" Calculate )- value based on four access burst pluses at network side= and once the
resource is ok= assi0n it to MS via *acket 9plink -ssi0nment messa0e" MS is
addressed by )emporary Tueuin0 5dentity 1)T52"
4&0&+ GPRS Suspen%/Resume 9lo#
5f MS initiates GSM circuit service under G*6S packet transmission mode= and this MS
has not the capability of providin0 both G*6S service and GSM circuit service= MS
98
Chapter ! GSM Overview
re<uests to suspend G*6S service done at network side" :hen GSM circuit service is
ended= inform MS to resume the suspended G*6S service at network side"

%" Suspend
7" 6LC &-)- #LOCG
!" &edicated Mode @ntered
MS #SS SGS4 MSCA?L6
," Suspend
3" 6esume
+" Channel 6elease
'" Suspend -ck
(" 6esume -ck
RR""


;i0ure +8%+ G*6S SuspendA6esume ;low
!" )he MS under packet transmission mode shall enter dedicated mode"
%" MS sends 66 Suspend 1)LL5= 6-52 messa0e to *C9 via #SC= to indicate current
suspended packet data service and start dedicated mode service" *C9 can
terminate all G*6S services for this ))L5"
," *C9 sends Suspend 1)LL5= 6-52 messa0e to SGS4= to inform that SGS4 shall
suspend current on0oin0 packet data service= and SGS4 stops sendin0 *&9 to this
MS= saves current packet data service status= and returns Suspend -ck messa0e to
*C9"
'" -fter *C9 receives Suspend -ck messa0e= it informs #SC to start dedicated mode
service= and saves )LL5 and 6-5 for this MS= so this MS can re<uest SGS4 to
restore G*6S service after leavin0 from dedicated mode" $ereafter= MS starts the
service under dedicated mode"
3" :hen #SC detects the completion of dedicated mode service= prepare to release
circuit service channel= and notify *C9 of the current position information of MS"
5f *C9 can re<uest to resume G*6S service from SGS4= send 6esume 1)LL5=
6-52 messa0e to SGS4= apply for resumin0 suspended packet data service= and
report relevant position information of current MS"
(" SGS4 returns 6esume -ck messa0e to *C9= and acknowled0es to resume packet
99
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
data transmission= and starts transferrin0 *&9"
+" *C9 notifies #SC of resumin0 suspended packet data service= and #SC sends
Chnnel 6elease 16esume2 messa0e to MS= to release dedicated resource seiCed in
dedicated mode and notify #SC of whether the suspended data service shall be
resumed" 6esume indicates whether #SS has successfully re<uested SGS4 to
resume G*6S service for this MS= that is= whether #SS receives 6esume -ck
messa0e before sendin0 Channel 6elease"
7" MS leaves from dedicated mode= enters into packet transmission mode= to start
transmit and receive packet data"
4&0&0 TB9 Release 9lo#
4&0&0& 7plin- TB9 Release 9lo# in Ac-no#le%gement Mo%e
;i0ure +8%7 9plink )#; 6elease ;low in -cknowled0ement Mode
!" MS initiates uplink )#; release to start countin0 down flow" MS shall start timer
),!7% on the 6LC data block that sends C?N/" 5f ),!7% eBpires= release )#;"
%" 5f do not receive all 6LC data blocks at the tail of )#; 1C?N/2 at network side= it
sends *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e to ms= and allocates sufficient
uplink resource to MS to re8transmit re<uired 6LC data block"
," 5f the network has received all 6LC data blocks at the end of )#; 1while C?N/2=
send *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e with ;-5N!= while resettin0
counter 4,!/,"
100
Chapter ! GSM Overview
'" MS receives *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e= if ;-5 does not e<ual to !=
reset ),!7%= and re8transmit data as re<uired" 5f ;-5N!= MS sends *-CG@)
CO4)6OL -CG messa0e and releases this )#;"
3" 6elease resource after receivin0 *acket Control -ck messa0e at network side" 5f
has not received= 4,!/, increments at network side= and re8transmit *-CG@)
9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e" 5f 4,!/, reaches the maBimum value= ),!(.
starts at network side" -fter ),!(. eBpires= release resource at network side"
4&0&0&* 7plin- TB9 Release 9lo# in 7nac-no#le%gement Mo%e
;i0ure +8%. 9plink )#; 6elease ;low in 9nacknowled0ement Mode
!" MS releases uplink )#; by start countin0 down process" MS indicates the tail of
)#; by settin0 C? to /= and ),!7% timer starts at this time"
%" :hen )#; tail 1namely= C?N/2 is detected at network side= send *-CG@)
9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e with ;-5N!= and the header of 6LCAM-C control
block contains valid 66#* domain= and clear 4,!/, timer"
," -fter receivin0 *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG= MS shall stop ),!7% timer" 5f
;-5 is set to ! for *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e= MS shall send
*-CG@) CO4)6OL -CG4O:L@&G@M@4) messa0e and release )#; at
network side" 5f there is no downlink )#; at this time= MS shall enter into idle
101
GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
packet mode" -fter enterin0 idle packet mode= MS shall use &6D mode"
'" 5f the ;-5 in *-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e is not != MS shall
repeatedly send the last block of C?N/ in possible case until receivin0 *-CG@)
9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e with ;-5 N !" :hile re8transmittin0 the last block
of C?N/= MS shall start ),!7% timer" )he block of C?N/ can be re8transmitted up
to ' times" if ),!7% eBpires= MS shall release )#; accordin0 to *-CG@)
9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e"
3" 6elease resource after receivin0 *acket Control -ck messa0e at network side= if
not received= you shall add 4,!/, counter at network side and re8transmit
*-CG@) 9*L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e" 5f 4,!/, counter eBceeds the limit=
),!(. timer starts at network side" -fter ),!(. eBpires= release resource"
4&0&0&+ Do#nlin- TB9 Release 9lo# in Ac-no#le%gement Mo%e
;i0ure +8,/ &ownlink )#; 6elease ;low in -cknowled0ement Mode
!" 5nitiate downlink )#; release by sendin0 6LC data block with valid 66#*
domain and ;#5N! at network side" )his 6LC data block shall be the hi0hest #S4
for this downlink )#;" -t this time= ),!.! timer starts at network side" #efore
),!.! eBpires= re8transmit 6LC data block at network side" 5f ),!.! eBpires=
release current )#; at network side"
%" 5f MS receives the 6LC data block with valid 66#* domain and ;#5N!= the MS
sends *-CG@) &O:4L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e on specified uplink block=
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Chapter ! GSM Overview
and re8transmittin0 is re<uired for unreceived block" MS continually monitors all
assi0ned *&C$"
," :hen MS receives the 6LC data block with valid 66#* domain= and MS has
received all 6LC data blocks of )#;= MS shall send *-CG@) &O:4L54G
-CGA4-CG messa0e with ;-5N!= ),!.% starts or restarts"
'" 5f receivin0 *-CG@) &O:4L54G -CGA4-CG messa0e at network side before
),!.! eBpires= this messa0e shall be re8transmitted and ),!.! stops at network
side= and re8transmit necessary 6LC data block based on -6T mechanism before
initiatin0 downlink )#; release" :hile re8transmittin0 6LC data block with the
hi0hest #S4 in )#;= ;#5 shall be set to !" 5f this messa0e is not re<uired to re8
transmit= ),!.! stops and ),!., starts at network side" -fter ),!., eBpires=
release this )#; at network side"
4&0&0&0 Do#nlin- TB9 Release 9lo# in 7nac-no#le%gement Mo%e
;i0ure +8,! &ownlink )#; 6elease ;low in 9nacknowled0ement Mode
Send the 6LC data block with ;#5N! and valid 66#* domain at network side to release
downlink )#;" )he 6LC data block to be sent shall contain the hi0hest #S4 of this
downlink )#;" -t this time= ),!.! timer starts at network side" 5f ),!.! eBpires= release
current )#; at network side"
;or each 6LC data block with ;#5N! and valid 66#* domain= MS shall send *-CG@)
CO4)6OL -CG messa0e on uplink block specified in 66#* domain" ),!.% timer starts
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GSM G*6S @&G@ *rinciples
and continually monitor all assi0ned downlink *&C$" 5f MS receives the 6LC data
block with ;#5N! and valid 66#* domain= MS shall re8transmit P3'+)
ON)RO9/,ownlink:03' messa0e and ),!.% timer restarts" :hen ),!.% eBpires=
MS will stop monitorin0 assi0ned downlink *&C$"
;uestion:
5f receivin0 *-CG@) CO4)6OL -CG messa0e at network side before ),!.! eBpires=
),!.! timer stops and ),!., timer starts" -fter ),!., eBpires= release current )#; at
network side"
4&1 Terminal an% Application
-ccordin0 to the pa0in0 mode of circuit services and G*6S services in the network and
the confi0uration= the network workin0 mode falls into three cate0ories= as shown in
)able +"3 8+"
)able +"38+ 4etwork :orkin0 Mode
Modes Circuit *a0in0 Channel G*6S *a0in0 Channel *a0in0 Confi0uration
5
*acket *a0in0 Channel *acket *a0in0 Channel )he SGS4 must work with the MSCA?L6 for pa0in0" )he
Gs interface must be selected"
)he MS is re<uired to monitor only one pa0in0 channel"
)he MS allocated with packet data channel receives
pa0in0 messa0es of circuit services on this packet data
channel"
CCC$ *a0in0 Channel CCC$ *a0in0 Channel
*&C$ *acket &ata
Channel
CCC$ *a0in0 Channel
and *acket *a0in0
Channel
55 CCC$ *a0in0 Channel CCC$ *a0in0 Channel
)he SGS4 is not re<uired to work with the MSCA?L6 for
pa0in0"
)he MS is re<uired to monitor only the CCC$ pa0in0
channel" )he MS allocated with packet data channel still
receives pa0in0 messa0es of circuit services on the CCC$
pa0in0 channel"
555
CCC$ *a0in0 Channel *acket *a0in0 Channel )he SGS4 is not re<uired to work with the MSCA?L6 for
pa0in0"
)he MS is re<uired to monitor both the CCC$ pa0in0
channel and the packet pa0in0 channel"
CCC$ *a0in0 Channel CCC$ *a0in0 Channel
)he G*6S MSs fall into three cate0oriesF
)ype8- G*6S MSs
#e able to connect with the GSM and G*6S at the same time= the type8- G*6S MS
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Chapter ! GSM Overview
can be activated in these two systems and listen to the messa0es from these two
systems simultaneously" 5t can provide G*6S services and GSM circuit8switched
services= includin0 the short messa0e service 1SMS2 at the same time" )he )ype8-
MS can ori0inate and receive calls in GSM and G*6S system at the same time= and
perform automatic service chan0eover" 5t enables the subscribers to receive speech
calls and communicate with the called party without interruptin0 the data transmission"
)ype8# G*6S MSs
)he type8# MS can connect with the GSM and G*6S system at the same time=
and provide G*6S and GSM circuit8switched services" $owever= it cannot provide
either G*6S or GSM services at a time"
:hen a circuit8switched call is ori0inated to the type8# MS in G*6S= the MSCA?L6
sends a Suspend messa0e to the SGS4" 9pon receivin0 the messa0e= the SGS4
disconnects the G*6S connection temporarily" -fter the circuit8switched call is
complemented= the MSCA?L6 sends a 6estore messa0e to the SGS4" )he SGS4
resumes the G*6S connection after receivin0 the messa0e" )hus= the MS need not
establish G*6S connection repeatedly" Most of the G*6S MSs in the current market
are type8# MSs"
)ype8C G*6S MSs
)he type8C MS enables subscribers to use GSM services and G*6S alternatively"
Manual service chan0eover is re<uired"
105

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