205

design panels of the truss model (see Table 4.16).

4.3 Evaluation of the minimum amount of web reinforcement (see
Table 4.16)
Av =
5. Evaluation of the compression stresses in the fan regions fdi (see
Table 4.17 and Figs. 4.45, 4.46, and 4.47).
D.
f - 1 < 301f'
di - b z cosa. c
W 1
where
[S(i) + wns]
Di = sin a(i)
6. Dimensioning of the longitudinal reinforcement required for shear
where Vn is the nominal shear force Vn/, = 0.85, at the start
of each design zone (truss panel) (see Fig. 4.48) and Table 4.18.
7. Detailing of the longitudinal reinforcement
Once the required amounts of longitudinal reinforcement for shear
and bending are known, the detailing of this reinforcement can be
conducted (see Sec. 4.4.6 and Table 4.18). Finally, the adequate
anchorage of the longitudinal prestressed reinforcement at the
support regions must be checked.
The longitudinal reinforcement going into the support has to be
provided with an anchorage length such that a force V cota
u
2
is adequately developed. The development length ld of strand
required to achieve the effective prestressing force is
f
se
ld =
206
(1)
Design Support 2 3 4 5
Section Centerline
(2)
Distance from
the support 0'-0" 4'-0" B'-O" 12'-0" 16 '-0"
centerl ine (ft)
(3)
Design Zone 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
(4 )
Vc (kips) 60 7B 26
35 42
(5)
Vu-w
u
(4' )( ki ps) 106 B7 69 52 36
(6)
nS
y
(Eq. 4. 47 )( ki ps ) 62 22 53 24 0.0
(7 )
A v ~ (Eq.
4.4B)
(in lin) 0.023 O.OOB 0.01B 0.009 0.0
(B)
( in
2
/in)
Avis min
O.OOB O.OOB 0.008 0.008 O.OOB
(9)
S: stirrup spacing
for 113 bar (U) (in)
9.5 27.5 12.0 24.25 27.5
(10)
Maximum stirrup
spacing
smax (in) 10.75 12 12 12 12
Table 4.16 Dnnensioning of the web reinforcement
207
4.4.1 Selection of the Truss Model. Figure 4.34 shows the
shear and moment diagrams due to the applied dead loads on the girder.
The design of this type of member in general is controlled by
flexure. Therefore, as explained in Sec. 3.2, in this situation the
selection of a low angle of inclination of the diagonal members of the
truss would not be very advantageous because the maximum stirrup spacing
would probably control. Futhermore, the selection of a low angle also
increases the amount of logitudinal reinforcement required for shear.
Thus, for this design example a value of the angle Q'in the vicinity of
45 degrees will be chosen.
In the truss model approach the design zones are determined by
the horizontal projection zcotQ' of the inclined members of the truss.
For this design example the depth of the truss model "z" is taken as the
effective lid" of the precast section at the midspan section plus 5
inches. The 5 inches are added by assuming that the stirrup
reinforcement would be anchored 5 inches plus a standard hook above the
top face of the precast girder to enable, say, a #4 stirrup to be
developed at the interface of the composite slab and the top face of the
precast I girder. As can be seen in Fig. 4.31 lid" of the precast girder
equals 38 inches, thus "z"is 38 + 5 = 43 inches. In this example, an
angle of inclination of the diagonal members equal to 41.8 degrees is
chosen, such that the length of each truss panel (design zone) zcotQ' is
equal to 4 ft. This divides the member into a convenient number of
design zones (five) bet ween the suppport face and the centerl ine (see
Fig. 4.35). Once the design zones are determined, the envelope of the
208
maximum live load shears has to be completed. Figure 4.36 shows the
cri tical live load ing cases for each of the design sections. For
example, the loading case shown in Fig. 4.36a produces the maximum live
load shear force at the design section 1. The load ing cases shown in
Figs. 4.36b through 4.36f produce the maximum live load shear for the
design sections 2 through 6, respectively. The resultant envelope of
maximum live load shears for the loading cases shown in Fig. 4.36 is
shown in Fig. 4.37. Figure 4.38 shows the correspond ing moment diagrams
for each load case.
The resultant envelope of maximum live load shears shown in Fig.
4.37 together with the corresponding bending moments and the dead load
shears and moments shown in Fig. 4.34 are used to determine the truss
model for this design example. The section will be designed as a
symmetric section, since the truck loading can approach the bridge from
either side. The design conducted for one-half of the span for the
worst possible combination of live and dead load shears and moments will
simply be repeated on the other half.
From the dead load shear diagrams of Fig. 4.34 and the envelope
of maximum live load shears shown in Fig. 4.36 the directions of the
diagonal compression elements of the selected truss model are
determined. The resulting general truss model for the member is shown
in Fig. 4.35b. However, since in this case an envelope of maximum
shears is used to design the section, special care should be exercised
in using the appropriate free bodies when proportioning the