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13 values for the concrete contribution in this transition zone are presented In Fig. 2.2. The nominal concrete contribution in shear in the uncracked low shear stress range is 1. 2. Qrd or 3. Qrd. For the case of prestressed concrete members, the same type of linear concrete contribution in the transition zone is suggested.
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Originaltitel
Proposed Design Procedures for Shear and Torsion in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Ramirez_part8
13 values for the concrete contribution in this transition zone are presented In Fig. 2.2. The nominal concrete contribution in shear in the uncracked low shear stress range is 1. 2. Qrd or 3. Qrd. For the case of prestressed concrete members, the same type of linear concrete contribution in the transition zone is suggested.
13 values for the concrete contribution in this transition zone are presented In Fig. 2.2. The nominal concrete contribution in shear in the uncracked low shear stress range is 1. 2. Qrd or 3. Qrd. For the case of prestressed concrete members, the same type of linear concrete contribution in the transition zone is suggested.
values for the concrete contribution in this transition zone are
presented in Fig. 2.2. In Fig. 2.2 the values of Qrd include a material safety factor of 1.5 as recommended by the CEB Code for the case of concrete. Therefore, the nom inal concrete contribution in shear in the uncracked low shear stress range is 1.5 2.5 Qrd or 3.75 Qrd. In terms of k.ff'c for the values of Qrd given in Fig. 2.2, this lower range 3.75 Qrd yields values of k ranging from 2.4 to 3.2. These values are between the values of ~ and 3.5..!fb which are currently recommended in the ACI Building Code (2) and AASHTO Standard Specifications (1) as the simplified and maximum values respectively of the nominal concrete contribution in shear depending on the moment to shear ratio on a section. These values then decrease for members with higher values of shear. Such a provision gives substantial relief in shear design of lightly loaded members. For the case of prestressed concrete members, the same type of linear concrete contribution in the transition zone is suggested. However, the values of Vc of 2.5 Qrd are increased by a factor K = 1 + [Mo/M sdu ] ~ 2, where Msdu is the maximum design moment in the shear region under consideration, and Mo denotes the decompression moment at transfer related to the extreme tensile fiber, for the section where Msdu is acting. This moment is equal to that which produces a tensile stress that cancels the compression stresses due to the applied prestress force and other design ax ial forces. 14 Vc= concrete contribution Vc bwd uncracked I ~ ~ Transition I ~ FLlIl Trus. action Vc=2.5Qrd 2.50Qrd Ultimate Shear Stress where: f' (psi) c 1740 2320 2900 3625 4350 5075 5800 6525 7250 Qrd (psi) 26.1 31.9 37.7 43.5 49.3 55.1 60.9 66.7 72.5 7.5Qrd Fig. 2.2 Concrete contribution in the transition range CEB-Refined Method 15 In order to avoid failures due to crushing of the web, an upper limit on the shear resistance of (2.6) is required. f cd represents the design concrete compression stress, i.e. characteristic value of the concrete compression strength divided by a resistance safety factor. In terms of ~ the maximum shear stress Vmax/[bwd), with a resistance safety factor of 1.5 as suggested in the CEB Code, would become equal to 0.2 ~ sin 20'. A comparison between the CEB upper limit and AASHTO and ACI upper limit of 1 0 ~ is shown in Fig. 2.3 for a of 45 and 30 degrees. The design procedure for torsion in the CEB-Refined method is also based on the Truss model with variable angle of inclination of the 2000 1000 Vmax. Maximum shear stress (psi) ACI, AASHTO ~ : : : : : : : = __ ----- (IO.jfc) 2 4 6 X 10 3 (psi), 8 10 f' C Fig. 2.3 Upper Innit of the shear stress in the section 16 diagonal compression strut. A very important differentiation is made between the cases of equilibrium and compatibility torsion. The CEB- refined procedure in the case of torsion neglects compatibility torsion. In this design procedure it is assumed that since compatibility torsion is caused by deformations of adjacent members in statically indeterminate structures it will produce secondary effects which should be considered in evaluating servicability, but can be neglected in the ul timate strength design of the section. Therefore, in the ul timate strength design of the section only the cases of equilibrium torsion are considered. For the same reasons given in the case of shear the limits for the angle of inclination of the diagonal compression strut remain controlled by the values proposed in Eq. 2.1. In the case of torsion, the ultimate torsional moment Tu must be equal or less than the resistance value. The resistance value Tn is made up of the resistance Ts carried by the truss and the additional resistance of the concrete Tc in the transition range between the uncracked state and full truss action. The torsion carried by the truss action is evaluated using Eq. 2.7. A Ts = 2 AO fwd o t ~ (2.7) Equation 2.7 follows directly from Eq. 3.31 derived in Sec. 3.4 of Report 248-2 from the equilibrium conditions in the truss model. Ao is the area enclosed by the perimeter conecting the centers of the
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