37

resisting externally applied loads or at the junction of the web and the
flange when the centroid lies within the flange.
For all other cases, i.e. equilibrium torsion, the section must
be designed to resist the full applied torsional moment.
The limits for the angle of inclination of the diagonal
compression strut remain the same limits proposed in Eq. 2.26.
The ultimate torsional moment Tu must be equal or less than the
nominal torsional resistance Tn
where is a capacity reduction factor. The resistance Tn is entirely
prov ided by the truss action. The torsion carried by the truss action
is evaluated by means of Eq. 2.36
(2.36)
Equation 2.36 follows directly from Eq. 3.31 derived in Sec. 3.4
of Report 248-2 from equilibrium considerations in the truss model. Aq
is the area enclosed by the torsional flow and is evaluated as
(2.37 )
where a
o
is the equivalent torsional depth of the compression block,
derived from the compression field theory approach (12), and can be
computed as
a
o
(tana + _1_ ]0.5]
tana)
(2.38)
38
AOh is the area enclosed by the centerline of the exterior
closed transverse torsion reinforcement, and Ph is the perimeter formed
by the centerline of the closed transverse torsion reinforcement.
Due to the inclination of the compression field in the truss
model, an area of longitudinal steel due to torsion must be provided.
(2.39)
Equation 2.39 follows directly from equilibrium consideration in
the truss model. However, Pq is the perimeter enclosed by the shear
flow path, and may be computed as
(2.40)
In the case of combined torsion and shear the required amount of
transverse reinforcement is assumed to be the sum of the amount required
for shear and the amount required for torsion.
The amount of longitudinal steel required due to the presence of
torsion and shear, is evaluated in an approximate form. It is suggested
that a simple conservative procedure for determing the required tension
area under combined loading is to take the square root of the sum of the
squares of the individually calculated tensions. Thus, the equivalent
total area of longitudinal steel due to shear and torsion can be
computed as
(2.41)
39
Since in the General Method the angle of inclination of the
diagonal compression field, as computed from Eq. 2.26, is allowed to
take very low values (much less than 31 degrees), it is then necessary
to introduce service load checks to ensure adequate crack control at
this limit state. The service load check in the General Method is
carried out by means of an additional empirically found condition for
the lower limit of the diagonal strut angle, which ensures that at
service loads, the strains in the transverse reinforcement do not exceed
the value of 0.001 for interior exposure, and O.OOOS for exterior
exposure. In the General Method the strain in the transverse
reinforcement at service load E:se is evaluated in the following manner.

se
Y pc 0.5 f f [
30 1
(2.42 )
where Vse is the service load shear force, Vcr is the shear force
causing diagonal cracking (23), Tse is the torsional moment at service
load conditions, Av and At are the amount of transverse reinforcement
provided for shear and torsion respectively, and Es is the modulus of
elasticity of the transverse reinforcement.
Finally, the detailing of the steel reinforcement has to satisfy
the following requirements. The spacing of the transverse reinforcement
placed perpendicular to the axis of the member shall not exceed, in the
case of shear, the smaller of d
v
/(3 tan a)or d
v
In the case of
torsion, the spacing cannot exceed Ph/(S tan a). A minimum area of
transverse reinforcement has to be provided in all regions of flexural
40
members where the shear force exceeds 0.5 V
c
or the torsion exceeds
0.25 T
ocr
'
The shear capacity of the uncracked concrete section Vc is taken
as 2 bwd. The minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement is
(2.43)
For prestressed concrete members with an effective prestress force not
less than of the tensile strength of the flexural reinforcement, the
minimum area of shear reinforcement can be computed by Eq. 2.43 or by
Eq. 2.44.
A f
A . = f
Pu
-d
S

VUl1n 0 b
ys w
(2.44)
where Aps is the area of prestressed reinforcement in the tension zone,
fpu represents the specified tensile strength of the prestressing
tendons, and "d" is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to
the centroid of the longitudinal tension reinforcement.
In calculating the term As in the Eqs. 2.43 and 2.44, the
transverse reinforcement used to resist torsion may be included. The
stirrup reinforcement provided for torsion has to be provided in the
form of closed ties. Adequate anchorage of the transverse reinforcement
is required. In the case of stirrups and other wires or bars used as
shear reinforcement, they must be anchored at both ends to develop the
design yield strength of the reinforcement. In the case of torsion the
transverse reinforcement has to be anchored by means of 135 degrees