AN ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROGRAM FOR THE DESIGN OF A
RIVERFRONT RECREATION COMPLEX
Presented to Dr. GEORGE T.C. PENG DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree by J. Kenneth Whistler May 13, 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ^ vi INTRODUCTION PROJECT QUALIFICATION PROJECT HISTORY " PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........[[.[[. \ PROJECT CHALLENGE , 4 BACKGROUND STUDIES THESIS STATEMENT SIGNIFICANCE OF RECREATION.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ [ . . 5 RECREATION AND THE CITY 6 Current Circumstances 7 Existing Facilities 8 Recreational Need ' g Recent Developments/Community Comprehensions 9 THE CITY Geographical Setting n Hltory of the City 12 Population I3 growth trends I3 pro j ections 15 Economic Trends 15 Government 17 city government 17 financial structure , 17 Land Use 18 current policy 18 land cover and development 19 END NOTES 21 DESIGN GOALS OBJECTIVES 23 SITE ANALYSIS 25 Site Selection 25 Site Objectives 25 Site Data Classifications 26 Architectural Context 28 project overview 28 site overview 28 climate overview 28 Diagrams -"^ ACTIVITY ANALYSIS ^3 Classifications of Recreation '^3 Human Life Cycles ^^ infant 7^ child ^5 adolescent young adult older adult Indoor Activities Outdoor Activities 11 SPACE SUMMARY 65 Indoor Spaces 55 Outdoor Spaces 59 SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 69 Structural 59 Mechanical 69 Plumbing 70 Electrical 70 Life Safety 71 COST ANALYSIS 73 Introduction 73 Building Cost Summary 73 Project Cost Summary 73 DETAILED SPACE LIST 74 Indoor Spaces 75 Outdoor Spaces 91 ENDNOTES 94 PROJECT SUMMARY FINDINGS 95 PROPOSALS 96 APPENDIX A DOCUMENTATION APPENDIX B STANDARDS BIBLIOGRAPHY ill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure BACKGROUND 2.1 Public Pool Ratios 3 2.2 Public Gym Ratios g 2.3 Project CITY; Question 13 Results 10 2.4 Project CITY: Question 20 Results H 2.5 Population Composition by Age and Sex, 1980 14 2.6 City Government Organization 17 DESIGN 3.1 Temperature 40 3.2 Precipitation . . . . . 40 3.3 Relative Humidity 41 3.4 Sky Cover 41 Map DESIGN 3.1 Location of City in State 30 3.2 Location of Neighborhood in City 31 3.3 Location of Site in Neighborhood 32 3.4 Size and Zoning 33 3.5 Legal 34 3.6 Natural Physical Features 35 3.7 Man Made Features 36 3.8 Circulation 37 3.9 Utilities 38 3.10 Sensory 39 iv LIST OP TABLES Table BACKGROUND 2.1 Population Projections 15 2.2 Municipal Revenue and Expenditures 18 2.3 Average City-Wide Land Use 19 DESIGN 3.1 Solar ALtitude and Azimuth 42 3.2 Weather Relationships 42 3.3 Standards for Recreation Activities 44 3.4 Stages in Life Span Development 46 3.5 Recommended Finish Schedule for General Areas '^2 3.6 Recommended Finish Schedule for Sports Areas "^2 SLIDE INDEX PRELIMINARY DESIGN Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide SI ike Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide 1 Case study-Abilene Baptist Church Activities Center 2 Media coverage of river, development 3 Location of City in State 4 Location of neighborhood in city 5 Location of site in neighborhood 6 Urban Concept 7 Existing Zoning/Land Use of Neighborhood 8 Existing physical features 9 Existing natural physical features 10 Existing circulation 11 Sensory (views from site) 12 Sensory (views to site) 13 Indoor/outdoor concept 14 Athletic center/social center/control concept 15 Design response vignette-incorporate bowling alley 16 drv-physical extensions accross river 17 drv-extend water into site 18 drv-flat ground for playing fields 19 drv-high ground for building 20 drv-floodway 21 drv-trees as buffers 22 drv-public image concept 23 drv-"island" concept w/lookout towers aijd trails 24 drv-grid organization 25 drv-linear organization 26 drv-centralized organization 27 drv-radial organization 28 drv-clustered organization 29 drv-extend riverwalk & create "anchor" 30 Optimum building over 3 grids 31 1"=50 32 l"-50 33 l"-50 34 l"-50 35 l"-50 36 l"-50 1"=50 l"-50 1"=50 1"=50 41 l"-50 42 l"-20 43 l"-20 44 l"-20 1"=20 l"-20 1"=20 1"=20 37 38 39 40 45 46 47 48 49 1"=20 50 1"=20 site layout-"anchor" site layout-"water thru bid." site layout site layout site layout site layout-"water thru" "park, tree corridor, over water, into bid." "pre final w/racquetball facing nothing" "social gym" and racquetball facing river "final layout" "final layout with contours partial plan partial plan-entry & walk over water partial plan-ice skating intersection partial plan-ice skating partial plan-ice skating curvilinear seating outside gyms curvilinear seating outside gyms curvilinear seating outside gyms curvilinear seating outside gyms 51 Contextual images 52 Open pavillion sketches-images 53 Ceiling height requirements for indoor tennis Slide #54 High tech elevation image Slide #55 Elevations-weight platform sketches-fountain sketches Slide #56 Section-level changes Slide #57 Section-circulation/weightlifting/gym Slide #58 Section-circulation/atrium showing mechanical duct, planter Slide #59 Section-dance studio loft Slide #60 Section-fountain/pyramid skylites Slide #61 Elevation study-locker roof/mechanical shaft space above Slide #62 Elevations/sections-ice skating barrel vault Slide #63 Elevations/sections-ice skating barrel vault Slide #64 Elevation of south aquatic elevation Slide #65 Elevation of sunburst suncreen ice skating Slide #66 Section-final barn structure Slide #67 Wind scoop, athletic center/social center Slide #68 Wrap activities around center, link to river Slide #69 ''Neon bridge, wiue corridor concept) Slide #70 ~1"=100' site contour model Slide #71 Top photo of lookout tower Slide #72 Study model-lookout tower/barnel elevation Slide #73 Study model-barn elevation FINAL DESIGN Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 #24 #25 Study model-site contour Final thesis presentation exhibit Site plan Floor plan Elevations/sections Elevations-west-north-south/section d-d South elevation West elevation Sections a-a, b-b and c-c Section b-b (gym) Section (skating rink) Final model-front shot overall (se) Final model-aerial entry (west) Final model-aerial sw side Final model-aerial south Final model-aerial south (closer) Final model-aerial east Final model-eye level ice skating arcade Final model-eye level social entry (secondary) _ Final model-eye level athletic center entry (mam) Final model-eye level squash, gyms, bridge Final model-eye level squash, gyms, bridge Final model-gyms, social gym, skating Final model-gyms, social gym, skating Final model-corner of model to gyms PREFACE All architecture design students at Texas Tech University are required to develop and design a terminal thesis project for partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Architecture degree. The architecture project undertaken during the fifth year is intended to be a sunimation of the five years of undergraduate learning experiences and should demonstrate that the student is fully prepared to enter the architecture profession. The architecture thesis project has a two-fold process: program and design. Once a student receives approval of a thesis topic, the programming process begins. A complete, written program for design is prepared through pre- liminary research, discussion and decision making. The thesis program should contain all pertinent information enabling the designer to make sound decisions about optimum function, space, geometry, context and enclosure. A prerequisite of the thesis project requires that each student identify a viable client and a real site to contribute an essential realistic quality to the project. Once the program is completed, design synthesis pertinent to the program is executed. Physical sketches, diagrams and models which express the esence of the thesis project are visualized and exposed at this time. The total completion of the project usually takes two full regular semester or approximately eight months. In the pages to follow is an architecture thesis program for the design of a riverfront recreation complex in Wichita Falls, Texas. Expected accomplishments to be realized upon the completion of the thesis program are: -to assist in coping with information overload by idendifying the functional and spatial needs of the project requirements, -to accurately define potential project issues. -to propose and recommend architectural design solutions based on the profile of the programmatic requirements and conditions. S J DCZZ] 3 ^ D PROJECT QUALIFICATION Before choosing to do a thesis topic proposal my mind was made up to do something related to athletics and/or recreation. I have participated in many sports and recreational activities all of my life, playing football, baseball, basketball and many others. I have participated on playing fields, playing courts and related facilities of all sorts and have formulated essential design ideas based on those actual experiences. I also wanted to do an architectural thesis project within an urban scope, that is to design a building looking from the outside-in, rather than from the inside-out. I felt that by addressing the broad spectrum of scales, from site to county to city, and particularly from city to neighborhood to specific site, many different concepts could be generated. From these concepts then, my architectural solution to these "outside" conditions would be sensitive, practical, real, accepted and part of the whole. So, on my quest to find an architectural thesis project within an urban scope, and to do one related to athletics and/or recreation, I arrived at Wichita Falls, Texas. The "trip" there was insignificant compared to what was found once I "arrived". PROJECT HISTORY At the present time, Wichita Falls is the only major city in the state of Texas without any type of public recreation center. City administrators have been aware of this fact for quite some time, and are addressing this issue with cautious enthusiasm. The City Parks and Recreation Department (CPRD) has wanted a citywide recreation center for several years, preferably one in each sector of the city, or a total of five. They realized this was unrealistic and have focused attention on one recreation center for the whole city. So, several years ago, the CPRD drew up a proposal for a a citywide recreation center to be located in Kiwanis Park in the southwest section of the city. Mixed reaction occurred because many people felt that a recreation center would not be used, since local YMCA and high school facilities were available to the public. And apparently the public still had a bad taste in their mouth from an earlier proposal, and so anything connotating the term "recreation center" was generally looked at negatively. But city administrators knew that those facilities would not support a steadily growing population and could see a lack of public recreation facilities (particularly indoor) in the near future. A bond election was held and the proposal was defeated by less than 200 votes. Much has changed since then. A new mayor has been elected, city-wide zoning has been approved, the Youth Activities Advisory Council (YAAC) has been formulated, and the public reaction for a recreation center has shifted. The theme could now be described in the phrase "what is it that we can do to make Wichita Falls a better place to live?" According to a random, city-wide survey conducted by six marketing students at Rider High School, a Recreation Center for the Youth would most- benefit the city. The results of this survey had such an impact on the city that the findings have been used by the Wichita Falls Board of Commerce and Industry and various members of the Image Committee. It also stimulated the City Council to invite these six students to serve on the council and be the "voice" for the youth in the city. So, the YAAC was formed and their ^c 1-hP Recreation Center and inform the public of first task was to promote the Recreation u thei. srve. findings. Today, the city council and the general public hav, accepted the need for a recreation center and will do everything pos.iUe to get one. h.Th the city could be a better place to live would Another way m which the city n.dinances to be used for policy implementation. This be to adopt zoning ordinances to u would coordinate a higher aua^^^^r ^f n , nigner quality of living environment within the city and deter the abuse of unplanned, man-made developments. Still another way of helping to make Wichita Falls a better place to live would be to confront the issue of the downtown decay. Since the 1979 tornado wiped out major portions of the southwest section of the city, new construction has occurred attracting many people to the "newer" side of town. In an effort to bring these people back, or at least renew their interest in the downtown area, the city is looking for ways in which the River Development District (RDD) can be planned. Urban planning and architecture consultants have been hired and design review committees have been formed in order to coordinate efforts on implementing an urban plan of the whole RDD to be used as policy for future downtown riverfront development. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The YAAC wants a recreation center that is highly visible and near water. They want a "club-med" or resort-type atmosphere with the availability of adult-type activities, such as a night club effect with a bar and dancing. They want a variety of activities not necessarily constant. That is, they don't want to be stuck doing the same things all year long. They desire the flexibility of activities on a day-to-day basis. The YAAC envisions beaches, live concerts, 3 wheelers, roller skating along the river, horseback riding, ice skating, tubing, paddle boats, canoeing, as well as swimming, basketball, gymnastics and gamerooms. They suggest that most of these activities be available in a nightime atmosphere along with daytime. As for the location, the "kids" realize the new development that is occuring (the new Sheraton Hotel) to the west as well as the possible location of the new civic center to the east. They don't want to be located next to the new civic center location because "alot of dirty old men tend to hang around the civic center now". They would prefer to have the recreation isolated somewhere along the river close enought and within walking distance to the new development transpiring now. The CPRD sees the recreation center to be primarily an indoor facility with a multipurpose gym for basketball, volleyball, tennis and badminton. Other activities are: racquetball, gymnastics, weight rooms, game rooms (kids and adults), indoor track, activity rooms for cooking, art and dancing, meeting rooms, snack bar and indoor swimming. The CPRD want the recreation center to be located adjacent to the new civic center, either east or west of it on the southside of the river. If the recreation center is proposed on the northside, it should be close to Scotland Park. The CPRD felt that if a Recreation Center is proposed without being part of an overall plan of the whole riverfront, then it will not pass. But, if an overall plan is proposed, and the recreation is a part of that plan, then it will receive favor. PROJECT CHALLENGE The planning and design of a river front recreation complex herein proposed demand a precise and logical approach. To create a facility or facilities which accomodate all age groups in a location convenient to a majority of the users is the essence of the design. In order to meet this challenge, I must begin with locating the optimum site within the RDD. Both the CPRD and YAAC have general locational preferences, but both agreed that I should choose the best site according to their functional requirements. Because of the complexity of the project, defining and redefining its scope according to both the CPRD's and YAAC's needs and synthesizing with my design intentions was another challenge. Still another architectural challenge was to reflect the unique needs of the city by accommodating functionally, expressing aesthetically and relating harmoniously with the surroundings. My ultimate challenge was to design a recreation center that the people of Wichita Falls will want to come to. ^ 0' M THESIS STATEMENT A fundamental aspect of man is to have a clear purpose/goal in life in which to aim at. It is this purpose that ultimately leads man on a journey towards what is considered "the good life". The question is then, what is it that ultimately fulfills man? What is it that man is directed towards? What is "the good life"? Each man has his own purpose or actual- ization of fulfillment to fit his particular aims, but most will agree that the final good in life is having good health, wealth, family and friends. Having good health requires a balance. Man exhausts his supply of vitality working for a living. Therefore in order to maintain a healthful equalibrium, he must take time out periodically from the rigors of everyday living for recreational pursuits. SIGNIFICANCE OF RECREATION Recreation is the refreshment of one's entire being, mind and body. It is accomplished through any form of play, amusement or relaxation. It is a nonwork activity engaged in for pleasure in the form of games, sports, hobbies, reading walking and etc. Recreational activities are often culturally and socially structured, and within a culture, people tend to want to engage in similar modes of action. Activities defined as recreational provide easily identifiable situations that give immediate sanctions for 2 people to relax. Games are one such structured device for defining a situation as a time to relax from normal work, seriousness or routine responsibility. Recreational activities can be classified into two broad categories: passive and active.^ Passive recreational activities are those primarily intended to refresh the mind and therefore require little physical involve- ment. Examples of such are: walking, talking, reading, eating, watching, sightseeing and other similar acts. Active recreational activities, on the other hand, are those that refresh the body and therefore involve quick and brisk actions which require intensive bodily movement. Examples of such are field games, court games, skating, jogging, riding, boating and skiing. Both types of recreational activities are practiced by people of all ages, but for obvious reasons, passive recreation is more common among the old while active recreation is more prominent among the young. Apart from serving its basic function of refreshing the mind and body, recreation also induces competition and team spirit. It gives an opportunity to learn the important values developed through team spirit and cooperation and the sense of belonging to a group. Therefore, recreation provides social, cultural and educational benefits to the community, prompt- ing social interaction and encouraging better human relations. Recreation can produce economic and commercial benefits as well, both directly and indirectly. The direct economic benefits come from events and activities like spectator sports, stage shows and amusement parks. The indirect economic benefit of recreation is in the form of tourism. Many major recreational events and activities bring in people from far places. These people spend money in motels, restaurants and shopes enhancing the local economy and thereby providing new jobs for its citizens. Another indirect economic benefit is the desirable quality that recreational facilities provide for a community, hence making it a more preferred area to work and live. Well developed and adequate recreation and open space areas tend to attract and hold people in the community through their positive impact on individual lifestyles. RECREATION and the CITY "as of now, Mlohita Falls is the only ajor city in the State o f Texas without any type of H S i i / - " f - " / " ^ ^ f ^- ron.rallv there is one recreation facility for every .io.uuu p l o S -irmeans Wichita Falls should have - - s t -r^^^^_ 5 facilities at the present time. . . ^ ^^^^ f^^^ l^^^^, ,ould ing response for such a building. . ^ / f ^^^;^ ^^^ ^u unds benefit all types o^ people and would be a place of fellowship. . " These observations, expressed by Lori Gordon, Chairperson of the Youth Activities Advisory Council (YAAC), were presented to the City Council at a meeting in February of 1985. Her insight is representative of many in Wichita Falls concerning the lack or inadequancies of existing public gymnasiums or indoor sports facilities. The obvious questions, then, are why are there no public recreation facilities and what facilities are currently being used for this purpose? Is the city proposing for the future new facilities to meet these needs, or will the current facilities continue to be used? What are the most recent developments and particularly, the perceptions of those involved? current circumstances Although Wichita Falls is a major urban center for a 12-county region, it has little to offer by way of public gyms or indoor sports facilities for 7 its citizens. There are many reasons for this, but the most obvious is its low per capita spending on public parks and recreation. Goals for Wichita Falls, a report compiled in 1980 by the City of Wichita Falls, Wichita County, the Wichita Falls Board of Commerce and Industry, civic and profes- sional organizations and private contributions, addressed this issue. Of the top 10 priority goals defined, increased funding of the City's public parks and recreation system was fourth. It should be noted that the City of Wichita Falls spends only $8.00 per capita on public parks and recreation, 8 as opposed to the national average of $18.26. Another reason for the absence of public recreation facilities is the overall misconception by the community of what a "Recreation Center" is. Due to existing YMCA and YWCA facilities in Wichita Falls, and possibly due to lack of exposure of recreation centers, many people in the community seem to equate the two. So, for this reason, proposals for additional facilities seem ludicrous to them. existing facilities As Mentioned, YMCA and YWCA facilities are currently being used for indoor recreation and sports. The junior and senior high schools and Midwestern State University are being used as public facilities as well. The problem is that accessibility to each is somewhat limited. Some school gymnasiums are connected directly to their classroom facilities which 10 prohibits opening the gyms to the public. The City Parks and Recreation has identified two alternatives: create a joint program between the Wichita Falls Independent School District and the City to provide funds to modify these gyms for public use without access to classrooms; and/or to build four new recreation centers which will have gyms and indoor sports facilities. These centers, listed in order of priority, will be owned and operated by the City and should be located at the following existing parks: Scotland, 12 Kiwanis, Lamar and Expressway Village. recreational need Eight priorities for recreation needs have been identified by the 13 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (TORP) for 1985 in Wichita Falls. Of these, swimming pools, basketball courts, softball fields, soccer fields and trails were cited as most needed. The TORP indicates that Wichita Falls has approximately the required number of square yards of swiitmiing pools to accomodate the existing popula- tion; however, the ratio of public pools to private pools is unacceptable to TORP standards. The existing ratios are: EXISTING RECOMMENDED fig- 2.1 Public Pool Ratios ' Source: Parks, Recreation, public 7% Public 95% and Open Space Elements- private 93% Private 5% Executive Summary, p. 803.15 Hence Parks S. Recreation recormnends additional public swinging pools: one 1200 sqyd pool at Kiwanis part to serve the south end of the city: and one 550 sq. rd. pool at O'Reilly Park in conjuction with the Big Wichita 14 River Greenbelt development. Wichita Falls lacks public indoor gymnasium facilities, and only two outdoor full courts are available for public use .^^The present ratio of public to private gyms is unacceptable. EXISTING RECOMMENDED ^. ^ o r, -u-, fig. 2.2 Public Gym Ratios c-Ki.;^ /no. r, 1--, r.^ Source: Parks, Recreation Public 42% Public 95% , n.^,--,4-^ coQ. ^ _._ ,- and Open Space Elements- Private 58% Private 5% :;: ,. :r- Do Executive Summary, p.803.20. Of the existing public gymnasiums, 95% are school facilities. Wichita Falls presently has 11 softball fields which receive heavy use from March through November. The increased popularity of this sport and heavy participation experienced in Wichita Falls indicates a need for more facilities. The TORP recommends 16 softball fields for Wichita Falls. The construction of a multi-field complex which could contain five softball fields, one baseball field, two soccer fields and other recreation facilities 16 is warranted. A master plan will provide the direction for funding, phasing, 17 and the organization necessary to build such a facility. Soccer is rapidly increasing in popularity and the demand for fields will increase. The City of Wichita Falls needs more soccer fields. The existing one mile of trails is far less than is recommended by TORP and is less than cities of comparable size. An additional four miles of trails which are destination oriented and provide a logical pedestrian system which links the parks, recreation opportunities and open spaces together should be installed. recent developments/comprehensions On November 23, 1984 six Rider Marketing and Distributive Education , 18 II students initiated as their Creative Marketing project, "Project City" The results of this project had such an impact on the city that the findings have been used by the Wichita Falls Board of Commerce and Industry, the City of Wichita Falls and various members of the Image Committee. "'"^ "Project CITY " was a random city-wide survey conducted by several Marketing and Distributive Education students at Rider High School to find out how residents of Wichita Palls really felt about their community. Results of the 600 random telephone calls reveals two most significant statistics. Question 13 asked, "of the following, which do you feel would 20 most benefit the city?" This question had multiple answers, but the number one answer was a Recreation Center for the youth. Furthermore, question 600' 500- 400' Recreation _, . _ More Center for .. -r .1.1- More Cultural Youth ^ . ^ , .^. .^. Dept. _ .._ Industry Activities Convention M 2 _ ... ._ stores ^^^^^^ 380 300- 200- 100 441 407 u More Dept. Stores 407 Better Restaurants Liquor 290 by the drink 229 Night clubs 147 , Fig. 2.3. Project CITY Survey: Question 13 Results ^ ^ ^ SoLce: comment-Official Newsletter of the Wichita Falls Board of Coimaerce s Industry Jan/Feb. 1985 20, asked, "If you were in charge of running Wichita Falls, what would be the first thing you would do?" Many people, 224 to be exact, had difficulty answering this question.''But of the 144 who did respond, a Teen Center for the youth was the top answer again. As a result of the survey findings, the Marketing and Distributive Education students were invited to serve on the youth activities advisory Council (vaac, . The VaaC is ..ae up of two 10 100 50 25 Center Teen 45 Improve Streets ^^^^ .^ Beauty 36 Work on Flooding 20 Fig.2.4 Project City survey; Question 20 results Source: Comment-Official Newsletter of the Wichita Falls Board of Commerce & Industry Jan/Feb 1985. Council. It was during February of this year when Lori Gordon delivered her speech to the City Council regarding a recreation center. "What we mean by recreation center is a place for swimming, basketball, gymnastics, dances, pool tables, etc., which is free to the public . . . we suggest more activities . . . such as 3-wheelers, horseback riding, ice skating, tubing, paddle boats, canoeing, a walk around or along the river, that could possibly be used for roller skating. Most of these things need to be available in a nightime atmosphere, as well as daytime. Sports and clubs take up most of our time in the afternoon, but even those get monotonous and night is usually oiir only free time, so we want to make the best of it. We've grown up in Wichita Falls with movies, Kemp, and occasionally a dance or two, with no other options than to try and do adult things, which are i l l e g a l t o mi nor s . " 23 THE CITY GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING : The city of Wichita Falls is located in Wichita County at the northernmost part of Texas. The county is its metropolitan area or SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area) and has an area of approximately 392,960 acres or 614 square miles. Wichita Falls is the largest city and the county 11 seat of Wichita County and is located 138 miles northwest of Port Worth, 150 miles northwest of Dallas and 145 miles southwest of Oklahoma City?* Wichita Palls' exact location is 98 North Latitude and 34 West Longitude. HISTORY OF THE CITY; The development of Wichita Falls began as a major ranching settlement in the 1870's. Named after the Wichita Indians which inhabited the region, the settlement became a part of Wichita County, which was created in June of 1882. After becoming the county seat in 1883, the settlement expanded and developed, incorporating on July 29, 1889. The city developed along the low-lying flood plains of the Wichita River due to a need for water. The years from 1890 to 1910 are known as the Railroad-Agricultural Period. With the growth of the cattle ranches and the need for railroad transportation, the city began spreading outward. It was in this period that the major determinant for the direction of city growth was created. The railroad tracks and attendent cattle pens were located on the east side of the downtown. When coupled with the prevailing westerly winds, this made the east side of town a less than desirable location for growth. Thus, the east side became the "other side of the tracks" where the low- income groups resided. The principal direction of development was to the 2S, west and south because the Wichita River formed a barrier to the north. It was during the years from 1910 to 1940, known as the oil and Early Industry Period, that the city of Wichita Falls experienced a fivefold increase in population from approximately 8,000 persons to over 40,000 persons. This growth can be attributed to the discovery of oil in the area and the subsequent development of the attendent industry necessary to support oil field operations. It was also in 1921 when the first city plan for Wichita Falls was drawn up. As stated in its introduction, the city plan 12 was developed ". to govern and give direction to the growth of the city and to provide a program for its physical betterment. The plan as prepared provides for definite public improvements and for a definite classification of the uses of the land which the city occupies or is likely to occupy."26 With the onset of World War II and the development of Sheppard Air Force Base, the years from 1940 to 1960 are known as the Military Training Period. During this period the city experienced a more than doubling of population. The influx of military personnel and their money led to an increased need for retail goods and services. This influence is still felt today and accounts for the strong econmic growth in retail sales. The 1960's saw the city of Wichita Falls diversifying and expanding her industry and manufacturing; and this period is, therefore, known as the Urban Industrial Period. This growth continued on into the 1970's with the development of an industrial part to the north of the city and a manufacturing and warehousing district to the south.^^ POPULATION: Growth Trends: Wichita Fall's total population has remained approximately V at the same level since 1960. The city has experienced an increase in k 29 civilian population since 1970, though not as rapid as other Texas cities. Despite the increases in civilian population, total population of the city declined from 1960 to 1980.^%ajor factors in the city's decline of population were decreases in military personnel at Sheppard Air Force Base and reductions in the patient population at the Wichita Falls State Hospital. According to the 1980 U.S. Census, Wichita Falls' total population was 94,201 living in an area of 31,953 acres with an average population density of 2.95 persons per acre. Major factors in the population growth of any city are measured by birth rates, death rates and migratory rates. For Wichita County, the 13 birth rate was 26 births per 1000 population in 1980. By 1983, the percentage of city's population younger than 20 years old has declined from 40.2% to 31.9% of the total population, while the number of elderly residents has increased from 6% in 1960 to 11% of the total population in 198o. Indicative of this, the annual death rate in 1980 for the county was 11.5 deaths per 1000 population, while in 1983 it decreased to 11.1 death per 1000 population. 1983 building trends show an increase in construction over the past 31 two years. Residential growth has been an important stimulant for increased population, with most construction occuring on property affected by the 1979 tornado disaster. Further growth in industry, utilities and facilities are essential for a continuing population increase. fig. 2.5 Population Composition by Age and Sex 1980 Source: Comprehensive Plan Population Element 76+ 88-74 60-64 56-59 46-54 35-44 30-34 26-29 20-24 16-19 10-14 6-9 AGE 0-4 MALE projections: Wichita Palls population projections for the years 1990 and 2000 are based upon the Cohort-Survival Model. Because iimnigration rates vary over a ten-year period, several different iimnegration rates were used?' Analysis of trends since 1980 indicates that Wichita Falls population has grown at a net immigration rate of between 0% and 1.0%. At this rate, 1990 population in Wichita Falls will bebetween 98,310 and 108,140 persons and 2000 population in Wichits Falls will be between 103,200 33 and 124,000 persons. These predictions, prepared each year by the Wichta Falls planning Department in conjunction with the the Board of Commerce and Industry and local utility companies, are used only as a general guide for determining future development trends of land use, housing, facilities, utilities, etc. However, these predictions could be altered by factors of industrial development, city annexation and many other potential influences. TABLE 2 .1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS WICHITA PALLS 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 101,724 96,371 94,201 98,310- 103,150- 104,104 124,040 Source: Population Elements, p.16. ECONOMIC TRENDS; Historically, the city of Wichita Falls has had no problems with high unemployment; in fact, the reverse has been true. The labor force until recently has been lacking only in middle-income type jobs. This has been 15 due to the labor intensive, low-income nature of the industrial, oil field, and retail jobs which have dominated the labor force. Agriculture, which was the original stimulus for the development of Wichita Falls, has become a minor industry. Now it is seen primarily as family farming and as a form of retirement refuge. No growth is expected from this sector. The oil industry with its attendent metal working and related indust- rial development has been fairly stable due to the age of the oil fields. However, with the present oil shortages, new exploration and development might well stimulate a resurgence of this industry. With the city's proximity to the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Oklahoma City, wholesale trade is expected to remain constant. Retail trade is expected to show steady growth, influenced by both the increases in personal income and in population. It is manufacturing where the greatest increases are expected to occur. Due to dramatic increases of manufacturing in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, manufacturers are searching the Southwest area for good, low-cost manufact- uring sites with an adequate work force. While the Wichita Falls labor force is virtually fully employed, it has shown the capacity to expand as needed for an industry. With good utilities, adequate water supplies, good rail and other transportation services, and a good climate Wichita Falls has encouraged manufacturing development by the establishment of an industrial foundation known as Industrial Development Incorporated, supported by the Board of Commerce and Industry. This expansion of manu- facturing is expected to have several effects. While Wichita Falls has a university to train upcoming executives, it is expected that companies will import much of their needed white collar workers. This will cause an increase in the housing industry and related trades, as well as introduce into the economic picture a substantial middle-class group. The net result 16 is that there will be ore lo-inoo.e and n,i.aie-inco,e :obs and an influx of new money into the comiunity, spurring retail sales. '" GOVERNMENT: City Government: Wichita F^TTo ^,.^^ *. ichita Falls operates a council-manager form of govern- ment. The Offices of mayor and councilmen are positions filled by persons elected at large who receive a nominal salary of one dollar per year, under the mayor and city council, the city manager is the administration of the city. The planning commission and zoning board are responsible for guiding and consolidatiing the city development, respectively. The manager implements the policy decisions of the mayor and council on city affairs and development. fig. 2.6 City Government Organization n ni Mfl^on/^ t I Civ MAMar. rri COMN* s S ' 0 ^ l^-** C<1 f OE Financial Structure: Texas is one of the five states nationwide that does not levy personal, corporate nor payroll taxes. It does, however, levy an annual corporate franchise tax for the priviledge of doing business in the state. The franchise tax rate is $4.25 per $1000 of stated capital, surplus and undivided profits. On personal and real property taxes, state legislation established the overal framework in which these taxes are levied: 17 35 Financially, Wichita Falls appears to have a stable financial base. At present, the local government maintains several sources of income. Among these are state revenue sharing, sales taxes, property taxes based upon a percentage of the actual property values, and fees for services including water, sewer and garbage collections. Table 2.2 shows municipal revenues and expenditures of Wichita Falls for 1983.^^ TABLE 2. 2 MUNICIPAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES Total Operating Budget $37,302,580 Total Expenditures for Capital 3,208,922 Total Expenditures for Bond Retirement 4,737,147 General Obligation Bonds 19,153,000 Revenue Bonds 9,240,000 Total Tax Collections 12,699,852 Total Water, Sewer, Garbage Fee 12,093,000 Total Other Income 13,242,905 Source: Community profile of Wichita Falls 1983 LAND USE: Current Land Use Policy: The City of Wichita Falls was the second largest city in the U.S. without comprehensive land use controls. Prior to these controls, the public sector relied primarily upon building permit review and building code enforcement processes to regulate development. Prior to the land use controls, the city used the Wichita Falls Comprehensive Plan as a guide for growth. The new land use controls will be consistent with the Wichita Falls Comprehensive Plan. 18 One of the major disadvantages Wichita Palls incurred in not having a comprehensive zoning ordinance has been an inability to limit the extent of development. To a degree this has resulted in a spawling pattern of growth which is relatively expensive to service. The implementation of a Comprehensive zoning ordinance, and its effectiveness, as it is implemented within existing conditions, will be realized in the near future. TABLE 2.3 AVERAGE CITY-WIDE LAND USE Type * Industrial/ commercial/ retail * Public/semipublic * Right of Way * Residential * Vacant land Acres 1,586 5,704 5,708 7,294 12,050 % of City Total 5% 16% 18% 23% 38% Total 31,712 100% Source: Vacant Land Study, City Planning Dept. land cover and Development: With average city blocks of 300 by 500 feet in size and street widths of 60 feet, the total land within Wichita Falls city limits is 31,712 acres or about 50 square miles. ^ K mn fPPt deep would represent 10 residences City lots 100 feet wide by 150 feet deep wo 4- wif^hita Falls' total area of 31,712 to a block with full development. Wichita . iQ f;f^2 acres of developed land. This represents 62% of acres contains 19,662 acres oi nndeveloped or vacant land within the city limits its total acreage. Undevelopea u .. ^^148 or 32% of the total land area, amounts to 14B or JS^^ 19 The City of Wichita Falls has developed at random. Continuous growth inside the city limits has been in a scattered pattern which gradually filled the vacant areas left by earlier developments. Extensive development occurs at certain sectors in the southwestern and southern city limits. Limited growth and development occurs in the east and north (excluding Sheppard Air Force Base) . Growth to the west has been slow. 20 endnotes SIGNIFICANCE OP RECREATION Theodorson, George A. and Achilles G. Theodorson, A Modern Dictionary Of Sociology (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1969), p.337T ~~ 2 Theodorson, p. 337. 3 urban-Rural Planning and Design Inc., Council Bluffs Open Space and Recreation Plan 1974, p.6. ~ 4 Urban-Rural Planning and Design Inc., p.6. 5 Urban-Rural Planning and Design Inc., p.7. RECREATION AND THE CITY Gordon, Lori, "YAAC Ideas on the Greenbelt Area and Recreation Center" Wichita Falls, 1985. 7 Myrick, Newman, Dahlberg & Partners, Inc., Parks, Recreation and Open Space Element for Wichita Falls, Texas Executive Summary, 1983. p. 803.14. The Pantus Report, 1983. p. 113. 9 Interview with Chris Marvel, April 17, 1985. Myrick, p. 803.14. Myrick, p. 803.14. 12 Myrick, p. 803.14. """Myrick, p. 803.14. 14 Myrick, p. 803.14. """^Myrick, p. 803.14. Myrick, p. 803.14 17 Myrick, p. 803.14 ^^"Project CITY" Rider Marketing and Distributive Eductation Department, 1984, p.l. """^Project CITY, p. 2. ^^Project CITY, p- 35. 21 Project CITY, p. 37. ^^Project CITY, P. 53. 23 Gordon, p 2. 21 THE CITY 24 City of Wichita Falls, Community Profile, p.4. 25 City of Wichita Palls, General Plan, p. 1-1 to 1-7. General Plan, p. 1-3. 27 General Plan, p. 1-1 to 1-7. City of Wichita Falls, Population Element, p.l. 29 Population Element, p.l. 30 Community Council, An Introduction to Social Issuesiln'^ichita County; The Human Servies Report, June, 1983, p.7. 31 City of Wichita Palls, Population Trends, 1984, p.3. 32 Population Element, p. 119. 33 Population Element, p. 10. General Plan, p. 2-1 to 2-13. 35 The Pantus Report, p. 35. "^^City of Wichita Falls, Community Profile, p.5. 22 DC GOALS OBJECTIVES GOALS OBJECTIVES -To preserve and develop the optimum -Analyze, interpret and identify the usage of natural resources in the natural resources and declare-their area. optimum use for recreation and tourism. -Protect the riverfront bank from the damages of unplanned man-made develop- ment. -Provide easy and safe access to the riverfront and recreational areas. -To Provide an enhanced image of the -Unify, integrate and coordinate the Big Wichita Riverfront. -To enhance and improve the health and quality of living in the area. entire riverfront project into an aesthetic, kinetic and perceptual relationship. -Create and develop riverfront land- marks to serve as focal elements and represent local and regional images. -Minimize land, water, air and visual pollution through landscaping. -Reduce water and wind erosion of river banks by providing vegetation, paved areas, trails and other possible means. 23 GOALS OBJECTIVES -To provide for the interaction of all age groups by stimulating and encouraging contact. -To serve as a youth center where teenagers of Wichita Palls will socialize. -To act as a catalyst for redevelop- ment and growth of downtown Wichita Falls, particularly the River Development District, and serve as a model for the area. -Integrate a variety of activities without conflict to achieve a mutually beneficial relationship. -Adequately handle traffic and trans- portation to and around site making facility easily accessible to all age groups. -Integrate a variety of activities at a convenient location not offered presently in Wichita Falls. -Secure a suitable environment to reassure parents of their children's safety and well being when using the facility. -Create a management system which will coordinate implementation, provide continuous planning, establish design control and secure continuity. -Provide necessary public attention and serve as a guide for private investors. 24 SITE ANALYSIS site selection Because of the social, cultural, educational and economic aspects involved, the selection of the proper site for a community recreation center is of primary importance. The following factors should be taken into account 1 in choosing the site: 1. Proximity to public transportation and availability of parking facilities. Since the building should attract all kinds of people, easy access to it is of prime importance. 2. Size of site. The site should be large enough to accomodate the proposed building, any possible future additions, on-site parking if required and desired and^outdoor activity space. 3. Visibility. The site should be easily seen and easy to find. There should be adequate road frontage for the building and the direveway entrances. Bite objectives Almost without exception, recreation areas require some type of structure that will fulfill program activities and yet blend aestetically into its surroundings. After selecting the particular activities in 2 accordance with community needs, the site designer should take great care: 1. To avoid conflicts or dangerous conditions in the juxtapositioning of the various activities. 2. TO provide physical and visual barriers between the recreational facilities and adjacent uses, such as residential or community facilities. 3. TO provide adequate parking areas to accomodate both participants and spectators. 25 4. TO provide proper access to the facilities for service and maintenance. ite data classifications According to Edward T. White in his book Site Analysis, in attempting to organize the types of information necessary for an adequate analysis, there are several headings that seem useful in classifying the data. 1. Location. This may include a state map and a city map showing the location of the site in relation to the city as a whole. 2. Neighborhood Context. This presents the immediate surroundings of the site for perhaps three to four blocks beyond the site boundary. The map may show existing and projected uses, buildings, zoning and any other conditions which may have an influence on the site. 3. Size and Zoning: This documents all of the dimensional aspects of the site including boundaries, location and dimension of easements and present zoning classification with all its dimensional impli- cations (setbacks, height restrictions, parking formulas, allowed uses, etc.) and buildable area (land available for the project after all setbacks and easements have been subtracted). Analysis should also document the present and projected zoning trends, plans by the city transportation department to widen roads, and any other trend that might affect our project in the future. 4. Legal. This category presents the legal description of the property, convenants and restrictions, present ownership, present governmental jurisdiction (city or county) and any other future projections that may influence the project (such as the fact that the site is in a future city urban renewal area or within the boundaries of eventual university expansion). 5. Natural Physical Features. This includes contours, drainage patterns, soil type and bearing capacity, trees, rocks, ridges, peaks, valleys, 26 pools and ponds. 6. Man-made Fe.atures. Documents on site conditions such as buildings, walls, drives, curb cuts, hydrants, power poles, and paving patterns. Off-site features may include characteristics of surrounding development such as scale, roof forms, ferestration patterns, setbacks, materials, colors, open spaces, landscaping materials and patterns, wall forms and details. 7. Circulation. This presents all vehicular and pedestrial movement patterns on and around the site. The data includes duration and peak loads for surrounding vehicular traffic and pedestrian move- ment, bus stops, traffic generators, service truck access and intermittent traffic (parades, fire truck, routes, concerts at nearby auditorium). Traffic analysis should include future pro- jections insofar as they can be made. 8. Utilities. This category deals with the type, capacity and location of all utilities on, adjacent to and near the site. Typical utility types include electricity, gas, sewer, water and telephone. 9. Sensory. This documents the visual, audible, tactile and olfactory apsects of the site. Typical issues are views to and from the site and noise generated around the site. 10. Human and Cultural. Includes an analysis of the surrounding neighborhood in terms of cultural, psychological, behavioral and sociological aspects. This category deals with the activities, himian relationships and patterns of human characteristics. Issues here might involve population age, ethnic patterns, values, income and family sturcture. Vandalism and crime patterns are also significant in this category. 27 11. Climate, Presents all the pertinent climate conditions such as rainfall, snowfall, humidy and temperature variations over the months of the year. Also included are prevailing wind directions, sun path and vertical sun angles as they change over the year and potential natural catastrophes such as tornadoes and etc. It is helpful to know not only how climate conditions vary over a typical year but also what the critical conditions might be (maximum daily rainfall, peak wind velocity, etc.). architectu ral context Project Overview: This site analysis will serve as a guideline for the planning and design of a new community recreation center along Big Wichita River in Wichita Falls, Texas. The proposed facility will contain approxi- mately 150,000 gross square feet of space and the site will accomodate approximately 500 cars. Site Overview: The project site is located in the sector just north of the original settlement of Wichita Falls. The property is part of the River- front Development Dirstrict (RDD) and fronts a portion of the Big Wichita River that rims across the center of the city from west to east. The site is boimded on north by existing and projected single-family residental development, on the east and west by existing commercial development and projected RDD use; and on the south by the existing river. The site is zoned RDD and contains approximately 19 acres of partially wooded areas. With respect to true north, the land slopes from the northwest towards the river at the southeast with grades varying from flat to 18%. All required utilities are available and both the sensory and human aspects of the site are positive. Climate Overview: Texas' weather in the rolling plans of the Panhandle to 28 the Texas Praries is hot-arid, m Wichita Falls, the climate is market by rapid changes in temperature, relatively short periods of extreme heat, dry atmosphere and erratic rainfall. ^ summers are long and hot and the winters are on the whole relatively mild, summer temperatures average between 80 and 90 during the three warmest months from June to August. Minimum temperatures range between 65 and 75 during this time. Maximum temperatures of over 100 are frequent during the common long periods of hot weather. Winter temperatures can be consid- erably cold. Readings fluctuate between late October and early April, the cooler months. The average temperature for the coldest month, January, is o 41 . Sub-zero temperatures occur in about one year in each five year period. Precipitation is erratic. Over 75% of the annual moisture occurs during the period from late March to mid-November; but three to four weeks of dry periods are to be expected during this time, the driest during May and June. The normal rainfall is 27 inches per year, most of it coming in the form of showers rather than general rains. Prevailing winds are southerly in the slimmer and northerly in the winter. Wind speeds vary between 10 and 20 miles per hour during the day and below 10 miles per hour at night. Winds over 20 miles per hour might be dust laden. Highest wind velocities occur at afternoons from the south, south- east and southwesterly directions. There are frequent tornado alerts and watches because the city lies on the western edge of the "tornado belt" the covers Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Nebraska, Kansas, Louisiana and Mississippi. Oklahoma City, 145 miles northeast of Wichita Falls, lies at the hear of the tornado belt. Constant humidity levels are maintained throughout the year. Morning humidities average 80 to 90% andafternoon humidities drop significantly to 50 and 60% averages. Humidity levels are high in late spring and fall and on summer mornings, but drops during the worst heat of the summer. ^ 29 diagrams *****'*'\^. ^'\ WW* . * . - i. *< K ANSAS ^V^^X,*-^^-^ %Colo,odoSpri,^, Topckfl Koirt* CM; ^K ansas i j lilhfwiCity t Wfc CHyo pS K t . "T~.A^ fiiuio, ,spf;ng.i<i \ ^ r v NEW MEXICO 7/ "^ -NfJopli- rcp^A * * ^ * ^ - - ^ - ' 4 < . - , OKUHOMA [\^ _ _ _ ^ \ iL^.A^r ) J o * ^ '^ TEXAS j . - y , j, ^ r 5 . ^' /OI KAN 'S AS A i w < H S S ? * I .*Hn. \ ^ ^oklohomaGW V'-^V | J ^PL "' ^^ 1 I O J U . i .A . .UliUtock 4 I N ol S f i r i nPa I I P Mf* .' I J _ . ^ _ W. 1 I Dallas I L^I SI ANA *Ckfawaiinri ^^"JJ^OrUani , y U t t i l M I I W W * I M M > H 3L ' ^ ' Map 3.1 Location of the City in the State .- - J^^^ ,w.-t X.._ ^ Map. 3.2 Location of the Neighborhood in the City 31 WTT' iiri . '</ V. . IL_^-_.BJ-'.--^'^ , C ^ - ^ - - ^ ^^? ^^S a^^Fi t agi ^^^^f 1P^^ Map 3.3 Location of the Site in the Neighborhood 32 Map 3. 4 Si z e and Zoni ng Map 3. 5 Legal Map. 3.6 Natural Physical Features Map 3.8 Ci r cul at i on Map 3. 7 Man-Made Fe a t u r e s Map 3.9 Utilities Map 3. 10 Sens or y 120 11 n 190 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 " ^ /
/ f i / 4 ~ ^ * . - ^ X N \ =^ \ V \ < ' * w / 's . ^ -^record hi gh ^ a v e r a g e hi gh . -average low jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec fig. 3.1 Temperature ( F) 5 4 i ^ max precip. in 24 hours ^normal mo. precip. jan feb mar apr may jun Jul aug sep oct nov dec fig. 3.2 Precipitation (inches) 40 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ^^ ' a v e r a g e mor ni ng h\ i mi di t y Av e r a g e a f t e r noon --^ r ange of c omf or t a bl e humi di t y J F M A M J J A f i g . 3. 3 Re a l a t i v e Humi di t y (%) S O N D 10 15 20 25 ^ ' ^ F M A~^M J f i g . 3. 4 Syk Cover ( days) t r Y A s 0 N rr 100% o v e r c a s t "50% o v e r c a s t r ^" ^ c l e a r sky 41 5 6 7 Bam 9 10 11 noon 7 7 37 W 67 56 63 13 E 4 16 9 46 W 74 65 71 17 E 21 33 3 50 W 76 71 88 42 E 25 37 12 60 W 84 79 97 53 E 29 42 16 67 W 96 89 L04 65 E 32 45 17 68 W 99 92 107 73 E 31 44 14 64 W 95 87 105 67 E 27 39 11 59 W 87 78 97 53 E 18 31 6 52 W 78 68 26 37 E in 21 3 43 W 70 61 75 27 E 5 8 37 W 62 59 ft K 5 3 ?4 W 58 58 9 F. 1 6pm 5pm 4 3 2 1 noon M A M J J A S Table 3.1 Solar Altitude and Azimuth (degrees) m o n t h
J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0 temperature hi 86 89 100 101 104 111 111 115 107 101 89 87 lo -5 6 9 28 41 51 55 55 41 33 18 8 avg r a i n ( i n )
1.1 1.3 1.6 2.6 4.5 3.1 2.0 1.7 2.3 2.9 1.5 1.4 humidity im-7 pm-1 wind di- rect N N S S SF S S S SE S S S spd 11 11 13 13 12. 12 10 10 10 10 11 11 sky 100% 14 12 12 12 11 6 7 9 6 10 10 12 cover 50% 6 6 8 7 9 11 10 7 8 6 6 7 cleai 11 10 11 11 11 13 14 15 16 15 14 12 degree days heat coo!. Table 3.2 Weather Relationships (charts) 42 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS classifications of recreation The activities for which facilities are usually developed in community 6 recreation centers fall into two major classifications described below. *Active Recreation-Those activities which refresh the body and require brisk quick actions and intensive bodily movement. This includes: children's play area (with equipment), field play areas for young children, older children/adult field sports activities, tennis-basketball and other court sports, swimming, major boating activities, hiking-camping-horseback riding, and native study and golfing. *Passive Recreation-Those activities, on the other hand, which are primarily intended to refresh the mind and require little physical involve- ment. This includes: picnicking, passive water sports such as fishing, rowing and conoeing, zoo's, arboretums, botanical gardens and outdoor theatres. The activity analysis that follows concerns itself with these two broad categories of recreation and with user needs in terms of human behavior and environmental psychology contexts. Those are action oriented descriptions which avoid conventional references to spaces. 43 0) $ (0 0) k . < "S c 0 *.p ro V ^ u 0) s o _ i 0) CD ro S .i> "5 u < ro .2 </) 0) "TO ' 5 0) CT D 0) (r w (Q k. (0 0 . (D Q. _ 0 . o S o g o P o ..r o -i .&P n .op *0} Q- 'oj W - Ifl = E = S E 2 M O OC OL 0 . .^ ^ je je ~ ^ I - i - m t- - c E ^ E !5 E c o a. o - '> o t 0) * ; 0) I O c .! i g Q. Q. ro Q. 3 E E o o _ro Q . O o Q . DO C HI J C 0= ro >- Q . o _ ^ s ro o ro Q: .2-5 DO ro 0) D. j i O ro *^ D_ in * - Q o - 0) * : DO ~ ro O _ i JC w
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u 0) a: i . 0 H - (/l "D L_ ro D c ro *-* v> ra J) < H - 0 01 a. .>> \- 44 ro Q . 0> Oi. o c ro in L in t ro Q- c Q. D -I = in = O T) e- ooi ro Q> ro Q.z Q.u Q cc: 3 4.^ ro c c .9 human life cycles All human societies have some concept of LIFE CYCLES, various stages through which people pass as a function of biological maturation. Humans are born, attain sexual maturity, and eventually die, just life other/ -7 animals. But life cycles are not inherent in nature, they are a human invention. The reason is that they are a social, not biological, phenomena. Although they are based on biological changes, the stages of the life cycle are changes in social status. The terms for these stages-infant, 8 child, adolescent, adult and senior citizen are ascriptive statuses. 9 These terms are the products of human invention, part of language. 10 Infant: At this state, the younger explorer is discovering his five senses and creating basic primitive patterns of recreation to the world. His attention is primarily one-to-one with the parents, but this is declining as recreation programs for infant and young children are increasingly being developed. Child: At this time, the child's attention shifts from his newly acquired motor skills to more artifical, formal, and goal-oriented behavior regulated by television, school and toys. The socialized child must be dealt with according to his problems inherent with their background. The poor, middle-class, and rich child generally all have different ideas of life's purpose and must be lead in a positive direction each in his own context. At about eight years of age, the child is starting to be recognized for his own personality. He relishes new organized group activities often following a scaled down model of society's pastimes (i.e. football games, little league baseball). Often these activities are overemphasized and isolation can affect those who do not participate. 45 Adolescent. TMs is , tie when experimentation is often tried without concern for consequences. soe tend to be confused b, societ,.s expect,- tions Of What they should conform to. Sexual desire is be,ini, and peer pressure strong, A few tr-x? ^-r^ c-i-^ i. -, ^ y A rew try to stay children, others try to play adults. 12 Young Adult:- Sexuality fully blooms, and independence from family ties involve a change of life style. Often unsure of their future and lack of understanding of themselves and others, sometimes question their adulthood, soon more goal oriented fun and recreation take place. Some go to college, some join communes, but most go to work, settle into trades and begin to lock into a pattern of prepared leisure. Family life soon becomes a reality for many, and recreation and leisure is spent as a group. Material goods are more readily available and many career goals have been met. Being a family adult is quite an adjustment though, and occasional professional help is sought to help bring back the adult's individual identity. 13 Older Adult: The older adult usually experiences a change in life in a mental condition. Self analysis of their lives is brought on by boredom, physiological changes, slights at work, and the realization that one may never achieve all the goals and commitments made. By retirement age, leisure life styles are modified by awareness and acceptance of physical and financial limitations. A great deal of leisure time is spent preparing. Travel affords new challenges and enjoyable interest before total leisure is forced upon the elderly because of physical reasons. The activity of the older adult varies widely, depending on health, region of the country, ect. Table 3.4 STAGE AGE infant birth to 18 mo. child 18 mo. to 13 yrs. adolescent 13 yrs. to 20 yrs. adult 20 yrs. to 65 yrs, enior citizen 65 yrs. to death s Stages in life-span development Source: Essentials of Psychology and Life 10th edition P. 167 46 Indoor activities ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: Handball, Racquetball, Squash Game pits competitors (2) together in a game of extreme hand-eye coordination. Short exertions of peak physical energy. Point game, no time limit. Usually 15-35 years of age. Singles (1), doubles (2) or triplets (cut throat). LOCATION: Near dressing areas, showers and lockers. Spectator viewing on some courts. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY 1 to 3 hour sets by reservation low: Weekdays 8am-llpm; lpm-5pm high: Weekdays llam-lpm; 5pm-l0pm Saturday 8am-l0pm ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: Basketball* To toss a round ball through a netted hoop twice the size as the ball. Jimnping ability, eye to hand coordination and physical endurance required. All ages ranging from one to eight players for half court and 10 players (5 each team) for full court. LOCATION: Near dressing rooms, shower and lockers. Spectator viewing on some courts. TIME SPAN/ FREQUENCY 1 to 3 hours satisfies most players. Regulation 8-15 minute quarters or 24-30 minute halfs. *Indoor/Outdoor 47 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Stickball, Hockey, Soccer* To score by placing ball in opponent's goal. Considerable team sport-can be played on roller skates. USERS: Children to young adults. Prom 12 to 22 participants. ' LOCATION: Near toilet, locker room, seating area, control area, dressing TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y came pl ay i s us ual l y 1 1/2 hour time peri ods ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Weightlifting To tone and condition body muscles through physical exertion and repetitive motion of free weights and/or machine weights. USERS: Individual use. Class use (groups). Competition use: 1 lifter, 1 to 5 judges, 2 holders, spectators and other competitors. LOCATION: Near control area, lockers, showers, sauna, exercise area, water fountains. TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y g^ch s e t of e xe r c i s e s : from 5 t o 15 mi nut es. Total workout: From 1 to 2 hours average. *Indoor/Outdoor 48 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE; USERS: Gymnastics To develop and train the muscles such that control and coordination over body movements is achieved. Individual goals are to compete and excel in areas such as balance beam, floor exercise, horizontal bars, etc. Young children to early adult, in some dance activities. Older adults LOCATION: Near spectator viewing, water fountains, storage areas, dressing/locker rooms. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY Team uses and competitive meets. workout. 1 hour ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: Volley, Badminton Play an opponent in a match of eye to hand coordination by keeping (ball/birdie) in play over a high net by not letting it touch the floor surface. Older children to adults. Volleyball: Teams of 6 preferred Badminton: One on one or doubles. LOCATION: Near toilets, control, locker, water fountain T I M E S P A N / F R E QU E N C Y 30 mi nut es t o . ho ur s, p o i nt , a e not t i ed. 49 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Wrestling To struggle hand to hand with an opponent in an attempt to throw or force him to the ground without striking blows. USERS: Teenagers to young adult in group of two. LOCATION: Near lounge, showers, dressing & Locker area. Some observation nearby. TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y Matches approxi mat el y 5 t o 15 mi nut es. Daily use-maximum use on Saturdays. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Roller*/Ice Skating To control body balance over rolling and ice footwear. USERS: All ages. Individuals and groups. LOCATION: Near Multi-purpose floor, control area, lobby, toilets and locker areas. TIME SPAN/ FREQUENCY ^aiiy use. average. Se ssions: 1/2 to 1 1/2 hours *Indoor/Outdoor 50 ACTI VI TY Showering PURPOSE: A bath in which the body is cleansed with fine streams of water from small jets to rejuvenate the body's energy and refresh the mind. U S E R S : All age groups. L O C A T I O N : Near lockers, dressing, drying, sauna, toilets. T I M E S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y Fron 5 t o i s minu tes. ACTI VI TY Drying P U R P O S E : ^^ remove excess water from skin t i ssue. U S E R o : j^-^1 agg groups. LOCAT I ON: ^ear lockers, dressing, sauna, t oi l et s showers. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY ^ ^^ 15 i^mutes. 51 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Dressing To prepare for social appearence, on and take off clothing. To put USERS: All age groups. Participants in sports/ recreation activities that want to change clothing before and after. LOCATION: Centrally located near showers, lockers, and drying areas and toilets. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY 5 t o 15 mi nut es. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Clothing, Equipment Storage To temporarily store personal belongings in secure place. USERS: Private personal space for each male or female. LOCATION: Near dr es s i ng, shower and drying areas and t o i l e t s . T I ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y u^^t t ur nover every 1/2 hour t o 3 hours aver age. Daily us e. 52 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Sauna To relieve muscle tension and relax the user. Cleanse the body by increasing block circulation to cause perspiration. USERS: Adolescents to older adults. From one to six persons. LOCATION: Near showers, dressing, lockers, drying, toilets and whirlpool. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY ^^^ 5 to 20 minutes. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Whirlpool/Spa To relax body muscles with water movement after exercise or for therapy. USERS: Male and female LOCATION: Near men's and women's dressing rooms. Possible indoor/outdoor use. T I ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y 5 t o 6O mi nut es. Oal l y use. 53 ACTI VI TY ' * ' ' ' Excr et i on, def i cat i on of body wast es. PURPOSE: To relieve the body of all unusable physical body matter. USERS* " One person per unit. Accomodations for handicap. LtJVi/A i lUlN. Near dressing rooms, lobby/lounge areas, multi-purpose courts, and administrative areas. T I ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y l t o lO mi nutes average. 1 t o 4 t i mes da i l y. A CT I VI T Y Ja ni t or i a l / Cus t odi a l P U R P O S E : To remove d i r t or i mpur i t i es i n making cl ean. To br i ng back t o normal. U S E R S : St aff or employed personnel . L O CA T I O N : ^^^^ s t or age, r est r ooms, outdoor ar eas . TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY i to 8 hours daily. 54 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Waiting To pass or kill time until visitor can be met with director or other person. Relaxation area. USERS: Visitors-community users, business associates. LOCATION: Near reception, lobby/lounge, public toilets, offices, entry and parking area. TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y 15 minute wai t i ng maximum. Sam t o 5pm weekdays. Daily use. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Typing To put on paper in legible format meeting notes, agenda, letters, etc. USERS: Usually female, young to older adult. LOCATION: Near reception waiting area and toilet facilities. TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y 8am-5pm weekdays. Daily use. 55 A CT I VI T Y Conversing, Li s t eni ng, Tal ki ng, Teaching PURPOSE: To communicate ideas from one part to the next. USERS: Groups of 2 t o 15 peopl e. L O CA T I O N : Near r ecept i on, wai t i ng, coffee bar , toilet facilities, offices. T I M E S P A N / F RE QU E N CY 8am-5pm weekdays. Daily us e. A CT I VI T Y Art s and Craft s PURPOSE: Mental pr ocess of cr eat i ng a physi cal obj ect from an i dea. U S E R S * ^^^ ^"5^' ^'^^ adul t s t o small chi l dr en. LO CA T I O N - N^^^ P^^^^"" r est r ooms, vending, phones, UV<>V/rt l obby a r e a , s t o r a g e . TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY Daily: sam-iop. 56 ACT I VI T Y Lounging PURPOSE: Relieve tension through relaxation of mental and physical energy. U S E R S : All ages and sexes. L O C A T I O N : Near control desk, toilets, lobby, concessions and game room. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY AH hours daily. ACT I VI T Y vending PURPOSE' runi-K^wu.. ^^ ^^^ ^^^ drink and replenish the body's nutrients. U S E R S : All ages and sexes. LOCATION : -- ""7,Vji'. '^ ""'"' """'' purpose f l oor ar eas . TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY AII hours daily. 57 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: Table Tennis To keep ball in play on rectangular table surface by striking it with a paddle over a net which divides the table surface equally. All ages, 1 to 4 players. Daily use. LOCATION: Near hameroom, toilets, lobby/lounge, concession/vending, TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y poi nt game not t i mes. 10-20 minutes a game average. ACTIVITY Pool/Billiards PURPObt. rj,Q },nock balls in one of six pockets on a flat table surface by first striking a neutral ball with a cue stick to initiate directional movement of player's ball to pocket, USERS: Teenagers to older adults. LOCATION: Near game room, refreshments, toilets, lounge, TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y Not a time l i mi t game. 5-25 minutes average per game. 58 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: Video Games To establish eye to hand coordination to stretch the imagination to other worlds and thoughts. All age groups. LOCATION: Near toilets, convession/vending, lounge. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY Peak hours 3pm-l0pm. A C T I VI T Y Joggi ng, Walking PURPOSE: To increase cardiovascular efficiency by moving along at a slow, steady, jolting pace or trot. U S E R S : All ages. Mostly young adult to older adult, L O C A T I O N : Near mul t i -purpose cour t s , dr essi ng rooms, wat er f ount ai ns , t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s . TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y 1/2 hour t o 2 hour s, usual l y ear l y morning and l a t e aft ernoon t o eveni ng. 59 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Dancing Strong social and often emotional contact between male/female partners. Releases emotional tensions and feelings. USERS: All ages. Greatest enjoyment among teenagers to older adults. LOCATION: Near public toilets, lobby/lounge, kitchen area, storage. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY 1-6 hours. Maximvmi use on weekend evenings until 2am. *can be used separately from athletic facilities after noirmal working hours. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: General Exercise To improve cardiovascular efficiency and muscle tone. To develop eye, hand & foot coordination, USERS: Al l a g e s . LOCATI ON: Near dressing rooms, water fountains, toilet facilities, storage. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY 1/2 hour to 2 hours. Daily use. 60 ou taoor activities ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Parki ng To accomodate variety of transportation vehicles in temporary storage. U 3 E R S : 1 to 200 automobiles moving at one time, L O C A T I O N : one node can be near mail facility (within 250') and another at outdoor fields and courts. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY 7am-12 midnite daily. A CT I VI T Y Running, Walking, Jumping Climbing P U R P O S E : Exerci se t o benef i t body and mind wi t h va r i e t y of exer ci s es . Body movement as t r a ns por t a t i on. U S E R S : Usual l y an i ndi vi dual a c t i v i t y. L O CA T I O N : Near shade, r e s t and refreshment ar ea. T I M E S P A N / F RE QU E N CY Earl y mornings and l a t e aft ernoons unt i l eveni ng. 61 ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Softball/Basebal1 Hit ball with bat to advance runners around designated base paths. Complete rotation scores run. USERS: Baseball: Boys 8-15 yrs. Softball: 16 yrs to older adult. LOCATION: Near water, storage, toilets, seating, night lighting. TI ME S PA N / FRE QU E N CY Late spring thru early Fal l . Weekdays: 5pm-ll:30pm Weekends: 8am-ll:30pm ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Swimming/Diving To propel body through or into water by floatation control over body. USERS: Al l ages. LOCATI ON: Near water, storage, toilets, dressing. Shower/drying, control area. TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY naiiy Summer: ^|ani-10pm Wi nt er: Sam-Spm ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: Soccer To kick ball into opponent's goal. USERS: All ages. Mostly children 6-17 yrs. Parent participation high 18-40 users. LOCATION: Near storage, toilets, spectator area, water and parking. TI ME SPAN/ FREQUENCY Spring/Fall Leagues. Weekdays: 4:30-l0pm Weekdays: 8am-l0pm Game 1 to 2 hours. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE; Football To keep possession and move ball across designated area (end zone) for score. One group (team) against another. USERS: Mens League-Flag Womens League-Flag Boys League-Flag and Tackle 11 players on each side=22 players LOCATION: Near toilets, spectator area, water and parking. TI ME SPAN/ FREQUENCY weekdays: 5pm-ll:30pm Weekdays: 8am-ll:30pm Game 1 to 2 hours. 63 ACT I VI T Y Tennis* PURPOSE: USERS: To battle an opponent for challenge, exercise and point victory. All age groups Singles (one player each) Doubles (two players each) L O C A T I O N : Near water, parking, toilets. TI ME S P A N / F R E Q U E N C Y Dai l y: 8am-12pm 12pm-12 midnite 1 1/2 reservation periods. ACTI VI TY PURPOSE: USERS: LOCATI ON: TIME SPAN/FREQUENCY * i ndoor / out door 64 SPACE SUMMARY Growth in the scope and complexity of the recreation program has created a need for buildings which will provide facilities adapted for a wide variety of recreation activities. Unlike many of the early structures, present day buildings provide for adaptability and multiple use. This change from the simple to the complex has stimulated the development of a variety of recreation buildings. These are classified by function then categorized by size. The community recreation building functions beyond the primary purpose 15 of serving a single neighborhood. It is designed to offer a more diversified program in order to meet the complete recreational needs of all people in the community. The community building is normally larger than a neighborhood building and is usually located in a major recreational area such as a 16 community park or playing field. As stated earlier, community recreation buildings vary in function and design (as is the case here) but, generally they contain most of the spaces described on the following pages. The space summary segregates areas determined by projected occupancy limits, statutes and conventions. The STimmaries are grouped into like spaces. 65 indoor spaces SPACE ACTIVE RECREATION Multi-Purpose Courts Spectator Seating Storage Aquatic Swimming Pool (50m) Diving Tank Pool Deck/Spectator Equipment Room Attendant's Office Pool Storage/Janitor Pool Toilets Machine Weights Free Weights Bag Room Storage Handball/Racquetball Squash Central Issue and Storage Sport Shop Lockers/Dressing Shower Area Drying Area Toilets Sauna Janitorial Storage Mechanical Room Dance/Exercise Room Multi-Purpose Room Mat Room Storage 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 7980 920 400 6976 1890 4658 500 150 150 300 1250 1250 200 300 900 1200 200 200 2300 200 200 400 100 100 3000 3600 1800 1800 200 31,920 3,600 1,600 37,200 6,976 1,890 4,658 500 150 150 600 14,924 1,250 1,250 200 300 3,000 7,200 2,400 330 200 10,130 4,600 . 400 400 800 200 6,400 200 3,000 7,200 1,800 1,800 400 11,200 66 SPACE UNITS UNIT AREA TOTAL AREA Ice Skating/Hockey (200'85'rink) 2 Shoe Change, Storage and Spectators Skate Rental/Repair 1 Concessions 1 Roller Skating Shoe Change, Storage and Spectators Skate Rental/Repair 1 Concessions 1 Dancing 1 Dancing 1 Concessions 2 Restrooms 2 Office 1 Total Indoor Active Recreation 3600 4250 250 200 15000 6000 250 200 2000 2000 200 200 120 7, 4, 15, 6, 43 2 2 4 134 ,200 ,250 250 200 ,000 ,000 250 200 ,150 ,000 ,000 400 400 120 ,920 ,124 PASSIVE RECREATION Lobby/Lounge Public Restrooms Check-in-Desk Office Director's Office Office Storage Gameroom Conce s s ion/Vending Multi-Purpose Room Multi-Purpose Room Storage Kitchen Kitchen Storage Club Room/Storage Arts and Crafts Room Photography Storage Nursery Library/Quiet Area Senior Citizens Area Total indoor Passive Recreation TOTAL INDOOR RECREATION 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1200 200 150 150 175 150 2000 200 3000 100 400 100 500 500 120 100 1125 600 300 1,200 400 150 150 175 150 2,225 2,000 200 3,000 200 400 100 5,900 1,200 600 120 100 1,125 600 300 4,045 12,170 146,294 67 ou tdoor spaces SPACE UNITS UNIT AREA TOTAL AREA ACTIVE RECREATION Tennis Football/Soccer/Lacrosse Basketball/Volleyball Softball Children's Play Area Total Outdoor Active Recreation 4 1 6 3 1 7200 93,100 4,700 75,625 30 ,000 28, 93, 28, 226, 30 ,800 ,100 ,200 ,875 ,000 406,976 or 9,33 acres PASSIVE RECREATION Amphitheatre Bicycle trails Walk/jog scenic Area Outdoor Games(horseshoes, etc) Outdoor Picnic Area 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Parking 146.294 sf T 300 sf/car =487,64 or 488 cars 68 SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Stru ctu ral All structural systems shall conform to the requirements of the Uniform 17 Building Code. The multi-purpose courts, swimming enclosure and handball/racquetball courts shall be free from interior columns. The handball/racquetball courts shall have no structural elements project into the playing enclosure. Structural elements in or near the pool area shall be corrosion resistant. The structure beneath the ice skating area shall be thermally isolated from other portions of the building structure. The structure shall be designed to allow expansion and contraction of the ice skating surface and structure without impinging on other structural elements. The roller skating structural floor shall be acoustically isolated to prevent the transmission of structure borne noises produced by roller skates. The structural floor under those areas where free weights and weight machines are shall be designed to withstand the impact loads resulting from the use of such weights. mechanical Control of humidity in the locker areas, indoor sports facilities, pool area and ice skating area will be of prime importance. The capability for a one hundred percent exhausting of return air from 18 steamy and odor producing spaces shall be provided. The mechanical system for the swimming pool enclosure shall have a variable intake system to allow for up to 100% outdoor air to be utilized,'^ Mechanical elements serving the swimming pool and exposed to the action of salts used in water treatment places shall be non-corrosive? Air velocities in those spaces occupied by wet persons shall be designed to avoid chilling due to high air 1 .^. 21 velocities. 69 The mechanical system for dining and other food establishments shall be designed to handle the extremely variable loading conditions. The food preparation areas will produce high odor concentrations and high sensible heat gains due to gas, steam and electrical appliances. The unbalanced loading conditions between the food prep areas and the dining areas should be handled in an efficient, economical manner. Conditions in the kitchen should not affect the comfort and convenience of the patrons in the 22 establishment, Spaces containing an active space and a passive space shall have a mechanical system designed to handle the high, local sensible and latent 23 heat gains resulting from strenuous exercise. The mechanical system serving the pool, locker areas, individual sports and movie theatre may expect unchanging design conditions throughout the life cycle ofthe installation, Solor power as an energy source should be considered and offered at least as an alternative. plumbing All plumbing systems shall be designed in accordance with the National 24 Plumbing Code. Plumbing systems serving the swimming pool shall be designed to with- 25 stand the corrosive chemicals employed as water treatment agents. The system shall be designed to allow for future loads arising from changing uses. electrical All electrical systems shall conform to the NationaOlectrica^^ode 26 and appropriate sections of the tmiform Building Code. I,e general lighting areas shall be divided into zones and provided With rheostats for econo-cial lighting control! Lighting in locker roos , 70 showei:s,.pool enclosure, and other high moisture spaces shall have sheilded, vaporproof light fixtures. power supply outlets, switches and all other electrical connections in high moisture spaces shall be located away from wet floor areas and mounted a minimum of four feet above the floor,^%ower supply outlets shall be liberally supplied and shall furnish both llOv and 220v power.^ Flourescent lighting and stage lighting will require 227/480v power supplies. Movie projectors will require 45v direct current and will require a motor 31 generator with that output. The electrical system shall be designed with ample reserve capacity to handle future loads resulting from changing tenant uses. life safety Sprinkler systems shall be provided and designed according to related articles os UBC. Fire detection and alarm systems shall be designed in accordance with the appropriate articles in the UBC. Sprinkler, fire detection and alarm systems shall be automoatic. Each system shall provide a display monitor in the administrator office with an automatic relay to the fire department. The systems shall be sectioned to allow for rapid identification of zones of the emergency. Each system shall be designed to allow periodic testing to insure readiness. A security intruder alarm system shall be provided for after hours control of the facility. The system shall be designed to allow each space to have a separate circuit to allow for rapid location of the point of entry. A monitor shall be provided in the administrator office. The alarm shall be a silent sensor type and shall give warning in the admini- strator office only. 71 Table 3.5 Recommended Finish Schedule for General Areas Rooms Floors Walls Ceilings Entrance vestibu le . Lobby, Lounge . . Corridors. .. Offices Activity,class, club rooms Child care room. . Mu ltipu rpose room. Crafts rooms . . . . Storage Service areas . . Toilets . a c e a b l e )
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1 1 2 72 COST ANALYSIS introdu ction The intent of the cost analysis is to provide the client with a future oriented, all-inclusive summary of construction costs. The preferred method is on a per square foot unit cost basis of a standard reference. The figures quoted below are indicative of the cost per square foot of other recreation centers and were based on building cost systems as indicated. bu ilding cost summary Active Recreation Multipurpose Courts Aquatics Weightlifting Handball/Racquetball Lockers/Dressing Dance/Exercise Skating Dancing Square feet Sq.ft. 37,200 14,924 3,000 10,130 9,600 11,200 43,150 4,920 134,124 @ $24 sf = $ @ $61 sf = $ @ $27 sf = $ @ $27 sf = $ @ $27 sf = $ (3 $27 sf = $ @ $35 sf = $1 0 $27 sf = $ @ $32.52 $$ Cost 892,800 910,364 81,000 273,510 259,200 302,400 ,510,250 132,840 ,362,364 Passive Recreation Lobby/Administrative Gameroom/Multipurpose Club Room/ Arts 2,225 @ $27 sf = $ 60,075 5,900 @ $27 sf = $ 159,300 4,045 @ $27 sf = $ 109,215 12,170 $27 $ #28,590 Total Indoor Recreation: 146,294 @ $32.06 = $4,690,954 project cost summary A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Building Cost Fixed Equipment (8% of A) Site Development (15% of A) Total Construction (A+B+C) Site Acquisition Movable Equipment Professional Fee (6% of A) Contingencies (10% of D) Administrative Costs (1% ^fl.^^, ... Total Budget Required (D + E through J) $ 4,690,954.00 375,276.32 703,643.10 $ 5,769,873.42 n/a 375,276.32 281,457.24 576,987.34 57,698.73 $ 7,061,293.05 Source: Problem Seeking, Pena. 73 DETAILED SPACE LIST The standards used for determining the size requirements of recreation buildings are usually based on a square-foot-to-population ratio. This 32 may be determined by allowing 1 to 2 square feet per person to be served. For example, if the building is to serve 8,000 persons, it should be approximately 12,000 sq. ft. in size. This footage ratio may vary where cities build one center to accomodate the entire population, as in the case in Wichita Falls. Because there are no public indoor recreation facilities in the city, the size requirement ratio for the propossed RCRC was increased. 74 indoor spaces FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Multi-Purpose Courts 31,920 sf. Competitive basketball, indoor tennis volleyball, badminton, gymnastics other sporting activities. Basketball should be primary shape determiner. One to 48 each court. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIRE di mensi onal : access/ space groupings: l i ghti ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT MENTS: Net assignable space recommended: 125 sf/ person=6000 sf. Gross assignable space= 7980 each. 50'x94' courts w/10' unobstructed space around court (7o'xll4') 10' perimeter can double as indoor running track FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: irect acess to lobby/lounge, and observation area. Adjacent to locker rooms, check-in-desk Ambient: nonglare protected fixtures at 35 footcandles (fc) natural light (nonglare) Electric space dividers, non-slip flooring One scoreboard each court; two retractable basketball goals each; two court separators four tennis nets & hardware; four volleyball & hardware; four badminton & hardware Observation Area 4,480 sf Comfortable seating for spectators, visitors etc. to view activities 1 to 320 each NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 1 t o 320 each ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: 3,5 to 4 sf/person. Net assignable space dimensional: recommended: 3.5 X 320+1120 sf each court or 4480 sf total access/ space groupi ngs: ^ , Direct interaction w/Multxpurpose Courts non enclosed space from multipurpose courts. lighting: Ambient: 35 footcandles Other: F U R N I S H I N G S / E Q U I P ME N T ^gi^g^oping or por t abl e bl eacher s each cour t 75 FACI LI TY: _ , -. ^ _ . _, General Storage FLOOR AREA .. FUNCTI ON: 400 sf. Storage area for various sports items/portable furniture NO. OF OCCUPANTS: restricted to facility personnel 1-3 persons ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: d i me n s i o n a l : Desi gner ' s di s cr et i on- Net assi gnabl e space 400 sf. each acces s / s pace groupings: Enclosed space adjaced to Multipurpose Courts lighting: internal control; Ambient: 30 fc ^^"''- High impact floor FURNI SHI NGS/EQUI PMENT storage racks for smaller items FA CI LI T Y: Dlving/Swimming Pool FLOOR AREA 12,750 sf (75- x i7o' ) FU N CT I O N : Pool t o be used year round by a l l age groups. Swim meets, classes, games can all be held at pool. Pneumatic roof cover gives flexi- bility of summer/winter use N O . O F O CCU P A N T S : Maximum i n pool : 150 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: .. . ^ 1 . Pool includes 7 lanes(75'x52') for competition Dimensional: Depths: 3'-9" At shallow end-14" at diving end. Pneumatic roof or equivalent must have ceiling height of 44' over diving tower acces s / s pace groupings: Near bathhouse and mechanical area. Orien- tation should take advantage of max. sunlight lighting: Night lighting: 60 fc at water level other: FU RN I S H I N GS / E QU I PM E N T - L di vi ng tower (5m, 7,5m & 10m); 1 3m spr i ng board; 1 Im spring board; 7 racing takeoffs; electronic timing panels 76 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA ^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ spectators FUNCTI ON: Suntanning, viewing, relaxing NO. OF OCCUPANTS- " ' ^ I o . Maximum 800 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: d i me n s i o n a l : Permanent seat i ng near compet i t i on a c c e s s / s p a c e gr oupi ngs: Direct access to lockers/dressing areas, pool, adjacent to equipment room l i ght i ng: ., . -, , . ^^. " " Nat ural l i ght i ng ot her : FURNI SHI NG S/ EQUI PMENT p . ^, , >. . i . Por t abl e c h a n s , bl eacher s , l i f eguar d chai r s r A GI LI T Y: Water Fi l t r at i on/ Equi pment Room FLOOR AREA ^QQ , f FU N CT I O N : General space for a l l mech/elec and plumbing euqip. NO. OF OCCUPANTS: ^^^- ^ ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: d i me n s i o n a l : ^' "^^'^ ^^^^^^ cl ear ence access/space grou pings: . ^ ^ , ^ ., Chemical tanks are outside. Exterior entry into space -only. l i ght i ng: Ambient: so fc other: FURNI SHI NGS/EQUI PMENT ^^^^ ^^^_ ^^.^^^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^^^^^ , , water pump; filtering equipment and ventilation fans 77 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Attendant's Office 150 Controls all visitors into pool area. Handles towel rental, pool changes, valu- ables check, etc. NO. OF OCCUPANTS- ^n. ^^ ^ sj. Qng to four employees ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional: ^et assignable space: 150 sf; ceiling ht: 9' access/ space groupings: Access to pool/diving and locker/dressing Direct access to outside lighting. Natural lighting desired; Ambient: 50 fc Omer. waterproof flooring FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT 1 light control panel; 10 employee lockers work counter; work stools, cash drawer; under counter storage for oxygen and first aid FACIL ITY: . n c. /T . Pool Storage/Janitor FLOOR AREA 150 sf FUNCTION- stores all necessary cleaning products, equipment for pool area. Towel storage NO. OF OCCUPANTS: one ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: . , 9' ceiling ht min. Net assignable area: di mensi onal : ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^._ 150 gf. access/ space groupings^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ rooms lighting: Ambient: 30 fc QH]Qf l non-slip low maintenance floor FURN I S HI N GS / E QUI PME N T^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ shelving, work counter and cabinets 78 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Pool Toilets 600 sf Relief or excretion of body waste NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 5 each ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: di mensi onal : Net Assignable area: 300 sf each access/ space groupings: l i ght i ng: Ambient: 30 fc-wat erproof O t nS r : Nonsllp f l oor i ng FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Mirrors, towel dispensers and waste disposal/floor drains Men: 2 urinals, 1 toilet; 1 he toilet; 3 lavs Women:2 toilets; 1 he toilet; 3 lavs; 1 sanitary napkin dispenser Machine Weights 1250 sf Space to house/operate many universal and nautilus cable/pulley weight machines NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 20-30 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Athletic Institue recommends min of 2500 sf di mensi onal : for weight lifting. Area will split w/free weight area net assignable area: 1250 sf ceiling ht: 12 feet min. access/ space groupin l i ghti ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT ^acent to enclosed area W/free wt, area and Locker rooms Internal control. Ambient: 50 fc Mirrors on all walls Vertical & horizontal weight machines, bulletin boards, bicycle erogometers 79 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Free Weights 1250 sf More advanced s competitive weight training environment NO. OF OCCUPANTS: varies. Max: 20 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: di mensi onal : ^^^ assignable space: 1250 sf. Ceiling ht: 12 feet min. access/space grou pings: Adjacency to machine wt. room and locker rooms lighting: internal Control. Ambient: 50 fc Other: FURNI SHI NGS/EQUI PMENT Weight platforms, benches, bar stands, weight stands, seating FACI LI TY: Handball/Racquetball Courts FLOOR AREA 7200 sf FUN CTI ON : TO play games of racquetball & handball on a competition quality facility. NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 1 to 4 players ENVI RONMENTAL REQUIRE^MEfJJ^. ^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^,^^^, ^^,^^, dimensional: celling ht. Net area: 800 sf Gross area: 900 sf .access/space grou pin^sj^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^g^ ^^^^^ door at back wall. Courts.near locker rooms. linhtlnn- ^^5^ impact non-glare ceiling fixtures ligniiriy. (recessed) ambient 70fc other: wood floor required. Non-glare white surfaces FURN I S HI N GS / E QUI PME N Tfor walls & ceilings Locker(s) outside each court; glass walled courts; 1 bleacher/bench to seat min. 20 80 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Squash Court 2400 sf Space to play sport of squash in quality environment NO. OF OCCUPANTS: 1 to 4 players ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: j:-_^_i__,. Regulation court size: 25'X45' (double OimenSIOnai. ^^^^^^ ^^^ 20- ceiling ht. net area: 1125 sf; gross area: 1200 sf access/ space groupings: Adjacent to racquetball courts. Entry through flush door. Iigniing, Ambient: 70 fc, nonglare, recessed, high ot her: impact. FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT ^^ """""^ ''^'^''^' """^^^^^^ ^^^^^ waii/ceiiings Locker(s) outside court; glass rear wall; Seating for 20 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Central Issue and Storage 330 sf Space for issue, storage and repair of equipment. Also handles towel service for locker/dressing rooms. NO. OF OCCUPANTS: From 1 to 4 employees ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: , Net assignable space: 200 sf; gross area: dimensional: 33^ ^^ access/space grou pings: Enclosed area with direct access to check- in desk and gym floor lighting: internal control. Ambient: 30 fc Other: Large door opening to court floor area FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT^^^^^^^^ cabinets, work counters and sink, electric air pump, first aid storage 81 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Lockers/dressing (men's and women's) 460 sf (2300 sf each) Store users belongings during activities Dressing area so user can prepare for activities s change back into street clothes. Max: 100 each ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional- l^ sf/occupant; Net area Gross area = 2300 sf = 2000 sf access/ space groupings: Area should be grouped w/shower area, <i^ying area, and toilets. ^' w^ter vaporproof fixtures; Ambient: 30 fc Other: Task lighting over mirrors/sinks: 70 fc FURN I S HI N GS / E QUI PME N T f r n t ^f^^P^f floor (carpet preferred) vHwii mi-IN I trequent fresh air changes by mechanical Men: 100 lockers (12"12"X6' w/shelf); bench seating; mirrors full length; towel waste dispensory; 10 sinks w/mirrors/ 10 soap disp. CTA/ ^i i i T \ / ^ towel disp, ; 2 waste disp. 4 hand dryers r A O I L I I Y: Women: Same as men PLOOR AREA shower Area(men's and women's) FUNCTION: 400 sf (200 sf each) To cleanse and refresh the body NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 10 each ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: di mensi onal : 9 sf/occupant; net area 90 sf; Gross area 200 sf each; ceiling ht: 9' max. a c c e s s / s p a c e grOUpIgg^^:^^^^^^. ^^^^ ^^^^_ Adjacent to drying area, t oi l et s and locker room. r ht i nn' Water vaporproof fixtures. Ambient 30 fc Other: FURN I S H I N GS / EQUI PMEN T*^^^ equipment must be non-corrosive shower nozzles, soap holders, shelf, drain, seating space, dhower rod & curtain 82 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Drying Area 400 sf (200 sf each) Remove water from body. Semi-private NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: l o ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: d . . , Designer's discretion. Space must accomodate mensiona : J. ^- 4-. ., . ^ standing or seating; drying positions; Net area: 200 sf; ceiling ht: 9' a c c e s s / s p a c e gr oupi ngs: Adj acent t o s hower s , l oc ke r room, and t o i l e t s l i g h t i n g : wa t e r vapor pr oof f i x t u r e s ; Ambient 30fc o t h e r " Non- s l i p moi s t ur e pr oof f l o o r w/ dr a i ns FURNI SHI NG S/ EQUI PMENT 4 wallmounted blowdryers 6' a.f . f . bench seating, shelves, towel hooks & waste dispensers FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Toilets(Men's and women's) 800 sf (400 sf each) Elimination & excretion of body waste. Privacy required NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Men-Max: 12 Women-Max: 7 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS di mensi onal : Net area: 400 sf; Ceiling ht: Min. 9' must meet handicap cope requirement . a c c e s s / s p a c e g^OUpi n^^S :^^^^^ p r i v a t e a r e a . Adj acent t o l oc ke r room, shower a r e a and dr yi ng a r e a . l i g h t i n g : wa t e r vapor pr oof ; Ambi ent : 30 f c QlY^er. 30 a i r c h a n g e r s / h r . ; n o n - s l i p f l o o r F U R N I S H I N G S / E QU I P M E N T Men: e - i n a l s ; 4 t o i l e t s ; 1 he t o i l e t Women: 4 toilets; 1 handicap toiJ-eu 83 F ACI LI TY: Sauna(Men' s and Women's) FLOOR AREA ^nn .i= nno ^ 200 sf (loo sf each) To cleanse body through perspiraton process with increased heart rate and block circulation NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 6 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: dimensional: Accomodations for six W/a combination of sitting & standing & lying. Net area: 100 sf; Ceiling ht: 7'8" a c c e s s / s p a c e groupi ngs En( Inclosed space r equi r ed access t o l ocker room lighting: Ambient: 15-30 fc other* Wood wall, ceiling and slat floors; allow FURNI SHI NGS/EQUI PMENT " " ^ " "^"^""^' "^ ' ' " " ' " " ^ ^ 220 V heater, benches F ACI LI T Y: j a n i t o r i a l Storage FLOOR AREA 200 sf (lOO sf each) F UNCT I ON: Storgage of cl eani ng mat er i al and suppl i es NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 1 ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REMENTS: , Net space: 100 sf each di mensi onal: a c c e s s / s p a c e gr OUP' ng^l ^t ed near each l ocker room wi t h access possible to Lobby/Lounge from one lighting: Ambient: loo fc " Internal control other: waterproof flooring FURNI SHI NGS/EQUI PMENT Shel^7ing u n i t s , mop r ack, sl op smK 84 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Mechanical Room 3000 sf Houses all mechanical/electrical and plumbing equipment and facilities NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional: Designer dlscreatlon; Net area: 3000 sf access/ space groupings: Should be located with access to exterior ,. . ^. for equipment maintenance l i ghti ng: Ambient:70 fc Other: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT ""'""^ ' " " " " " ^ ' ' ' ' " " "^ ' ' " ' " " ' " ^ Telephone circuit board; hot water heater/ boiler; electric control panel/ air blower units; cooler condensing units FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Lobby/Lounge 1200 sf Main distribution and interaction area of building. Should be the user's first impression of the facility NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Min: 1; Max: 40 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Net area: 30 sf/occupant=1200 sf; di mensi onal : access/ space groupings: ^ ^ . . . Must have access to all major areas m facility. Separation of lounge/lobby is desirable. Natural lighting w/overhead lighting. Dramatic effect. Lounge:-50-70 fc Lobby: 30 fc Low maintenance flooring l i ght i ng: ot her: FURN I S HI N GS / E QUI PME N T Lounge furniture for 10, television, pay telephones, water fountains, display case bulletin boards 85 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Public Restrooms (1 men, 1 women) 400 sf To provide visitors, spectators, and groups a place to place freshen up and eliminate body waste Min: 1 Max: 4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional: Designer discretion. Must meet all handicap requirements. Net space: 175 each; Gross space: 200 sf each NO. OF OCCUPANTS: access/ space groupings: Direct access to Lobby/Lounge l i ghti ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Ambient: 30 fc ; Waterproof fixtures, internal control Low maintenance floors Men: 2 toilets (Ihc), 2 urinals, 3 lavs, 1 towel/waste bin, mirrors; Women: 4 toilets 3 lavs, 1 towel/waste bin; 1 san. napkin disp., mirrors Check-in-Desk (Control) 150 sf Visitor check-in point for reservations, equipment use, towel service, cash payments, and general info. Control point for facilty supervision, Min: 1 Max: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Work stations at counter for two people; dimensional: Net space: 150 sf; Celllng ht: 8'-l0' min. access/ space groupi ngs: Enclosed space w/visual contact to all adjacent spaces. Should be-near storage room, office and lobby/lounge lighting: Ambient: 70 fc; Task over counter 100 fc ot her : FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Work counter w/ cabinets below, work charis, telephones, cash drawer, file storage, lighting control panel 86 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Office 150 sf Work area for assistant director, possible expansion area for check-in desk Min: 1 Max: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: di mensi onal : Net assignable space: 150 sf Gross: same as net access/ space groupings: Adjacent to check-in-desk l i ghti ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Ambient: 100 fc Acoustically superior flooring Desk, moveable chairs, waiting, file, telephone FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Director's Office 175 sf Efficient work space for director to do paper work, conduct interviews, and relax comfortably Min: 1 Max: 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Net space: 150 sf dimensional: Gross space: 175 sf access/ space groupi ngs: Private enclosed space w/ direct access l i ght i ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT to waiting area Natural lighting desired. Internal control. Ambient: 700 fc; Task: 100 fc Exterior view desired w/adjustable screening 1 desk, work chair, waiting charis, credenza w/ files, telephone 87 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Office Storage: 150 sf Storage area for paper stock w/small coffee bar & copy machine NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Min: 1 Max: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: di mensi onal : Designer discretion. Net space: 150 sf Gross space: same as net access/ space groupings: Access to reception/waiting area and ., . _ offices lighting: internal control; Ambient: 50 fc ''^''' Water required for sink area FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Shelving, coffee bar, dbl. sink, copy machine, half refrigerator FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Gameroom 2000 sf This area is for socializing congregating, and participating in games NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Min: 1 Max: 40 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Table tennis and pool table(s) are main determiners in size and shape of space. Net space: 2000 sf, ceiling ht: 12 ft, min. di mensi onal access/ space groupi ngs: Adjacent to Vending/Concession and Lobby/ Lounge lighting: Natural lighting desired. Ambient: 70 fc ' Waterproof flooring. Water service to Other: machines FURNI SHI NG S/ EQUI PMENT . . ^,. . 4 poopl tables (5'XIO'), 4 table tennis (portable), 4 46' card tables & charis; 8 lounge charis, 8 video games 88 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Conce s sion/Vending 200 sf Houses machines to buy food and drink NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: di mensi onal : Equipment arrangement will determine size typical machine size: 42"x29"x79" access/ space groupings: Adjacent to gameroom and lobby l i ghti ng: ot her: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Dollar bill changer, candy, food s drink Ambient: 50 fc Water service to machines machines FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTI ON: Multi-Purpose Room 3000 sf Area houses social gatherings that require large group space. Dancing, art show, etc. NO, OF OCCUPANTS: Min: 1 Max: 300 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: ^^ ^ should be able to use after normal working dimensional: hours. Celllnt ht: 12' min. Space can be divided into 3 1000 sf areas by space dividers access/ space groupi ngs: l i ght i ng: ot her : FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT rect access to Lobby/Lounge, restrooms, kitchen and storage Ambient 5-50 fc; adjustable internal control Natural lighting desired Wood floor(maple) or equivalent dance surface 1 stereo receiver and amplifier, 6 speakers suspended, coat cabinets, chairs, tables, chalk boards 89 FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Multi-Purpose Room Storage 200 sf To store all unused equipment from multi-purpose room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: d i men s i o n a l - Designer' ' s di s c r e t i on for conf i gur at i on c e i l i ng ht : 8' min. acce ss/ space groupings Di i l i ghti ng: other: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT irect access to multi-purpose room Ambient: 30 fc, internal control Low maintenance flooring See Multi-purpose Room "Equipment" FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Kitchen 400 sf To adequately provide space for the prep- aration, cooking and serving of refreshments .for social groups in the multi-purpose room NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Min: 1 Max: 8 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Space to accomodate enough equipment to serve groups as large as 50. Counters should be a min of 8-10 feet apart. di mensi onal : access/ space groupings: Direct access to multi-purpose room with serving counter inbetween liahting: Ambient: lOO fc, internal control other' Low maintenance floor F U R N I S H I N G S / E Q U I P M E N T D e e p fryer, commercial over, dishwasher, ice machine, 3 tray sind w/garbage disp,, microwave oven, toaster, mixing center, refrigerator/freezer, counter top grill, stove w/ ventahood 90 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Kitchen Storage 100 sf Store kitchen utensils S equipment NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: i ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional: ^^^ space: loo sf access/ space groupings: Direct access to kitchen lighting: Ambient: 30fc, internal control other: 3' door entry FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Shelving ou tdoor spaces FA CI LI T Y: Tennis Courts FLOOR AREA To accomodate tennis enthusiasts in a competitive quality environment Sports Organization is United States Lawn Tennis Association N O . O F O CCU P A N T S : ni n: 2 each cour t Max: 4 each cour t ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: . Playing court 36'X78' plus at least 12' UimenSIOnai. clearance on both sides or between courts in battery and 21' on each side Recommended grouns space: 7200 s.f. min. access/ space groupings: Orientation of long axis is to be north- south adjacent to water fountain. lighting: overhead lighting 70 fc other' ^'^'^ court surfaces must be concrete, with '^ .ir-^i iii-.>ii-M-rP3^otective color coating. Drainage: 1" in 10' FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT^ -10' fencing with windscreens on all sides except in battery groups. 1 net with posts, *water fountains at every court battery 91 FACILITY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Softball Fields Team competition in softball. Mens league Sports Organization: Amateur Softball Association of America. Max: 20-35 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: dimensional- Baselines: 55', Pitching distance: 38'0" Recommended ground space: 75,625 s.f. (1.7 acres) access/ space groupings: Orientation: l i ghti ng: other: FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENT Pitcher should be throwing across sun and the batter is not facing it. Overhead, loo fc Turf outfield. Sand infield. Level baselines and home plate, 1 home plate, 3 adjustable bags and hardware 1 backstop 25' behind homeplate, 2 bleachers (seat 50) FACI LI TY: FLOOR AREA FUNCTION: Soccer Fields To accomodate the growing sport of soccer in the United States. Sports Organization National Collegiate Athletic Association. NO. OF OCCUPANTS: Max: 18, all age groups ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Regulation size: width: 195'-225'; length: dimensional: 330'-360'; lO' unobstructed boundary all sides Recommended ground space: 93,100 s.f, *Fields can be shortened for younger participants by moving goal posts access/ space groupings: , , "^ Orientation is for the long axis to be north- l i ghti ng: Other: west-southeast to suit the -angle of the sun in the sun in the fall playing season, north- overhead lightingf 100 fc Optimal grading in a longitudinal crown with FURNISHINGS/EQUIPMENTf ^I P^ ^f^"* ^ f ^^J ^ ^ f ^ \ . ^ rwrii^iv^i '--" - 2 goal posts and nets; automatic water sprinklers, 2 bleachers (seats 50) 92 endnotes SITE ANALYSIS 1 DeChiara, Joseph et ai rn- New York: McGraw-Hill' i.. . ^ T ^ ""^ Standards for Building Types, ij-ii, inc, 1980, p, 67^! C i i l ' 1 n d ' e d i t i o n , T ^^^_^ PP^1 Urban Planning and Design Community Profile, p.4. 4 ^ The Fantus Rennr-h , p. 108-112. 5 The Fantus Report, p. 112. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 6 Council Bluffs, p.6, S Co'!'''l980)',T204,^'''' ^ ''" ^' ''''''' ^ ^i"l ^^"^l^'"^ (Boston: Little Brown 8 Wright, p,204, 9 . Wright, P.204. 10 Rapoport, Rhona, et.al. Leisure and the Family Life Cycle (Boston- Routledge and Kegan, 1975) , p.34-44. "" ~ 11 Rapoport, p.34-44. 12 Rapoport, p.34-44. 13 Rapoport, p.34-44. 14 Time Savers Standards, p. 697, 15 . Time Savers Standards, p. 698, Time Savers Standards, p, 698, SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 17 Uniform Building Code,Whittier, California: International Conference Of Building Officials, 1982. 18 Fourth Annual National Facilities Conference, College and University Facilities Guide: For Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Athletics (Washington D,C,: Anerican Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, 1968), p,170. """^shrae Applications (New York: ASHRAE Inc, 1978), p,4,7, '^College and University Facilities Guide, p.172. 93 21 ASHRAE Applications, p.4.7. 22 ASHRAE Applications, p. 3.3, 23 ASHRAE Applications. p,3,3, 24 National Plumbing Code Illustrated, (Florida: Manas Publications, 1980). 25 ,, College and University Faciltjes Guide, p,172, 26 , , National Electrical Code (Boston: National Fire Protection Association, 1980) . 27 College and Universtiy Facilties Guide, p.170. no College and University Facilties Guide, p.170. 29 College and University Facilties Guide, p.170. College and University Facilties Guide, p.170. -3 1 DeChiara, Joseph et.al. Time Savers Standards for Building Types, p.918. DETAILED SPACE LIST 32 Time Savers, p.697. 94 [ ^ 0 c This program is a compilation of all pertinent information necessary to design a community recreation facility along the Big Wichita Riverfront in central Wichita Falls, Texas. It has implications beyond acedemic fulfill- ments, since the city is in such need for a facility of this type. The Riverfront Community Recreation Center is only one small part of a larger master plan of the Riverfront Development District,* and should serve as impetus for making the re-development of downtown Wichita Falls a reality, FINDINGS The following is a summary of the findings which are conclusions drawn on the basis of analytical study of prevailing conditions in Wichita Falls, * Although Wichita Falls is a major urban center for a 12-county region, it has little to offer by way of public recreation facilities. It is the only major city in the state of Texas without any type of public recreational facilities. * The City of Wichita Falls spends only $8,00 per capita on public parks and recreation, and opposed to the national average of $18,25. * A majority of the community has misconceptions of what a recreation center is. * YMCA, YWCA, junior and senior high schools, and Midwestern State University are currently being used as public recreation facilities, and their use is limited, * The Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (TORP) for 1985 identified eight priorities for recreation needs in Wichita Falls, and of these, swimming pools, basketball courts, softball fields, soccer fields and trails were cited as most needed, * A recent survey conducted by several Marketing and Distributive Education students at Rider High School revealed two significant statistics. First, when asked what would most benefit the city, the 95 number one response given was a Recreation Center for the youth. Secondly, when the respondants were asked what would be the first thing they would do if they were in charge of ruiming Wichita Falls, the top answer was once again a Teen Center for the youth. The Youth Activity Advisory Council (YAAC) formed fiiring this time and is now serving as a voice for the youth on the City Council. YAAC's input has raised an awareness for the needs of public rec- reation facilities in the city and the Parks and Recreation Department has appointed them to help promote a facility of this type, * The Parks and Recreation Department is proposing within their five year plan, among others, three indoor recreation complexes, a six field athletic complex, a wave pool, and two Olympic swimming pools. PROPOSALS The following are highlights of the proposals made in the program, * The area's natural beauty and resources are proposed to be preserved and developed by declaring their optimum use for recreation and tourism, * An aesthetic, kinetic and perceptual relationship of the entire riverfront project is proposed by unifying, integrating and coordinating a master plan of the RDD. * Major recreational and cultural facilities of unique character are proposed to be developed at strategic locations inthe RDD. Such developments would enhance the quality of life in the planning area and would project its enhanced image. The overall attraction of these facilities could generate significant tourist interest and substantial economic benefits. * A Riverfront Commiinity Recreation Center is proposed to serve as a youth center where teenagers of Wichita Falls will socialize. A variety of activities at one convenient location not presently offered in Wichita Falls is proposed. 96 * A Recreation Center that will provide for the interaction of all age groups is proposed by stimulating and encouraging contact. By integrating a variety of activities without conflict, the achievement of a mutually beneficial relationship will occur, * A Recreation Center that is flexible in use is proposed by providing for additional storage and keeping single-purpose space at a minimum. 97 APPENDIX A 103 APPENDIX B 5.1 GE^ERAL AREA REQUI REMEN TS FOR GAMES AN D S PORTS 5. 1 Gener al Ar ea Requi r ement s for Games and S por t s Area requirennents for popular games and sports are shown in the accompanying table. Activity Archery Badminton Baseball Basketball (men) Basketball (women) Bocci Bowling (lawn) * Box hockey Box lacrosse Clock golf Cricket Croquet Curling Deck tennis Field ball Field hockey Football Handball Hand tennis Horseshoes (men) Horseshoes (women) Ice hockey Lacrosse Paddle tennis Polo Quoits Roque Shuffleboard Soccer (men) Soccer (women) Softball Play area (feet) Length; 90-3 00 Single; 17 x 44 Double; 20 x 44 Diamond; 90 x 90 Minimum; 42 x 74 Maximum; 50 x 94 45 X 90 18 X 62 One alley; 14 x 100 4 X 10 Minimum; 60 x 160 Maximum; 90 " 200 Circle; 20-24 in diameter Between wickets; 66 30 X 60 Between hacks; 138 Single; 12 x 40 Double; 18 x 40 180 - 300 Minimum; 150 x 270 Maximum; 180 x 300 195 ^ 300; plus end zones 20 ^ 34 16 - 40 Between stakes; 40 Between stakes; 30 Minimum; 65 x 165 Maximum; 85 x 200 Minimum; 210 > 450 Single: 16 x 44 Double: 20 x 44 Maximum; 600 ^ 960 Between stakes; 54 30 ^ 60 6 ^ 52 Minimum; 150 x 300 Maximum; 300 x 390 Minimum; 120 x 240 Maximum; 180 x 300 Diamond; 60 x 60 Total area Dimensions 50 (minimum) x 450 (maximum) 25 x 60 30 X 60 300 X 300 (minimum) 350 X 350 (average) 60 X 100 (average) 55 X 100 (average) 3 0 X 80 120 X 120 (eight alleys) 16 X 20 85 X 185 (average) 3 0-foot circle 420 X 420 30 X 60 14 ^ 150 20 X 50 26 X 50 210 X 340 200 > 350 (average) 195 X 480 30 X 45 25 ^ 60 12 X 50 12 X 40 85 X 185 (average) 260 - 500 (average) 28 X 70 32 X 70 600 X 960 25 X 80 30 X 60 10 X 64 240 > 360 (average) 200 X 320 250 > 250 (minimum) Square feet 1,500 1,800 90,000 122,500 6,000 5,500 2,400 14,400 320 15,725 706 176,400 1,800 2,100 1,000 1,300 71,400 70,000 93,600 1,350 1,500 600 480 15,725 130,000 1~,960 2,240 576,000 2,000 1,800 640 86,400 64,000 62,500 Number of players 2 4 18 10 12-18 2-4 3 2-64 2 14 2-8 22 2-8 8 2 4 22 22 24 2 or 4 2 or 4 2 or 4 2 or 4 12 24 2 4 8 2 or 4 4 2 or 4 22 22 20 -12t LAYOUT OF GAMES AN D S PORTS ACTI VI TI ES : RUN N I N G TRACK 5. 2 Activity Speedball (men) Swimming (pool)t Competitive Synchronized Table tennis Tennis Tether tennis Tou ch football Volley ball Water polo Play area (feet) Minimum; 160 x 240 Maximum; 160 x 360 75 X 45 165 X 7 50 meters x 45 feet 5 x 9 Single; 27 x 78 Double; 36 x 78 Circle; 6 in diameter 160 x 300 30 X 60 55 yards x 15 yards X 6 feet Dimensiot 180 X 300 180 X 420 12 X 20 50 X 120 60 X 120 20 X 20 175 X 330 50 X 80 Total is area Square feet 54,000 75.600 4-8 lanes 4-8 lanes 240 6,000 7,200 400 57,750 4,000 Number of players 22 2 or 4 2 2 or 4 2 22 12-16 5.2 Layout of Games and Sports Activities Ru nning Track and Football Field Layouts of a running track and a footbal l field are shovi/n in Figures 5 1 and 5.2. Field and Track Layouts for the high jump, javelin t hrow, pole vault, combination long jump and triple jump, discus t hrow, and shot put and hammer throw are shown in Figures 5,3 through 5.8. Baseball Suggested layouts for a baseball diamond and for home and pitcher's plates are shown in Figures 5 9 and 5.10. 600 02' 324.02' -STAH7 LINE - START LINE lOOTD.DASH I20TDHDLS - ^ lis' 360.00' 287 31' ^- Figu rc .5.1 A ^^O-yard running track START 8 FINISH LINE FINISH LINE 440 HD 04SH 100 YARD DASH 440 YARD HURDLES 120 YARD HURDLES 440 a B80 YARD RELAYS 220 YARD DASH 1/2,1,2,3 8 6 MILE RUN 220 YARD HURDLES 12.-.- |njr i i ( f i i Lo 400'* Tunr Figure 5.9 Baseball diamond Figure 5.10 Layout al home and pitchers plates. - 4 2 8 - Softball l.A\ Ol T OF G\MKS WD SPORTS ACTIMTIKS.- SOFTBAI.l. .",.2 TURF Figure 5.17 Softball 12-inch field layout. BACK STOP VC" .6"i-i" 6 FIRST BASE LINE - ' Figure 5.18 Layout at home plate. -43 3 - LAYOIT OF GAMKS \ M) SPORTS ACTIVITIES; BALLFIELDS .5,2 Combi nat i on Bal l fi el d: Figure 5.20 Multiple softball fields combined with optional touch and flag football. 415'|MIN. L^^>=J_J1 Figure 5. 21 Baseball and football. Figure 5.22 Multiple baseball, softball, and football. - 4 3 5 - Tennis A layou t for two tennis courts is shown in Figure 5.23. "TI ^0S T- -, 1 l^'-- 1 1 zr-o" 2 I - 0" ANCHOR POST a \ m\ Z l ' - O' l V - 0 - "? " t SIDE LI NE lOOUBLESl- 8IDE LI NE ( S I W O L E S ) - CEN Tt a S'EHVIC'E, "^ t l N E - 1 *NCMOR POST CENTER MARK 71^ Figure 5.23 Tennis courts lA MALL. IRON CAP WI NCH BOLTED TO POST (CABLE CLAMP AND HOOK BOLTED TO POST AT OTHER E^4Dl STANDARD GALV I STEEL POST MIN. 2 469" I.D.2.875' OD CONCRETE I250WI Figure 5.24 Tennis net and post details. STRAP 1" CLR GALV. STEEL GROUND \ STAPLE, BENT. CONCRETE 1250011 OIA Figure 5.25 Anchor footing. -436- I A^Ol T OF r, VMES WD S PORTS ACnVI TI ES : HAMDBALL 5. 2 Handball A layout and an elevation for a handball court are illustrated in Figure 5.3 5a and b. <- < (a) ^ 'j CONST JOINT - IF IN BATTERY I ^ CONCRETE *ALL - 16'HIGH - LI NE OF FOOTING -SHORT LINE 1 ! - - - ^ ^ ^ -COURT MARK INGS I 1/2" WIDE LINES PAINTED WHITE, RED OR YELLOW S ERVI CE MARKER u. 2 0 ' - 0 ' -EXPANSION JOINT- COURTS IN BATTERY (SEE DETAIL THIS SHEET) - EDGE OF PAVEMENT 3 7- 0 " FOR SINGLE COURT Z S ' - O' ^ T O^ OF TWO COURTS 7' -0" J- I 1/2" MESH 6'-0' I 6'-0 20' - 0" 2 4 ' - 0 ' END OF WALL - SINGLE COURT CONST JOINT - COURTS IN BATTERY I 1/2" LINE, PAINTED WHITE,RED OB YELLCW Figu re 5.35 One-wall handball court: (a) plan; (6) elevation. - 443- LAYOUT OF GA.MES AN D S PORTS ACTI VI TI ES : MULTI PLE RECREATI ON COURTS 5. 2 -455- i CALL l ^ ^.t.T 0 3 so' ,.-c' ISO' ioo isa . joo N A " ^ , 0 M A L Kt Cl LLATi OK ASSOCA^I ON Figure 5.7h Playground layout A V r_ N O - 170- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
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OF FRONT WALL I REAR WALL DOTTED HG T D- 7 ' - 0 " S- 6 ' - S" l DOOR HG T 5' 6 " , WI DTH DOUB LES- 3 ' - 0" , SI NG LES 2' - S" ^TOP OF PLAYI NG \A/ALL I' /a" RED LINE ON 45" ELEV. OF SI DE WALL D- 45' - 0' ^ S - 3 2 ' - 0 " D- DOUBLES S- SI NG LES SPECTATOR G LASS WALL PANELS AVAIL WALL AND FLOOR LI NES ARE I" WI DE. RED Q '' -If- "n^ SI DE WALL "\ FRONT WALL D-I S' S- I O' V- 4 - e RAD S QUA S H ' PI CK ET BOARDS H" - 0" HI GH GOAL P OST S 10' -O" HIGH SOO' -O" Ol o O <OTE! This information IS for will govern. % J>arl F. D, Eatert. AI A, ArchileC; Washing""". 2 0 0 ' - 0 " I 6 I M I ^RED 2" LINE I CE HOCK E Y nianninq and design only. For final layouts and design investigate current rules and regulations of tfie atFiletic organization or other authority whose standards preliniinary P'a D.C. Basketball. Badminton. Volleyball. Pool, and Billiards 29 HI G H SCH_ 0_ 2Ll : i E' ! L_ ^ ' * ' ' " I NSI DE SI DELI NES U N I O N B A S K E T B A L L C O U R T Ni i TI ONAu C O U L E C - I A T H A T H L E T I C A S S O C I A T I O N A-v'ATEL'R AT( - , _ ETK y-0' -I ft- BAC' < B Ou r - j DARV ^-b NET - ^ T ^ -^ 11. 4- 0" , 3^ - 4 ' - 0 " - P O S T S 5' - l " HI G H ,C3NGI TUDI NAL S E C T I O N S H C R O A C H M E N T S t HS^.' :t. r n C R O S S - S E C T I O N S' - O" B E T WE E N C O U R T S LI N E D FOR B O T H r ^ OUB LES A N D S I N G L E S A LL L I N E S I' /a" WI DE B A S E L I N E . Id , - ^ B ASELI NI E " SACK B O U N D - SI DE B O U N D LI N E S I N G L E S - S ; OE : B O U N D L I N E D O U B L E S 3 ADMI NT ON MEa: CA' J B A D^ - ! I N T O N A S S O C I A i I O N .^1 A- ALL L I N E I ADJ I T A B L E _ Internati onal play court size 9 m X 18 m. P L A T F O R M T E N N I S WI R E 16 G A U G E . I " M E S H , 12' H I G H . N E T i 3 4 " A T C E N T E R . P L A T F O R M - 6 0 ' X 3 0 ' ; B A S E L I N E S 2 0 ' X 4 4 ' 2|? >| i ) 101 i i 1- ? ^r : 1 F R O N T O F 0 ' .-HA.R-.--, Ul R E C T A N G U L A R B A C K B O A R D I D O T T E D ) MODI F I E D B A C K- G R O U N D I S O L I D) B A C K B O A R D D E T A I L C O L L E G E - T R A N S P A R E N T R E C T A N G U L A R B A C K B O A R D H I G H S C H O O L E I T H E R T Y P E W I T H F A N S H A P E R E Q U I R E D I N N E W E CS UI P ME N T M A X I M U M T R A C K E N C R O A C H M E N T f. 3 ' - 0 " MI N L 4 ' - 0 ' - B A C KB O A R D - B A S K E T IO' P R E F E R E N D LI NE~S( I 4 - 0 ' - fV'J ^if- 0 S E C T I O N SHO\ A^I NG B A S K E T A N D E N C R O A C H M E N T S 10 S I DE L I N E - C E N T E R LI NE 4 " WI DE S P I K I N G - L I N E A L L L I N E S A R E 2 " WI DE 6 ' MI N I MU M y i C L E A R A N C E - K , I (L\ 0 t*=^ S E R V I C E , A R E A A T . ^ E A C H E N D C E I L I N G 2 0 ' MI N 3 ' MI N P O S T 4' M A X D I M E N S I O N S F O R B I L L I A R D S A N D P O C K E T B I L L I A R D S T YPE OF TABLE ENCSLISH ( SNOOK ER 1 STANDARD POOL OR BILL. STANDARD POOL OR BI LL. STANDARD POOL OR BILL. JUNI OR POOL JUNI OR POOL PLAVI NO SURFACE W. S' -O" S'-O" 4' - 6" 4' - 0" 3' - 6" 3' - 0" L. l2' - 0" lO'-O" 9' - 0" S' -O" 7' - 0" S' -O" TABLE SI Z E W. S' -9" 5' - 9" 5' -3" 4 ' - 9 " 4' - 3" 3' -S" L, l2' - 9" IO'- 9" 9' - 9" B' -9" 7' - 9" 6' - 9" V O L L E Y B A L L U S V B A S S O C I A T I O N . R U L E S A N D G UI DE U.S. Vol l ey Ball Associ ati on: dimensions for unoffi ci al games. Court may be varied t o suit players, (for chi l dren and the less agile) . Mi n. clearance 3 ' - 0" . See page on womens sports. B A S K E T - I S" DI A M E T E R H E I G H T E L E M E N T S C H U S E 9 ' H E I G H T J UN I OR H S I O' H E I G H T H. S. A N D C O L L E G E T A B L E H E I G H T 2 ' - 6 " O U T D O O R 2 0 T O 3 0 ' R I N DO O R 15' T O 2 5 ' R Vj R A DI U S O F C O U R T 4 ' RA DI US ] X T A R D S ( P O O L ) G O A L - H I C r - ' J R T i l L L I A R D S A N D P O C - l * . ^ ' iiLLiARD CONG RESS OF AMER' - * - ^ ^^^^ and design only. For final layouts and design investigate current rules and regulations of the athletic organization or other authority whose standards ij This information will govern. (or preliminary planning a harles F D. Egbert, AIA, ArcW ,i,ect, Washington, D.C RECREATION ^ Football: Regu lar, Six-Man.Soccer, Ru gby; Lacrosse and Handball (OOTBALL kjonal Football Leagu e ( NFL) ORIENTATION htlonal Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAAl = Footbal l Rules S I X - M A N F O O T B A L L l 3 r - 4 " I 4 0 ml 6 5 - 5 " 119.925 m) - 2 " _ 6 5' - 5" n9. 925 m) 15 cm) 16 m) PLACE FOR SUBSTI TUTI ONS l o HANDBALL FIELD 3 3 0 ' - 0 " M A X 3 00' - O" MIN 18' - O" ^ TT I t 3 e o ' - O " MAX. I RECOM. ) 3 3 0 ' - O" MI N, Xpv< V GOAL AREA \ ^j f c CORNER FLAG S 5' - O" HI OH HALFWAY LINE - 3 0' - 0" RAQ " G OAL LINE TOUCH LI NE- PENALTY KI CK MARK ^ 3 0 ' - 0 " HAD 3 ' - 0" RAD CORNER Ki CK AREA :^^ SOCCER Ameri can Soccer League Nort h Ameri can Soccer League NCAA = Soccer Rules LACROSSE Amat eur At hl et i c Uni on (AAU) = Field Hockey-Lacrosse Guide t -- - plIP r A 5 1^ i TEAM HANDBALL GROUND LI NE - S OCCE R I B' - 6" b 1 0 . L r U IT 0. 0 CM Z 5 0 1 - ^ J l NET SLOPES DOV/ N. BACK AND IN FROM SI DES DEPTH 7 - O" L ACROS S E 'information is for preliminary planning and design 'sovern. only- por final layouts and design investigate current rules and regulations of the athletic organization or other authority whose standards 'IBF,D. Egbert,AI A, Architect, Washington, D.C. RECREATION Baseball and Softball 31 1 ST 2 N D . a 3 R D . B A S E S FOUL LI NE HEI G HT OF PI TCHER' S MOUND r - 3 ' ABOVE FI ELD STANDS OR FENCE 2BO MI N FROM HOME PLATE ALONG FOUL LI NES D E T A I L O F P I T C H E R ' S M O U N D BASEBALL D I A M O N D NOTE This information is for preliminary pian- / \ / ning and design only. For final layouts N ^ ' / ^ g ' ^ ^ o ^ ^ ^ o r F O U L [ ^ N I ^ ^ \ / and design investigate current rules and \ / \ / regulations of the athletic organization . \ / ^ ^ or other iiuthortty whose standards will / "^ ^ / \ govern. / ^ X- \ / ^ ^BACKSTOP LINE ^ ^ ^ .A _ ^ ^l - - - s= . ^ ORI ENTATI ON No Standard - consider time of day for games, months when played; location of field, surrounding bidgs. and stands. East-North-East recom. by N.C.A.A. Home plate to center field) . B ATTER' S BOX EACH SI DE- STANDS CR FENCE IVS FROM HOME PLATE ALONG FOUL LI NE COA CH' S B OX 4 ' X e ^ - _ i _ ^ ^ I LI TTLE L E A G U E B A S E B A L L PTCHERS BOX CATCHER' S BOX B A S E B A L L D E T A I L O F H O M E B A S E B A T T E R ' S & C A T C H E R ' S B O X I NDOOR B A S E B A L L * s ^ Df c9l . . AI A. AMh' . . ' C. . W. . * . " gf " CATCHER' S B OX ' S O F T B A L L D I A M O N D ' B A S E LI NES 2 N D B A S E r-5'-^ 6' 3 ' - 0' .^-^^ B ATTER' S B OXES CATCHER' S B OX H O M E B A S E D.C. RECREATION ^ % i Tennis f , 0 e o ' - o " S T D . a M I N 3 6 ' - O " D O U B L E S I III = u -' I 6l lO l.l i 2 7 ' - 0 " S I N G L E S rP I DI S T A N C E T O - , A DJ C O U R T I S ' C H A M P PLAN- I S' MI N I B A C K C O U R T 1 3 ' - S " ^ 1 3 ' - 6 " ^+ i l -l i (05 F O R E C O U R T 'NET 3 -O" AT CENTER, 3'-6" AT POST S FORE COURT BACK COURT -^^ ; E N T E R MARK FULL ENCL O SURE t- tL U U X Ul U) - ' hi U. U 0 X a% 0 I- z UJ > 13 ui m l Z J u) ^ (2 y '^ Z (fl UJ < D u m A4. 7'2-' S O U T H O F 41 S T P A R A L L E L C O U R T E DG E H A L F E N C L O S U R E A L T E R N A T E L I G H T I N G . O N E P O L E E A C H SI DE O STANDARD C O U R T E N D E N C L O S U R E PARTI AL E NCL OS URE S a ul J 0 : 0. 0 J b I 0 c/ -
-V3" - - ~ --^ - S UB S O I L DRAI N T I L E S t G E N U S E D F O R P O R O U S C O U R T S I I .A I J I D R A I N A O E P L A N 12 O R M O R E CCXJ RT ! ! ORIENTATION For the northern states the north-south orientation is reiMinmended. North-nortfiwest by southsoutheast at approximately 22 (true northi is recommended for outdoor courts south of the 41st parallel. Particular '*characteristics, length of tennis season, and latitude f If :;ld be taken into consideration when deciding on ) \ most desirable court orientation angle. '4- - jf B A S E 21' -Of' -I- S E KV l C E L I N E 8' - a' I 21' -o" SERVI CE LI NE B ASE LI NE X- X X NOTES 1. SURFACE DRAINAGE: Pitch 1 in. per 10 ft f porous and nonporous courts. Each court should i in one plane and pitch side to side; never up down to middle court. 2. SUBSOIL DRAINAGE: Need for drainage syster depends on soil conditions. On M 01(1) Er40 T O E M D 3 I DE T O S I DE rooOR T E N N I S C E I L I N oT i ^ T S i T r R ^ U I R E M E N T e NOTE This information is for prelimins planning and design only. For fir layouts and design investigate c rent rules and regulations of t athletic organization or other ; thority whose standards will govei Xl t ELEV. OF W A L L - r j E T LI N E ' 3 . 0 " A T C E N T E R 3 . _ e" A T E N DS WA L L " C O N C R E T E OR S L O C K W I T H F L U S H J O I N T S COURT Sl ^ J H A L F af S T D C O U R T I F S P A C E I S A V A I L A B L E / l ^ A C K C O U R T S P A CE PRACTICE C OU R T "p.0Mell,f,e& Randan, AIA, Architects; indianapol., mean. ^ RECREATION - T O P RAI L ^ 4^ - LI NE P O S T A C E N T E R I-"*. \ / VHE, R R E Q U I R E D C O N C R E T E ^ t ELEVAT I ON OF ENCLOSURE 34 Track and Field Events FI NI SH LINE FOR ALL RACES LONG AND TRI PLE JUMP I.IMES B cm WOE : =J t ALL LINES V-'HITE EO mm WIDE MEASUREMENT OF RACE- =1 ) = 5 LA Y O U T G U I DE F O R ^ 4 0 0 m R U N N I N G T R A C K A N D F I E L D E V E N T L O C A T I O N S NOTES (a) Number of lanes (f) High j ump ' (b) Straights (g) Javelin (c) Steeplechase and (hi Hammer and water j ump discus in cage (d) Pole vault (i) Putti ng and shot (e) Long and t ri pl e jumps (i) Paved areas NATI ONAL A N D I NT E RNAT I ONAL COMPETI TI ON The diagram indicates how a 400 m track wi t h a 'syntfietic surface mi ght be laid out for national and international compet i t i on. Di fferent arrangements are possible t o suit parti cul ar circumstances. For high level competition however, alternatives for the siting ot the throwi ng circles are of necessity l i mi t ed if maxh mum distances are t o be safely t hr own. For Rules or Competition reference should be made t o the Hand- book of the I nt ernat i onal Amateur At hl et i c Federa- tion. .TRACK A N D L A N E S The length of the runni ng track should be not less than 400 m. The track should be not less than " 2 m ' n width and shoul d, i f possible, be brdered on he inside wi t h concrete or other ^" ' " . bl e matenal , approximately 50 mm hi gh, mi - ^ ^ ^ ^ r t l . e T a t e t The curb may be raised t o P'""\^Z^M Te^rn^ drain away, in whi ch case a maxi mum height of fab mm must not be exceeded. .Where i t is not possible ' - ^ h e inner edge^^of^.he Tunning track t o have a raised b"^^' shall be marked wi t h lines 50 mm wide. . n "^0 m outward f r om The measurement shall be taken u. J border the inner border of the track '-J"^']^,^e of the ,exi 0.20 m f r om the line marki^ig the Ml ' I In af r aces up t o and including '^OYrniTZ'^Z^'^ itor shall have a separate lane, wi t h a mi I ME; ASURI : M[ ; N W INIIZ F OR 'M I lOTHElR L.VMl METHOD OF MARKING LANES of 1.22 m and a maxi mum wi dt h of 1.25 m to be marked by lines 50 mm in wi dt h. The inner lane shall be measured as stated in the preceding t ext , but the remaining lanes shall be measured 0.20 m from the outer edges of the lines. In i nternati onal meetings the track should allow for at least six lanes and, where possible, for eight lanes, parti cul arl y for major i nternati onal events. The maxi mum allowance for lateral i ncl i nati on of tracks shall not exceed 1 : 100, and the i ncl i nati on in the runni ng di rect i on shall not exceed 1 : 1000. The lateral i ncl i nati on of the track should wherever possible be t oward the inside lane. S U R F A C E Syntheti c materials provide a consistently good surface capable of conti nuous and unl i mi t ed use in most weather condi ti ons. Maintenance is mi ni mal , consisting of periodic cleaning by hosing down or brushing, the repainting when necessary of the line markings, and an occasional repair. Cinder surfaces require considerable maintenance by a skilled groundsman every ti me a track is used. They are not all-weather and seldom provide a consistently good runni ng surface. They are, however, much cheaper to construct and are suitable for club use and trai ni ng. On cinder tracks an extra lane is necessary so that spri nt and hurdl e events can be l un on the six outei lanes t o avoid the inner lane, whi ch is subject to heavy use duri ng long distance events. O R I E N T A T I O N It IS often di f f i cul t t o reconcile the requirements of wi nd di recti ons and the need t o avoid an approach i nto the setting sun. For these reasons it is now becoming common practice t o provide, where possible, alter native directions foi runni ng, i i i ni pi nn, .iiul t l i i owi i i y N U M B E R O F L A N E S Syntheti c all-weather: Internati onal compet i t i on: Area or regional compet i t i on: Cinder: Internati onal compet i t i on 8 lanes (9.76 m) 6 lanes (7 3 2 m} 8 lanes (9.76 m) 9 lanes (straightsi 7 lanes (8.54 m) Area or regional compet i t i on: T H E F I N I S H Two whi t e posts shall denote the extremi ti es of the finish line, and shall be placed at least 3 0 cm f r om the edge of the track. The finish posts shall be of rigid constructi on about 1.4 m high, 80 mm wi de, and 20 mm t hi ck FORMULA FOR OTHER TRACK PROPORTIONS Where a track of wider or narrower proporti ons or of di fferent length is requi red, the appropri ate dimensions can be calculated f r om the f ol l owi ng f ormul a: L = 2P- i - 2 (R- l - 3 00 mm) where L = length of track (m) P = length of parallels or distance apart of centers of curves (m) R = radius to track side of innei curb (m) IT = 3 .1416 (not " / 7 ) It is recommended that the radius of the semicircles should not normal l y be less than 3 2 m or more than 42 m for a 400 m ci rcui t. ^ RECREATION 42 25 Yard Swi mmi ng Pool; Capacity Formulas LENGTH OF P OOL S '25 yards is the mi ni mum l ength for Amer i can records, (id mWts interscholastic and i ntercol l egi ate require- ments IPool should be 75' 1' j " l ong t o al l ow l or electronic timing panels at one end.) If vds for Internati onal Compet i t i on are shown on n\ ter pool page. W I D T H O F P O O L S Drawi ng bel ow shows 7' lanes, wi t h pool wi dt h of 45' 6 lanes) . St ri ct l y compet i t i ve pools shoul d have 8' lanes, wi t h pool wi dt h of 83 ' (10 lanes) . Mi ni mum wi dt hs i ncl ude addi ti onal 18" wi dt h outsi de lanes on bot h sides of pool . NOTES Gutters at sides of pool are desirable to reduce wave acti on i n swi mmi nq meets or water pol o. See l i ght i ng standards and diving board standards on other pj qi "j of this series for addi ti onal requirements for compet i t i ve pools. G RAB BARS AND RECESSED ST EP S 2' RACI NG TAKEOFFS 3 0 " AB OVE WATER LEVEL (SEE ANOTHER PAGE FOR DETAI LS) PLAN MIN LENG T H ( AMERI CAN RE CORDS l SEE STANDARDS FOR DI VI NG FACI LI TI ES ON ANOT HER PAG E OF THI S SERI ES PI TCH NOT OVER TI N 12' 4 ' - 0 " MI N lA A U) 3 ' - 6 " MIN (N. C. A. A ) PNGI TUDI NAL SECT I ON is YARD POOL Swi mmi ng pool capaci ty requi rements vary f r om one l ocal i ty t o another: suggested by the Ameri can Public Health Associ ati on. check local regulations. The f ol l owi ng is S ' ^ ^ SWI MMERS -ZON g wl MMERS .-ZONE "A" DI VERS FORMULA Z ONE "A" DERIVATION ZONE "C" FORMULA' Max, pool _ capacity Di vi ng area defi ned by 10' radius f r om di vi ng board or pl at f or m. 12 divers per boar d; 2 3 in water, the rest on shore. Or al l ow 3 00 sq. f t . of pool water surface per board. Swi mmi ng area; 24 sq. f t . per swi mmer. Based on vol ume displaced by each swi mmer (4/5 square of average ht.) and adjusted by the number of swimmers using pool at one t i me. (2/ 3 t ot al swi mmers) . Non-swi mmer area. 10 sq. f t . per person. Based on vol ume displaced by person (1/ 2 area al l owed per swi mmer) and adjusted by number not using wat er - 50% (i n some pool s wi t h large number of non-swi mmers, figure may be as high as 75%) . , _ No. diving boards J '^cea Zone " B " Area Zone " C" or pl atforms 24 10 s~:z. nrrS-'pooL CAPACI TY I- Jackson Smi t h, AI A, Designed Environmei ,nt, I nc. ; St amf or d, Connect i cut l l RECREATION 50 Meter Competitive Swi mmi ng Pool 43 ENERAL NOTES jr judging competitive meets, F.I.N.A. officials commend the springboard and diving platform rangeitient indicated below in plan. Diving dimen- )ns meet minimum F.I.N.A. standards. Fifty meters minimum length for world records. NOTE "Length should be 50.03 m allowing an extra ,03 m to compensate for possible future tile facing, structural defects and electrical timing panels. RECESSED fI STEPS a GRAB BARS OS X O.Sm RACING TAKE- OFF BLOCKS - AN O 5m OUTSIDE LANES 1.2 MA ..IMUM^ R .:^ T IO ' I- ^WATER LEVEL SEE STANDARD DIMENSIONS FOR DIVING FACILITY ON ANOTHER PAGE OF THI S SERIES RACING TAKE - OFF BLOCK 1 219m MINIMUM (A AU. l - ^ - , I Sm OVERALL (F I N A ) PITCH NOT OVER I IN 12 / CFCTION ^rVGITUDINAL S^*^ Jackson Smith, AIA. Oesisni'd ironinenl Inc.; Stamford, Connecticut RECREATION H 62 Small Boats ROW BOAT DI NGHY OR T E NDE R PEDAL BOAT I NFLATABLE BOAT PONTOON BOAT 6' -4f e- o" CLEAR 6 " o: \ ^ .c^ ^s ^ RACK SPACING Single and double: 2 racks 8'-0" apart. Four-oared: 3 racks 8'-0" apart. Eight-oared 3 racks 18' 0" apart or 4 racks 12'-0" apart. Racks are 6'-0" high for daily use, higher for long term storage. ^ r m MM tnJ^M M W ^ RACI NG SHELL OR GI G R A C I N G 1 RACK S 'NOTE Many of the boats above, except pec al boats, pontoon ~^ lioats, and racing shells, may be fitted witn sans. Design boat house with ceiling height to allow storage 1 S' -O" TO l 2' - 0" IN 6" I NCR. [ [ OA F S y 4' - 0" TO 6' - 0" IN 3 " INCF ofoarsotiend. ( DOUB LE P A DDLE S A R E e'-6',' 9' - o' ; 9' - s" PADDLES TYPES AND S I Z E S O F T Y P I C A L S MA L L B OAT S LO LENGTH OVERALL. B - BEAM, D - DEPTH. DO - DEPTH OVERALL CLASSIFICATION AND TYPE nowboats (many lypes and designs) uiNGHY OR TCNnFR -DORY i^EDAL BO INFLAT- idBLE CANOE 1
(-J Fisherman War Dinghy Riverboat SH 01 GIG '-^ 1 BOAT Single racina Double racing Four-oared i _ Eight-oared , _ ... i..oc/Archit LENGTH OVERALL 6' -5"to 18'-0" 6' -1"to 14'-0" 18'-0" 12'-0"to 16'-0" 7'-2" to 10'-4" 9' -0"to 15'-U" 17'-0"to 17'-0" 16'-0"to 18'-0" 2X^^^Jo_^jO R'-7"to12'-8" ^ l T^9^^18' - 0" 20^^0^^^8' -0" " "^?7rlo^28'-0" 9fl'-n" to 3 3 '-0" 40'-0" to 42'-0" "ie^^o^o 62'-0" ecs Planners; Detroit, Michigan BEAIkl 3 ' -11"t o5' -5" 2' - 10"t o5' - 5" 4'-6" 3 '-6" to 5'-8" 5' - l " t o5' - 4" 2' - 10"t o3 ' - 0" 3 '-0" t o3 ' - 8" 3 '-5" t o3 ' - 7" 3 '-8" 4'-0" t o5' - 6" 6' - 10" t o8' 0" 8'-0" 1'-2" 1'-4" 1'-9" 2'-0" t o2' - 4" S W E 4- EP ( 12' - 0" TO 12 3 A R - 6 " 9' - 6" TO 9' - 10" SCULL OAR i ~^\ f DEPTH 1' -2"to1' -8" 1'-6"to 1'-8" 1'-8" 1'-6"to 1'-8" r - 11" 1'-0" 1'-2" 1'-0"to 1' -1" r-3 " I ' D" t o1' - 4" 1'-6"to 1'-9" 7'-8" 6V2" 7" 8' /=" 1'-4" DEPTH OVERALL 2'-0" + 1'-6" to 1'-8" I ' l l " 1'-6"to I'-IO" 2'-0" to 2'-4" 1'-4" 2'-0" to 2'-4" 2'-3 " l ' -6" to I'-IO" 2'-0" to 2'-8" IOV2" 1 1 " I ' - OVJ " r - 2" t o 1'-8'."' WEI GHT (LB) 50 to 270 40 to 155 275 64 to 320 115 to 140 44 to 85 55 to 79 70 225 56 to 119 99 to 154 1015to 1155 3 0 60 120 270 U TRANSPORTATION Sail and Power Boats 62 WATERLI NE BOARD BOAT ( V I O N O H U L L TYPES AND SI ZES OF TYPI CAL SAI LBOATS CATAMARAN CRUI SI NG L - LENGTH OVERALL. B - BEAM. MH - MAST HEIGHT, NT - NOT TRAILERABLE CLASSI FI CATI ON AND NAME LENGTH OVERALL BEAM MAST HEI GHT WEI GHT (LB) LENGTH/TRAI LER BOARD BOAT ^flinifish 11'-9" 3' -10" 9' -0" 2'-4" 83 14' Sunfish 13 '-9" 4' -0" 10 0" 2'-8" 139 15' Laser 13 '-10" 4' -6" 19 3 ' 0" 130 16' Puffer 12'-6" 4'-10" 17' 11" 3 '-0" 160 15' MONO- HULL Challenger 15 15'-0" 5'-6" 20 2'-7" 380 18' Flying scot 19'-0" 6'-10" 26' 0' 4'-0" 800 21' Sol cat 15 15'-0" 7'-10" 25'-4 290 18' CATA- MARAN Hobie 16 16'-7" 7'-11' 26'-0" 10" 340 19' Prindle 18 18'-0" 8' 0" 28'-9" 9 V2 335 21' O'Day 27 27'-0" 9' 0" 3 8'-6" 4' -0" 6700 NT CRUI SI NG Pearson 3 2 3 1'-8V2' 10'-7" 44'-7" 5'-6" 9400 NT CS3 6 3 6'-6" 11'-6" 48'-6" 6'-3 " 15,500 S P ORT CRUI S E R TYPESANP SI ZES OF TYPI CAL POWERBOATS - . . Mn NAME LENGTH OVERALL E X P RE S S S E DAN CRUI SER CRUlfeER CLASSI FI C"- ' - ' "' ^ AND NAME LENGTH OVERALL CRUI SER 40'-8" BEAM 6'-5" 7'-8" 7'-10" B'-Q" 8'-0" 8'-0" 9'-4" 13 '-0" 13 '-0" 14'-2V2 14'-9" HEI GHT 3 '-5" 3'-9'/2 5'-2" 6'-0" 6'-3 " 7'-4" 8'-4" 9'-6" 12'-3 " 13 ' -1" 12'-0" DRAFT 1'-0' 2'-4" 2'-3 " 2'-8" 2'-6" 2'-6" 2'-2" 2'-10" 2' -11" 2'-n" 3 '-7" 3 '-9" WEI GHT (LB) 865 2618 2800 6095 4375 6095 4800 7200 16,000 17,000 26,500 34,000 LENGTH WI TH TRAI LER 19' 21' 25' 25' 28' 28' NT NT NT NT NT NT Vi k i ng 1 - ' riafPs/Architects Planners; Detroit, Michigan Dav.d 8. Richards: Roetti Associ atesWc TRANSPORTATION i 180 Dock and Marine Development S E C T I O N A- A r r i ^ ^ MOORI NG W- ' ^ HARDWARE . 2' -6" MAI N WALKWAVs CONCRET E SLAB ON 6" COMP ACTED SUBG RADE S E C T I ON CONCRETE P LANKS Wl l CONNECTI NG STRAPS <-)- e- B ee^ - CATWALK 4-M-ihHftlH- MAI N v-^AuKVA-. BOAT L A U N C H I N G R A M P G ENERAL NOTES 1. Wood marine constructi on must be pressure treated wi t h a preservative. Wood preservatives for use in marine applications tall i nt o t wo yeneral categories, creosote and waterborne. To select a specific pre- servative f rom wi t hi n these categories, the decay- ing agents must be i dent i f i ed. A preservative may then be chosen based on the recommendations of the Ameri can Wood Preservers Insti tute. 2. Waterborne preservatives are recommended for decks because creosote stains shoes and bare feet. 3 . The preservatives selected should be approved by the Envi ronmental Protecti on Agency. 4. Dock height above water is determi ned by average deck levels and probable water level. Maintain a 12 i n. mi ni mum dimension between water and deck. Fl oati ng docks may be required in tidal waters. Consult manufacturer for constructi on i nf ormat i on. 5. Cross bracing should be mi ni mi zed to avoid en- tanglement of swimmers. LAUNCHI NG RAMPS 1. Launching ramps are for sheltered waters onl y. 2. A catwalk may be provi ded alongside the ramp. 3 . Fl oati ng ramps may be required in tidal waters. TABLE OF DI MENSI ONS FOR SUPS USED WITH DI AGRAM AND CATWALKS TO BE J < y- H < Z . - in -I Over 70' to 80' David E. Rose, Rossen/IMcumann Associates Southfield, Michigan 12' - 0" 12' - 0" 14' - 0" - 0 " l O' - O" 10' - 0" 10' - 0" 12' - 0" 12' - 0" 14' - 0" 9' - 0" 11' - 0" l l ' - O" 11' - 0" .< < i U z O D < Z Z 0. lu CM m - I 8 ' - 0 " l O' - O" 10' - 0" 12' - 0" 12' - 0" 9'-0" 11' - 0" i r-O" < 5 1^ < i_ a < z Q: 0. Ul CO (rt - 1 10' - 0" 12' - 0" 12' - 0" 12' - 0" Ul 0 o I z u < z I- < So D I - 17' - 0" 19' - 0" 21' - 0" 23 ' - 0" 25' - 0" 28' - 0" 3 3 ' - 0" 3 8' - 0" 43 ' - 0" 48' - 0" 53'-0" 6 3 ' - 0 " 73 ' - 0" 83 ' - 0" 2 ' - 0 " - ^ ^}t TI MBER BREAKWATER- - . . ^ u 2 _i Q "< -r u I n y Q. DI AGRAM ^' MAI N CAT WALK- A' CATWALK- Z ^ >6 _ ^ 3 ' - 0 " ^ , . 4' CATNA/ALK- >,- ANCHOR S= EE TllvlBER B REAKWATER < h < 0 z <l> < 2 in , . o i > 1 I I I I I ^ e' MAI N CATWALK Mgl i I - " ^ A - A ' ' I- . < I 01 4" MAI N CA T WA LK- I ' -i MARI NE WORK BIBLIOGRAPHY Books; ^ ^ ^ g i ~ | ~ t f f 9 7 2 ^ ' ' ' ^ " ' ' " " ' ' Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning Carlson, Reynold E., Theodore Deppe and Janet MacLean. Recreation in American Life. Belmount, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1972. Ching, Francis D.K. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York- Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1979. Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975. City Plan Commission of St. Louis. St. Louis Riverfront Development Plan. 1967. Curtis, Richard K. Evolution or Extinction: The Choice Before Us. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982. DeChiara, Joseph, et. al. Time Savers Standards for Building Types. John Hancock ed. New York. DeChiara, Joseph and Lee Koppelman. Urban Planning and Design Criteria. 2nd Edition. Designing With the LOF Sun Angle Calculator. Ohio: Libby-Owens-Ford Company, 1975. 1978 Dodge Manual for Building Construction, Pricing and Schedules. Edition 13. McGraw-Hill: New York, New York, 1977. Egan, M. David. Concepts in Thermal Comfort. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975. Engel, Heinrich. Structure Systems. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981. Fischer, Claude S. The Urban Experience. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1976. Hirsch, Werner Z. Urban Economics. MacMillan Publishers, New York, 1984. Hjelte, George and J. S. Shivers. Planning Recreational Places. Cranberry, New Jersey: Associated Universtiy Presses, 1971. How to Plan, Design and Build Outdoor Sports Facilities. New York: Drake Publishers, 1978. 98 "^"Snd'Ed'Ir'pa;! '"w ^^-^J-\^-^ll- B^entials of Texas Politics. ^na m . St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1983. " Kraus, Richard. Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society. New York- Meredith Corp., 1971. ' ~- Kuenzlen, Martin, et. al. Playing Urban Games: The Systems Approach to Planning. New York: George Braziller Inc., 1972. Lawrence-Leiter and Company. Rural Labor Analysis of the Riverfront Area Hinterland. Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning Agency., 1973. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press, 1960. McGuinness, William J., et. al. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 6th ed. New York"i John Wiley and Sons, 1980. McCullagh, James C. Ways to Play: Recreation Alternatives. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, 1978. Nash, Dr. Jay B. The Philosophy of Recreation and Leisure. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Company Publishers, 1960. Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963. Palmer, Mickey A. The Architect's Guide to Facility Programming. New York: American Institute of Architects and Architectural Record Books, 1981. Penman, Kenneth A. Planning Physical Education and Athletic Facilities in Schools. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977. Planero, Julius and Martin Zelmk. H;mian Dimension and Interior Spaces. Whitney Library of Design. The Architectural Press Ltd/London: 1979. Planning Facilities for Athletics, Physical Eduction and Recreation. Washington D.C: The Athletic Institute and American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1979. Ramsey/Sleeper. Architectural Graphic Standards. 7th ed. Robert T. Packard, ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981. Rapoport, Rhona; Rapoport, Robert N.; Strelitz, Ziona. Leisure and the Family Life Cycle. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975. Snyder, James C. and Anthony J. Catanese. Introduction to Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979. State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development. Waterfront Renewals. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1966. Stimpson, Catharine R., Dixler, Elsa and Kathryn B. Yatrakis. Women and The American City. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1981. 99 SSSi_ igs_ ae^HSna. state Department of Highways and PntUc Trans- Tillman, Albert. The Proa-rsm TS^^I ^ National Press-ifeSfifTS^^okJo^^ecreati^^ Los Angeles: Toffler, Alvin. Future S_hock. New York: Bantam, 1970. '''"r:;s!\^948^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ N-- rk: Associated "'"^Re'crL^iioi^Plir 'o^^^'^;^' '^^^ ^^Hnci^Bluffs^^ow^O^^ gg|tion_Plan. Omaha-Council BH^HTliil^iitan Area PlanninF Urban-Rural Planning & Design, Inc., et. al. Missouri Riverfront Parks M^trooov;^ "^r^ "'f "^^ ^^eservat^ion^lajT^aha-Counfil Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning Agency, 1973. Watson, Don A. Construction Materials and Proce.... 2nd ed. New York- Gregg Division McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978'' Webb Walter Prescott and H. Bailey Carroll. The Handbook of Texa... Vol 2 Austin: The Texas State Historical Association, 1952. ' ' White, Edward T. Concept Sourcebook: A Vocabulary of Architectnr;,! Fnr-r.. Arizona: Architectural Media Ltd., 1975. White, Edward T. Site Analysis: Diagramming Information for Architectural Design. ARchitectural Media, 1983. ' '' Wright, Burton and John P. Weiss. Social Problems. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. Yates, Maurice and Barry Garner. The North American City. 3rd ed. San Fransisco: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1980. Zinbardo, Philip G. Essentials of Psychology and Life, loth ed. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Co., 1980. Dissertations: Chapel, Paul. "A Community Recreation Facility for Dallas, Texas." Thesis dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1981. Olivo, Joe. O. "An Athletic and Recreational Facility for the Wichita Falls ISD." Thesis dissertation, Texas Tech Universtiy, 1980. Ridenour, Dane. "Recreational Sports and Entertainment Complex for Wichita Falls, Texas". Thesis dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1980. 100 Interviews: Cook, Gary. Mayor of Wichita Falls, Texas. April 4, 1985. Harper, Charles. City Council, Wichita Falls, Texas. April 4, 1985. Jamison Glenn. Superintendent, Parks and Recreation, City of Wichita Falls, Texas. April lo, 1985. ''^''lt;h''Si;'"n ^fv^!!^^ ^ Marketing and Distributive Education, Rider High School, Wichita Falls, Texas. April 17, 1985. Potter, David. President of Wichita Falls Chapter of American Institute of Architects. January 29, 1985. Suggs, Jack. Engineer, City Public Works, Wichita Falls, Texas. April 4 1985, Thompson,Jeanie. Assistant City Attorney, City of Wichita Falls, Texas, April 8, 1985. Laws, Ordinances and Regulations: Uniform Building Code. Whittier, California: International Conference of Building Officials, 1985. Letters: Jamison, Glen. April 10, 1985. Thompson, Jeanie. April 10, 1985. Magazines: Bremner, Douglas. "Recreation Buildings with Team Spirit". Architectural Record, November 1981, pp. 102-107. "Commodore Park". Landscape Architecture, September 1982, pp. 71-75. "Flint Riverbank Park". Landscape Architecture, September 1982, pp. 66-69. Murphy, Jim. "Forms of Recreation". Progressive Architecture, April 1983, pp. 98-101. Murphy, Jim. "Playful Fragments". Progressive Architecture, December 1981, pp. 82-89. "Mystic River Reservation Park". Landscape Architecture, September/October 1982, pp. 66-69. Viladas, Pilar. "healthy Color". Interiors, August 1981, pp. 90-91. Vonier, Thomas. "Let Them Drink Wine". Progressive Architecture, April 1983, pp. 98-101. 101 DOCUMENTATION Since a recreation building often reflects the unl,e needs of a neighborhood or co,,lty. the specific plans and designs i U vary. The preliminary considerations and planning objectives will be the sa.e, but the specific issues will be diffprpni- TU^ -. L De aiiterent. The issues that made this recreation center unique to Wichita Fallas were: Site location Types of activities Building users Technical considerations It was my endeavor to address exactly those special client needs, consider several different options to each issue, decide on the best answer to each issue and propose an architectural building solution responding to these issues. The following questions were asked during preliminary investigation: -Has the entire site been used to its potential? -Does the design provide for flexibility in use and future expansion? -Does the floor plan permit convenient access to and facilitate circulation within? -Does the floor plan provide for ease in supervision and administration of the building? -Do individual rooms encourage multiple use? -Has the building been designed to ensure opportunity for its use by all members of the community including the aging and disabled? -Does the design relate harmoniously with the surroundings? -Is the building designed to permit economy in construction and maintenance? After studying several recreation buildings with similar functional require- ments, I found: an obvious tendency to "introvert" the buildings activities. :ion- That is to say that most building failed to make an indoor/outdoor relati ship. Usually the interior activities had no connection to exterior activities, therefore causing each to be entities within themselves. Also, by introverting the recreational activities, most of the buildings I studied did not "reflect" the activities that were inside,therefore causing confusion as to the initial impression of what the building actually was. minimal to no response to site and climatic conditions. Most of the buildings studies did not respond to site and climatic conditions, and therefore failed to take full advantage of natural assets, such as wind and sun. "Heavy" buildings using alot of energy. Many were quite massive in scale, therfore requiring alot of mechanical support for heating and cooling. So upon the completion of preliminary research on recreation buildings, and after discussion with the CPRD and ~'KAAC, the following objectivies/intentions were formulated as a preliminary guide for my design of a recreation complex for Wichita Falls, Texas: -To design an open structure-one that is light and easily adaptable to the outside, therefore connotating a "sense of place". ^Xo design a structure that is economical, yet tasteful. lo design with the site and climate conditions and taking full advantage of natural assets. -^-To design a soft, low energy building. The essence of the problem was to create a facility (or facilities) which will accomodate all types of recreational pursuits for all age groups in a location convenient to a majority of the users. So, my first task was to select the optimum site location according to the clients wants and needs. It had to be somewhere in the RDD, close to the river and adjacent to the "new" civic center. (See Map ) Proximity to public transportation was important and so was the availability of parking spaces. The size of the site needed to be large enough to hold on-site parking, outdoor activities and future additions. Visibility was critical, since it should be easy to see and easy to find. Since the CPRD owns most of their land on the southside of the river, particularly Lucy Park, the logical location would be within this park. But this land area is mostly in the 100 year flood plane, it experiences high crime and its location is too far from the proposed civic center site. Another choice was to locate the building on the southside of the river, adjacent to the proposed civic center, either east or west of it in the downtown area. Since there isn't much room to the east side, the logical location would be to the west side of the new civic center and inbetween the medical triangle. Still another choice was next to Scotland Park on the northside of the river. This location would require the proposed recreational facilities to be compatible with existing softball facilities. The City felt that in any of the choices, or any location that I chose, if I proposed a recreation center without an overall plan of the whole river- front, then it will not pass. But, if an overall conceptual plan is proposed, and the recreation center is part of that concept plan, then it will work, once future development occurs along the river, then they will purchase any additional land for parks and recreation. 1- Proposed Civic Center Site 2- Lucy Park 3- Medical Triangle 4- Soctland Park 5- Existing Hotel 6- Sheratorn Hotel (under construction) 7- Proposed Hotel Site I looked at these three site locations, and found the most logical Site to be neither of these. I chose the land area bounded by the Big Wichita River on the south. Burrett Street to the West, Warrent St. to the north, and Scott St. to the east, (see slide # 5 ) 1 chose this site as opposed to the others because: -it is close to daily public transportation routes along Scott St., -it has enough land area (approximately 20 acres) to support the building, outdoor activities, parking and future additions, both the Scott street and Burrett Street bridges afford the site excellent visability (particularly the Scott St. bridge, since it is a business highway). -it is within the RDD adjacent to the new civic center site, and separated only by the river. This location creates opportunities to make physical connections with and over the water to the civic center, but also gives the building its own site, "it lies at the heart of the RDD, almost equadistant to the three hotel development "anchors", (see map) -it is just across the river from the proposed "riverwalk". After discussing the choise I made for the building location with the client, and after receiving approval, I felt it necessary to conduct a contextual analysis. This analysis would give me information concerning: optimum site utilization; best on-site arrangements of the clients interior and exterior activities and spaces; and the most effective ways to respect and capitalize on site and climate assets. I perceived the site to be a demanding one, and therefore required a thorough inventory of existing and projected conditions. This information would be diagrammed such that each site condition would generate design response ideas and provide me with a library of choices for optimum site utilization. The initial series of diagrams document all of the "given" information-the facts. Typical data here includes: location, size and zoning, legal aspects, natural and physical features, utilities and climate (see slides #3-5, 7-9 an pgs. 30-36, & 40-42 in program) The next series of diagrams deal primarily with the sensory and human aspects of the site that are not quantitative, but instead, require an opinion about positive and negative characteristics of the site. This information includes: good and bad views for the site, best approach directions to the site in terms of view, and types of noises and the extent to which they are disruptive, (see slides 10-12 and pages 37 & 39 in program) The diagrams that I made of the site conditions helped to stimulate design ideas and permit an exploration of conceptual responses to these factors. (see slides 15-29) These response vignettes are: -to incorporate the existing bowling alley on the site into the overall recreation complex (slide #15) -make physical links across river, (slide #16) -extend water into the site (at low end to avoid high retaining walls. (slide #17) -use virtually flat ground for outdoor playing fields, courts, etc... (see slide #18) -locate buildings on high ground to avoid drainage problems, (slide #19) -use area within floodway for: parking, playing fields, courts, extending water into site and trails (nature, walking, jogging, bike-slide #20). -incorporate trees as buffers from one zone to another, (slide #21) -create "public i.age" side of the building towards the river, both bridges and the river development across; and service side, car storage and main entry from Warrant St. (see slide #22) My first effor then, at optimum placement of functions or spaces on the site in response to the vignettes are: -to create an "island of refuge, by extending the water from a natural inlet at the low end nf t-f.^ o-i*-^ J I w ena ot the site and along the existii :ing trails. Passive recreational activities qnrh ao KTT-^ .. u- vicies such as bird watching, rest areas for sitt ing and talking, and people watching can occur here. Lookout points for Viewing outdoor areas, and up and down the river developments and even back towards the downtown can occur here. Three separate buildings/ facilities could be located on high ground and linked mentally and physically by the"island." (see slide #23) -to organize the spaces/activities within a grid parallel to existing streets.(see slide #24) -to make a linear sequence of repetitive spaces (slide #25) -to create a central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped, (slide #26) -to create a central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner. (slide #27) From these non-scaled bubble diagrams on the site, I began to sketch in scale. I constructed study model masses of the major spaces (multipurpose gjmis, racquetball and squash courts, aquatic center and ice/roller skating) enabling me to see the diagrams in three dimension.(see slides 31-41) This also provided me with three options for optimum placement of the functions and spaces on the site in response to both site and climatic issues: 1. Functional layout-I placed the bubble diagrams/masses on the site and allowed them to shift and migrate so that their orientations and placements responded to the appropriate site and climatic issues. 2. Contextual layout-I placed each function/space in its optimum zone on the site independently of the other spaces. Then I condensed and related them with a circulation system. 3. Zonal layout-with the project scope so large, the scale of the components I manipulated were larger. Once the zones were identified and placed, I was able to place the building activities within these zones in response to their contect. Now, those issues that generated the optimum placement of the spaces in relation to climatic forces were: -to use natural ventilation combined with moisture when it's hot and during the spring and fall. -to let the winter sun in -to keep the summer sunshine out -to protect from cold winter winds So, in summary, I used a combination of functional, contextual and zonal layouts, together with programmed spatial relationships to arive at a prefinal arrangement of the clients functions and spaces on the site (see slide ?f38) . I decided to use combinations of the grid, linear, centralized, clustered and radial organizations of space, since each had positive effects on the overall layout. Dominant in my site layout is the grid. I incorporated three different angles: a grid parallel to the existing streets, a grid relating to true north, and a grid relating to the natural contours, (see slide #30) The multipurpose gyms make a linear sequence of repetitive spaces, as do the racquetball courts. And I established the locker rooms to be the central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner. I also created an"island of refuge" at the low end of the site along the existing trils to take advantage of the opportunity the site allows. This "island" would be perfect for watching the Martin Bird-a popular bird and popular form of recreation for may in Wichita Falls. I decided to zone that area close to the existing bowling alley as Indoor/outdoor passive recreation, and identified this zone as "social center", (see slide #14) The activities here include: ice skating, roller skating, lawn bowling, croquet, multipurpose rooms for drama and dancing, and a social gym for banquets, ceramics, etc... It also has support areas such as snack bar, storages areas, club rooms, kitchen, administrative area for control and gameroom. By locating these types of recreational activities towards the bowling alley, and by recreating the "family-type" atmosphere already existing, then I feel this incorporates and ties the proposed recreation complex with the existing bowling alley. I zoned the area adjacent to the "social center" as indoor/outdoor active and have labled this zone a "athletic center". The activities here include: multipurpose courts for basketball, tennis, volleyball, and badminton; racquetball and squash courts; and weightlifting area, administrative for supervision and control, central equipment issue and storage areas. One of my intentions was to provide for the interaction of all age groups by stimulating and encouraging contact through the integrating of a variety of activities convenient to all. This necessitates a floor plan to facilitate circulation in and around the building. Hence, my scheme provides wider than normal corridors, and these have strong axis to "destination" points-points which open up to other points. I decided to make physical connections across the river in the form of pedestrian bridges. These bridges are extensions from the destination points I just spoke of above. I used the virtually flat ground for playing fields, and extended the higher ground towards the center of the site. This enabled the building to avoid the 100 year plane and drainage problems as well. I tried to locate the spaces that the trees could be preserved. Those that need to be pulled up could be reused in other locations on the site. I kept the "public image" side of the facility towards the river and the two bridges, and enhanced this by allocating as many activities as A ^f 1-hP c,ite The arrangement of spaces also possible towards this side of the site, lae & A ^.cr^ of those climate assets, particularly the southerly attempts to take advantage ot tnose ciimcu. ^^->,c= Rv staaeering each space and orientating the winds during the summer months. By staggenug Lans me long axis of each snaoA r,^^ ,. ' P-P-c-icular to the lnd. the optimum effect is achieved. This 10 mph wind comine f-m.^ *-u ' ^-- ^he south and over the water provide for natural ventilation when its hot and dry. Orientating the buildings broadside also takes advantage of the winter sun and allows easy shading during the summer. From the pre-final site layout, I switched scales and focused on those i.^ue. related tp a functional floor plan layout. Using the pre-final site layout (slide #38) as a guide, I began to draw to scale (1"=20') partial pla relating to the whole complex (see slides 42-S0>. This scale enabled to see all those essential areas and facilities necessary to fulfill the program objectives.^ Essential to the functional plan is flexibility in use. One way to fulfill this requirement was to keep single purpose space at a minimum. Also, by providing for additional storage and incorporating ex- pandable or moveable walls, I made the plan more flexible. Another key issue was to provide for ease in supervision aiid administration of the building-Maximum effectiveness in use of staff time is essential. This is accomplished by locating control points within the building to afford the staff maximum supervision at minimum cost. They should be alert to all people coming into or leaving the building. I provided two control points, one at the entry of the "athletic center" and one at the intersection of the "social center" (see slides #42-46). Another key issue was the multiple use of individual rooms. These needed to be located and designed so as to permit several different activities to occur within one room or simultaneously in all. I located the club rooms and multipurpose room within the "social center", all sharing folding walls. Multiple combinations can occur from these walls, therefore strengthening its flexibility. By locating all of those indoor/outdoor passive activities within the social center, and by keeping the level charges to a very minimum, I have addressed the issue of ensuring opportunity for its use by all members of the community, including the aging and disabled. Early in the design process T h.A P ocess, I had preconceived notions of introducing curvalinear building forms to contrast rh. >. A A contrast the hard edges of the playing courts. I then disregarded this idea, but not entirely. Slides #47-50 show the development of the seating area/steps just outside the multipurpose gyms and parallel with the river. The significance here is that 1 used these curvalinear steps to relate with the flowing water of the river as well as contrasting with the hard edge of the building, therefore strengthening its exlstance. These curvalinear steps shaped the hill that it was on, and this was one way in which the building attempted to relate with its surroundings. Another way was through exterior imagery. I switched scales again and began to sketch in elevation and isometric. To the north of the site were several, old, metal sheds with huge sliding metal doors, (see slide #51) I drew upon these for image inspiration. The roof form was pitched, and the building rectangular. The sliding doors, I envisioned, could be opened to allow the summer winds in, and the vents at the top to let the hot air out. The pitched roof also conforms to the residences in the neighborhood. 1 looked at tent structures, concrete structures, and so on, but I kept coming back to the metal shed. So, I envisioned this building on my site, and sketched it. (see slide 54) I drew a solar collector running the full length at the top, glass behind an aluminum grid sunscreen, horizontal aluminum siding as finish material and aluminum roll-up doors. To satisfy my imate itch, I drew several more exteriors elevations and then put these aside. The nature of the interior spaces had not been addressed physically to this point, so I began to draw in section. My intentions here were to, first of all, get an idea of ceiling height requirements in relation to functional activities below. I also wated to look at this requirement in relation to humans, and explore the aetual "experiences" of each space. And lastly, I wanted to "see" the technical aspects of the building come together. The minimum ceiling hpnoi-,i- ^^ ^itig height requirements for indoor tennis (see slide #.53) conveniently dictated the heieht<? nf i-\.^ -,- Lne neights of the ceilmgs in the other spaces. The lowest height of this rpi1ir>cr -r^ *-u tnis ceiling m the other spaces. The lowest height of this ceiling (19') occurs at either enH nf i-\.^ -, , eicner end of the imaginary pitch I raised this one foot and used this 20' line ac- t-Via K,,^IJ- line as the building organizer. It is where all column to ceiling connections take place. Once all the ceiling heights were verified with this dimension, I wanted to create floor level changes. I had to be careful here, since one of my goals was to make it easily accessible to all-including the aging and disabled. Rather than having one flat floor spread over the whole complex, and instead of making full, one story level changes with elevators, I focused on a four foot change in level, (see slides 56-58) This was subtle enough to separate the spaces, but not so abrupt that it would be expensive (like more elevators, more structure, etc). At the lowest level are the highly active, intensive activities-the participatory spaces. Four feet above and along these spaces are the spectator and pedestrian circulation spaces, (see slide #5J6-58) The experience is in looking down from the circulation space to and through to the participatory space towards the river. This "experience" takes the observer from the inside of the building to the outside, therefore making that relationship. Technically, I wanted my structural support to be as light and open as possible. I thought of tent structures, but I feared the climate here would be much too harsh on this. I thought of clear span structure;maybe a white tubular space frame, but after many sectional sketches, 1 concluded that this system was too "heavy" looking, (see slides 56-60) Then 1 went back to the metal shed, and realized its essence-the steel truss. I embellished on the triangulation, and used the tubular frame concept here. I envisioned white tubular trusses, spaced every 20' over the multipurpose courts, and I liked what I saw. (see sketch) Then, I thought about using the I -j &lb^.. \ SK ETCH OF GYM steel tubular triangulation over all of the spaces, and treating each one a little differently, therefore giving identity to each space. This was another Intention of mine-to give each activity/space unique identity through form such that an awareness of that space is enhanced. This was accomplished throught floor level changes, different structural systems (causing identifiable roof form and change in ceiling height), floor textures, amount of sunlight, substantial natural cooling, and degree of view from space to the river. I envisioned the pedestrian corridors to be atrium walkways, introducing sunlight into the building along these main axes I Every 20' is an open truss, emphasizing the rhythm of movement. Conceptually, it is the "spine" that holds the building together, (please see slides ). These atrium walkways were designed wider than normal because I feel that a narrow space tends to PUSH, while a wide space allows for MEANDERING, or even flowing, just like water, (see slide #6.9). I provided the complex with standard HVAC space and equipment requirements, with the athletic center and the social center each having pertanent mechanical rooms. I envisioned "round" ductwork to be exposed, running the full length of the "spines" and into each space. I chose this over hiding it behind ceiling furr downs because I have no hung ceiling (with the exception of the club rooms and restrooms) in which to furr down fromi The Integrity of the design dictated that the structure and mechanical systems be exposed such that the "openness" and "expressiveness" may be more realized and be part of the EXPERIENCE. It was my ultimate Intention, thou to use the mechanical systems to an absolute minimum, because responding to site and climatic conditions enables the building to capture optimum assets and therefore cut down on mechanical and electrical support! Newspapers: Poist, Patricia. "City to Pursue Downtown Marketing Plan". Wichita Falls Record News, January 20, 1985. ~ Poist Patricia. "Rider Plans Image Survey". Wichita Falls Times, November 28, 1984. Poist, Patricia. "Rider Students to Survey Attitudes on City Image". Wichita Falls Record News, December 1, 1984. Poist, Patricia. "Students to Assess City's Image". Wichita Falls Times. November 30, 1984. Poist, Patricia. "Wichitans Draw Wish Life for Rider Student's Survey". Wichita Falls Times, January 15, 1985. Poist, Patricia. "Wichitans Want Youth Center, More Industry, Survey Shows", Wichita Falls Record News, January 16, 1985. Pamphlets: City Parks and Recreation Department. "Discover Leisure, Fall Encounter". Wichita Falls, 1985. City Parks and Recreation Department. "Discover Leisure, Spring Bouquet 1985". Wichita Falls, 1985. City Parks and Recreation Department. "Discover Leisure, Summer Getaway". Wichita Falls, 1985. City Parks and Recreation Department. "Five Year Capitol Improvement Plan". Wichita Falls, 1985. Reports: Gordon, Lori. "YAAC Ideas on the Greenbelt Area and Recreation Center". Wichita Falls, 1985. 102