i

A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF NEUTRON COLLIMATOR

IN THE THERMAL COLUMN OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR
FOR BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY


Undergraduate Thesis
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Nuclear Engineering



submitted by
NINA FAUZIAH
09/289119/TK/36010


presented to
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2013

ii
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT

I, whom mentioned as follows:
Name : Nina Fauziah
NIM : 09/289119/TK/36010
Title of Thesis : A Conceptual Design of Neutron Collimator in the
Thermal Column of Kartini Research Reactor for Boron
Neutron Capture Therapy
certify that the thesis titled as mentioned above is my own original work in
accordance with the academic norms, and no portion of my thesis has been
copyrighted previously unless properly referenced.
If there is a breach, I will take full responsibility for any legal action that might be
caused.


Yogyakarta, July 22, 2013,
Who certifies the statement,



Nina Fauziah
NIM. 09/289119/TK/36010





iii
APPROVAL FORM
UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF NEUTRON COLLIMATOR
IN THE THERMAL COLUMN OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR
FOR BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
by
Nina Fauziah
09/289119/TK/36010
defended in front of the Board of Examiners
on July 12, 2013
Board of Examiners
Chairman, Secretary,



Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T. Ir. Anung Muharini, M. T.
NIP. 196603041994031003 NIP. 196908011994122001

Chief Examiner, Co-Examiner,



Ir. Mondjo, M. Si. Prof. Ir. Yohannes Sardjono
NIP. 195308131981031001 NIP. 195906101981031002

Approved and certified to fulfill the requirements for graduation on July12,2013
Chairman of Department of Physics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering UGM



Prof. Ir. Sunarno, M. Eng., Ph. D.
NIP. 195511241983031001

iv
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS ENGINEERING


FINAL PROJECT

Name : Nina Fauziah
NIM : 09/289119/TK/36010
Title of Thesis : A Conceptual Design of Neutron Collimator in the Thermal
Column of Kartini Research Reactor for Boron Neutron
Capture Therapy
Supervisor : Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T.
Co-Supervisor : Prof. Ir. Yohannes Sardjono
Problem : Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a type of tumour
therapy that uses neutron beam as radiation beam. A good
therapy should destroy the tumour cells thoroughly without
any significant side effect to the surrounding normal cells. For
this reason, the IAEA recommends some criteria of the neutron
beam used for BNCT purpose. Thus, a certain conceptual
design of neutron collimator has to be made to fulfill the
criteria.


Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,



Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T. Prof. Ir. Yohannes Sardjono
NIP. 196603041994031003 NIP. 195906101981031002


Chairman of Department of Physics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering UGM


Prof. Ir. Sunarno, M. Eng., Ph. D.
NIP. 195511241983031001

v
DEDICATION

To my beloved parents, my mother Emma Siti Rochmah and my father Achmad
Damanhuri, for their religious guidance and affectionate care showed to me.To my
beloved elder sisters, Farida Apriyani, Dewi Damayanti, Nunung Nurul Falah, and
Fitrie Amelia, and my beloved elder brother, Guruh Agung Setiawan, for their
motivations and encouragements given to me.



















vi











Indeed, within the heavens and earth are signs
for the believers.
Al-Jathiyah (45) : 3






vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the Allah S.W.T., the Almighty, for
the showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the study
successfully. This thesis was produced with the assistance and guidance of the
following people to whom I would like to express my sincere gratitude.
1. My research advisors, Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T. and Prof. Ir.
Yohannes Sardjono, for giving me the opportunity to do research and
providing invaluable guidance throughout this research,
2. My examiners, Ir. Mondjo, M. Si. and Ir. Anung Muharini, M. T., for giving
me deeper lessons and understandings from the questions posed and the exact
answers told during the viva voce,
3. The Chairman of Department of Physics Engineering, UGM, Prof. Ir.
Sunarno, M. Eng., Ph. D.,
4. The Head of Pusat Teknologi Akselerator dan Proses Bahan Badan Tenaga
Nuklir Nasional (PTAPB-BATAN) Yogyakarta, Dr. Ir. Widi Setiawan, for
giving me the chance to do this final project work at BATAN,
5. The Head of Academic Affairs of Department of Physics Engineering, UGM,
Ferdiansjah, S. T., M. Eng. Sc., for the advices given to me in writing in
English,
6. All lecturers at Department of Physics Engineering, UGM, for all knowledge
shared,
7. All staffs of Department of Physics Engineering, UGM, for the kindness,
8. My best friends Anti, Dian, Dewa, and Dita, for all precious experiences we
have, and also for the supports given to me,
9. The greatest talented young poet I have ever met, Eckart Sulaksono, for
every-single-word in his poets which were very enjoyable even though I did
not understand it whatsoever,
10. My dear friends Manda, Sekar, Oksel, Desti, Sukma, Imel, Una, Laret,
Tukah, Rima, Indah, Vika, Binar, Dintan, Feni, Lina, Umi, Khusnul, Farkhad,
viii

Afwan, Aji, Nico, Ego, Ilham, Didik, Cecep, Gagad, Handoyo, Andik, Alief,
Irfan, Rizal, Baghir, Ario, Dio, Kamal, Helmi, Kamal, and all students of
Department of Physics Engineering, UGM, batch of 2009, for all
unforgettable togetherness,
11. All staff of Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Fisika, UGM, for the opportunity
given to me for being a part of them, and
12. Nourish, Helmi, Bemby, and Debi, for being ridiculous clowns in my sorrow.
Finally, my thanks go to all the people who have supported me to complete the final
project directly or indirectly.


Yogyakarta, July 22, 2013,


Writer











ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE .................................................................................................................. i
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT ................................................... ii
APPROVAL FORM ...............................................................................................iii
PROJECT FORM .................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v
QUOTE ................................................................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xiii
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xvi
INTISARI.. ............................................................................................................ xvii
I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
I.1. Background ............................................................................................. 1
I.2. Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 3
I.3. Objective ................................................................................................. 3
I.4. Advantages .............................................................................................. 4
II. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5
II.1. Desired Neutron Beam Parameters ......................................................... 5
II.1.1. Epithermal Beam Intensity........................................................ 5
II.1.2. Incident Beam Quality .............................................................. 5
II.2. Neutron Source for BNCT ...................................................................... 6
III. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................. 9
III.1. Radiation Interactions with Matter .......................................................... 9
x

III.1.1. Neutron Interactions .................................................................. 9
III.1.2. Gamma-ray Interactions .......................................................... 12
III.2. The Monte Carlo Method and MCNP Program .................................... 14
III.2.1. Weight ..................................................................................... 15
III.2.2. Particle Tracks......................................................................... 16
III.2.3. Neutron Interactions ................................................................ 16
III.2.4. Photon Interactions ................................................................. 17
IV. MATERIALS AND METHOD ................................................................... 18
IV.1. Materials ................................................................................................ 18
IV.2. Method of Study .................................................................................... 18
IV.2.1. Kartini Research Reactor Modelling....................................... 18
IV.2.2. Neutrons and Gamma Rays Recording ................................... 20
IV.2.3. Tally Selecting ........................................................................ 21
IV.2.4. Beam Criteria .......................................................................... 26
IV.2.5. Collimator Conceptual Designing ........................................... 27
IV.3. Results Analysis .................................................................................... 30
V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 31
V.1. Reactor Criticality ................................................................................. 31
V.2. Collimator Conceptual Design .............................................................. 31
V.2.1. Collimator Wall....................................................................... 31
V.2.2. Moderator ................................................................................ 33
V.2.3. Filter ........................................................................................ 36
V.2.4. Gamma-ray Shielding ............................................................. 38
V.2.5. Aperture .................................................................................. 39
V.2.6. Environment Surrounding the Collimator............................... 40
VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................... 42
VI.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 42
VI.2. Recommendation ................................................................................... 43
xi

REFERENCE ......................................................................................................... 45
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 47
A. AN EXAMPLE OF MCNP5 INPUT CODES ............................................ 48
B. FIGURES OF REACTOR AND COLLIMATOR MODELS .................. 62
B.1. Reactor core model (top section). ......................................................... 63
B.2. Reactor core model (side section). ........................................................ 64
B.3. Reactor core and collimator model (top section). ................................. 65
C. MEAN FREE PATH CALCULATIONS ................................................... 66





















xii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. Energies of the particles coming from neutron capture in
10
B. ............... 2
Table 4.1. MCNP tally types .................................................................................. 21
Table 4.2. Beam parameters ................................................................................... 22
Table 4.3. Kerma coefficients for fast neutrons ..................................................... 24
Table 4.4. Kerma coefficients for photons ............................................................. 26
Table 4.5. Beam criteria ......................................................................................... 27
Table 5.1. Comparison of moderator materials ...................................................... 34
Table 5.2. Results of moderator (Al) thickness variations ..................................... 35
Table 5.3. Results of -ray shielding (Bi) thickness variations .............................. 38
Table 5.4. Results of beam characteristics for different aperture diameter ............ 40
Table 5.5 Results of beam characteristics for different aperture diameter of
graphite-surrounded collimator ............................................................. 40









xiii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Random history of a neutron incident on a fissionable material slab .... 14
Figure 4.1. Core configuration ................................................................................. 19
Figure 5.1. Epithermal neutron flux for various thickness of wall (Ni) ................... 32
Figure 5.2. Scattering cross sections of
58
Ni ............................................................ 33
Figure 5.3. Fast neutron component for various thickness of moderator (Al) ......... 35
Figure 5.4. Fast neutron component for various thickness of filter (
60
Ni) .............. 36
Figure 5.5. Thermal neutron component for various thickness of filter (
60
Ni) ........ 36
Figure 5.6. Absorption cross sections of
60
Ni .......................................................... 37
Figure 5.7. Gamma-ray component for various thickness of shielding (Bi) ............ 38
Figure 5.8. Total cross sections of Bi ....................................................................... 39
Figure 6.1. Collimator configuration ....................................................................... 42
Figure 6.2. Collimator shielding configuration ........................................................ 43







xiv
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
X Thickness cm
n Number of particle n
v Speed cm.s
-1

A Area cm
2

J Current n.cm
-3
.s
-1

I Intensity n.cm
-3
.s
-1

Flux n.cm
-3
.s
-1

N Atom density atom.cm
-3


Microscopic cross section barn (10
-24
cm
2
)

Macroscopic cross section cm
-1


Attenuation coefficient cm
-1

Mean free path cm
Mass density g.cm
-3

wf Weight fraction
M Atomic weight g.mole
-1



Symbol Definition
Alpha
Gamma
6
Li Lithium-6
6
Li
2
CO
3
Lithium (Lithium-6 enriched) carbonate
7
Li Lithium-7
10
B Boron-10
60
Ni Nickel-60
Al Aluminum
AlF
3
Aluminum fluoride
Al
2
O
3
Aluminum oxide
B
4
C Boron carbide
Bi Bismuth
C Carbon
Cd Cadmium
xv

Symbol Definition
F Fluorine
H Hydrogen
Ni Nickel
O Oxygen
Pb Plumbum (lead)
PbF
2
Lead fluoride

Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
BATAN Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional
BNCT Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICRU International Commission onRadiation Units and Measurements
LET Linear Energy Transfer
MCNP Monte Carlo N-Particle
MCNP5 Monte Carlo N-Particle version 5
SAR Safety Analysis Report










xvi
A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF NEUTRON COLLIMATOR
IN THE THERMAL COLUMN OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR
FOR BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
by
Nina Fauziah
09/289119/TK/36010
Submitted to the Department of Physics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada on July 12, 2013
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Nuclear Engineering

ABSTRACT
Studies were carried out to design a collimator which results in epithermal
neutron beam for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kartini Research
Reactor by means of Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) codes. Reactor within 100
kW of thermal power was used as the neutron source. The design criteria were
based on recommendation from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
All materials used were varied in size, according to the value of mean free path for
each material. MCNP simulations indicated that by using 5 cm thick of Ni as
collimator wall, 60 cm thick of Al as moderator, 15 cm thick of
60
Ni as filter, 2 cm
thick of Bi as -ray shielding, 3 cm thick of
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene as beam
delimiter, with 1 to 5 cm varied aperture size, epithermal neutron beam with
maximum flux of 7.65 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
could be produced. The beam has minimum
fast neutron and -ray components of, respectively, 1.76 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
and 1.32
x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
, minimum thermal neutron per epithermal neutron ratio of 0.008,
and maximum directionality of 0.73. It did not fully pass the IAEAs criteria, since
the epithermal neutron flux was below the recommended value, 1.0 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.
Nonetheless, it was still usable with epithermal neutron flux exceeding 5.0 x 10
8

n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. When it was assumed that the graphite inside the thermal column was not
discharged but only the part which was going to be replaced by the collimator, the
performance of the collimator became better within the positive effect from the
surrounding graphite that the beam resulted passed all criteria with epithermal
neutron flux up to 1.68 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.

Keywords: design, collimator, epithermal neutron beam, BNCT, MCNP, criteria

Supervisor : Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T.
Co-supervisor : Prof. Ir. Yohannes Sardjono

xvii
DESAIN KONSEPTUAL KOLIMATOR NETRON
DI KOLOM TERMAL REAKTOR RISET KARTINI
UNTUK BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
oleh
Nina Fauziah
09/289119/TK/36010
Diajukan kepada Jurusan Teknik Fisika Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada pada tanggal 12 Juli 2013
untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan untuk memperoleh derajat
sarjana S-1 Program Studi Teknik Nuklir

INTISARI
Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang desain kolimator yang menghasilkan
radiasi netron epitermal untuk Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) di
Reaktor Riset Kartini dengan menggunakan program Monte Carlo N-Particle
(MCNP). Reaktor pada daya sebesar 100 kW digunakan sebagai sumber netron.
Kriteria desain berdasar pada rekomendasi dari IAEA. Setiap material
divariasikan ukurannya berdasarkan mean free path radiasi di dalam material
tersebut. Simulasi MCNP menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan 5 cm Ni
sebagai dinding kolimator, 60 cm Al sebagai moderator, 15 cm
60
Ni sebagai filter,
2 cm Bi sebagai perisai sinar-, 3 cm
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polietilen sebagai penahan radiasi
netron, pada variasi bukaan sebesar 1 sampai 5 cm, dihasilkan fluks netron
epitermal maksimum sebesar 7,65 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Radiasi netron epitermal
tersebut memiliki komponen netron cepat sebesar 1,76 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
,
komponen sinar- sebesar1,32 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
, rasio netron termal per netron
epitermal sebesar 0,008, dan direksionalitas maksimum sebesar 0,73. Hasil ini
masih tidak memenuhi seluruh kriteria IAEA, karena fluks netron epitermal
kurang dari 1,0 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Meski demikian, radiasi netron epitermal tersebut
masih dapat digunakan karena fluksnya melebihi 5,0 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Pada saat
diasumsikan bahwa bagian kolom termal yang tersisa di luar daerah kolimator
tetap berisi grafit seperti semula, hasil keluaran kolimator menjadi lebih baik
dengan fluks netron maksimum mencapai 1,68 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.

Kata kunci: desain, kolimator, radiasi neutron epitermal, BNCT, MCNP,
kriteria

Pembimbing Utama : Dr. Ir. Andang Widi Harto, M. T.
Pembimbing Pendamping : Prof. Ir. Yohannes Sardjono

1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. In a
normal cell, the processes of cell division are controlled meanwhile in a tumour
cell, it no longer responds to the signals which control the growth and the death of
the cell. If the creation of abnormal cells happens rapidly, it is then known as
malignant tumour or cancer. Cancer cells can invade the adjoining parts of the
body and spreads to other organs,disrupting normal activities and causing serius
medical problems or even death.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and accounted for 7.6 million
deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008. About 70% of all cancer deaths
occurred in low- and middle-income countries. In Indonesia, there were 136 males
and 109 females died of cancer for every 100,000 cancer cases in 2008. Deaths
from cancer worldwide are projected to continue to rise to over 13.1 million in
2030. [1]
These facts lead to a consideration that eradicating the tumour cells as soon
as possible is needed before it spreads to any nearby normal cells. There are
several kinds of treatment to cure the disease or considerably prolong life while
improving the patient's quality of life. Those treatments are, generally, sorted into
3 majors: surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy [2].
Radiotherapy is a common cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumours. X-rays, -rays, and charged
particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment. These radiations used in
high level of energy, thus they may cause ionizations in the surrounding normal
cells. Besides, those kinds of beam have been rarely effective since they were
found to have relatively low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) characteristics (53
keV.m
-1
or less). [3,4,5]
2

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is another form of radiotherapy. In
BNCT,
10
B and its carrier drug are administered to the patient. This carrier will
take these compounds to the location of the tumour cells, where
10
B is supposed to
be accumulated. On the next step, the tumour area is to be irradiated by neutron
beam. There are two different neutron beams commonly used in BNCT: thermal
neutron beam for superficial tumours and epithermal neutron beam which may
penetrate to relatively deeper locations (8 cm to 10 cm depths). Theoretically, an
epithermal neutron becomes a thermal neutron when it reaches the tumour cells
after undergoes moderations by materials (especially water) contained in the
humans body along its path. Then,
10
B in the tumour cells captures the thermal
neutron, resulting in a prompt nuclear reaction
10
B(n,)
7
Li. The particles coming
from the neutron capture by
10
B have two possible energies that are reported in
Table 1.1. [6,7]
Table 1.1. Energies of the particles coming from neutron capture in
10
B.
94% 6%
1.47 MeV 1.78 MeV
7
Li 0.84 MeV 1.01 MeV
0.48 MeV -
Reference: [7]
Both -particle and the fission fragment
7
Li have high LET characteristics
(175 keV.m
-1
and above) and short path lengths (approximately 4.5 to 10 m),
hence the energy deposition is locally limited around the tumour cells. [4,5,8]
In Indonesia nowadays, three research reactors are available, all are operated
by the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN). Those reactors are TRIGA
2000 reactor in Bandung, TRIGA MARK-II reactor in Yogyakarta, and
Multipurpose Research Reactor in Serpong. Of these three reactors exist, only
TRIGA reactors are planned to be added with a facility for BNCT purpose. Any
BNCT facility has not been established yet; feasibility study is still in its process,
indeed. In TRIGA MARK-II type research reactor in Yogyakarta, which has also
3

been known as Kartini Research Reactor, the facility for BNCT is going to be
built for an advanced study which uses tumour-injected animals as the object. [6]
Kartini Research Reactor has an operational output thermal power of 100
kW. The thermal column of this reactor is planned to be implanted with a device
which is capable of narrowing the neutron beam, called as collimator. Thermal
column is selected since it is the most flexible part of the reactor which could be
modified. Due to the tendency of epithermal neutron beams usage for BNCT, the
collimator must contains materials needed to produce an epithermal neutron beam
which fulfill some particular characteristics. Thus, a proper collimator has to be
designed so that the output neutron beam reaches criteria recommended by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

I.2. Scope and Limitation
Here are the limitations of the study:
1. Kartini Research Reactor which operates steadily on 100 kW thermal power
is used as the neutron source,
2. The beam criteria are based on the IAEAs recommendations,
3. Simulations are conducted by using Monte Carlo N-Particle version 5
program,
4. Moderator varies in materials and thickness,
5. Wall, filter, and -ray shielding vary in thickness,
6. Aperture varies in diameter.

I.3. Objective
The main purpose of this study is to make a conceptual collimator design for
BNCT that can be properly implanted in the thermal column of Kartini Research
Reactor and the output beam produced passes all criteria recommended by the
IAEA.
4

I.4. Advantages
The advantages which may be gained as the implication of this study are:
1. Finding the design of the BNCT purpose-collimator which is proper to be
implanted in the thermal column of Kartini Research Reactor,
2. Being a reference for the next experiment about collimator design for
producing an epithermal neutron beam.



5
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEWS

II.1. Desired Neutron Beam Parameters
Epithermal neutron beam entering tissue creates radiation field with a
maximum thermal flux at a depth 2 to 3 cm, which drops exponentially thereafter.
In contrast to the epithermal beam which shows a skin-sparing effect, the thermal
flux falls off exponentially from the surface. Thus, thermal neutron irradiations
have been used for tumour treatments in the skin. In general, however, the current
trend for treatment of patients is using epithermal neutron beams. [6]
The main collimator designing objective is to deliver an epithermal neutron
beam within a reasonable treatment time and to produce the desired thermal
neutrons at tumour depth with minimal other radiations present. The two principal
beam characteristic of interest are intensity and quality. Beam intensity will be the
main determinant of treatment time. Beam quality relates to the types, energies,
and relative intensities of all the radiations present. [6]

II.1.1. Epithermal Beam Intensity
For the purposes of reporting beam intensity, the common definition for an
epithermal energy range should be used, namely 0.5 eV to 10 keV. Current
experience shows that desirable minimum epithermal neutron beam intensity
would be 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Beam of 5 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
are usable, but result in rather
long irradiation times. Where there is a choice to be made, most practitioners
would rather have better quality rather than more intensity. [6]

II.1.2. Incident Beam Quality
Beam quality is determined by four parameters under free beam conditions.
They are discussed below in order of importance. [6]
6

1. The fast neutron component
In BNCT the energy range for fast neutrons is taken as > 10 keV. Fast
neutrons, which accompany the incident beam, have a number of undesirable
characteristics such as free radicals production. Therefore, it is one of the main
objectives of BNCT beam design to reduce the fast neutron component. In
existing facilities, the range of dose from this component is from 2.5 to 13 x 10
-13

Gy.cm
2
per epithermal neutron, meanwhile the target number should be 2 x 10
-13

Gy.cm
2
per epithermal neutron. [6]
2. The -ray component
It is desirable to remove -ray radiation from the beam. A target number for
this should be 2 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
per epithermal neutron. The range in existing
facilities is from 1 to 13 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
per epithermal neutron. [6]
3. The ratio between the thermal flux and the epithermal flux
To reduce damage to the scalp, thermal neutrons in the incident beam
should be minimized. A target number for the ratio of thermal flux to epithermal
flux should be 0.05. [6]
4. The ratio between the total neutron current and the total neutron flux
This ratio provides a measure of the fraction of neutrons that are moving in
the forward beam direction. A high value is important for two reasons; to limit
divergence of the neutron beam (thereby, reduce undesired irradiation of other
tissues) and to permit flexibility in patient positioning along the beam central axis.
A target number for this ratio should be greater than 0.7. [6]

II.2. Neutron Source for BNCT
Several experiences in designing collimator for BNCT have been conducted
both based on the materials selection and the geometry optimizing. A collimator
at least consists of 5 components: collimator wall, moderator, filter, -ray
shielding, and aperture. Hereby, explained each of those parts.
7

1. Collimator wall
Collimator wall should reflect neutrons back into the inner part of
collimator. Therefore, neutron reflecting type material is used. Suitable reflector
materials for this are those with high scattering cross section and high atomic
mass (resulting in little energy loss). They include Pb, Bi, PbF
2
. [6]
In his experiment, Marko Mauec (1998) found Ni outperformed other
materials, Pb, Bi and PbF
2
, with the highest epithermal neutron flux as the result.
O. O. Gritzay et al. (2004) also made a collimator design with Kyviv Research
Reactor as the neutrons source. In their study they used Ni as collimator wall
layer. From this study they got that the epithermal neutron flux grew up as the Ni
layer became thicker up to 6.5 cm, then it started to fall off slowly. [9,10]
Walls that are used near the beam exit are beam delimiters and it should
absorb rather than reflect neutrons. This part is made of B
4
C or
6
Li
2
CO
3
dispersed
in polyethylene. Epithermal neutrons striking the wall of the collimator are
thermalized and captured. It should be noted that
10
B emits a low energy capture
-ray (478 keV) but
6
Li does not and its use is to be preferred in locations close to
the patient. [6]
2. Moderator
Moderation of fast neutrons is best accomplished by low atomic mass
materials. Any moderator or filter materials chosen must not decompose in a high
radiation field, nor produce moisture. Any neutron activation products from the
materials should be short lived. Some suitable candidates that widely used are Al,
Al
2
O
3
, and AlF
3
. Combinations of Al followed by Al
2
O
3
or AlF
3
downstream are
very efficient because the O and F cross-sections fill in the valleys between the
energy resonance peaks of Al. [6]
3. Gamma-ray shielding
Materials such as Pb and Bi may be placed in the beam to reduce -rays
originating from the reactor core, but these will nonetheless reduce neutron beam
8

intensity. Bi is nearly as good as Pb for shielding -rays, while having a higher
transmission of epithermal neutrons. [6]
4. Filter
The objective is to filter out all neutrons but the epithermal neutrons from
the reactor beam. For epithermal neutron beams, it is desirable to limit thermal
neutron contamination by filtering. Filter materials for thermal neutrons require
either elements with
6
Li,
10
B or Cd. Cd is most frequently used absorber due to the
reason that Cd is an effective (n,) converter. [6,8]
Not only thermal neutrons, but also fast neutrons are very necessary to
reduce. This can be done with natural or isotopically enriched materials, for which
an interference minimum in the total neutron cross section exists in epithermal
energy range. The total cross section of
60
Ni isotope has the deep and wide
interference minimum in the energy range from several eV to 10 keV and
therefore this material is useful for BNCT purposes. [6]
5. Aperture
Aperture is a part of collimator which provides required cross section of the
beam. Because of its role in the collimator, it is often found to be located at the
end point of collimator. In this study, the collimator which is going to be built is
for trials with 1 to 2 cm sized tumour cell samples and tumour-injected animals as
the object. For the tumour-injected animals, the size of tumour cells would be
monitored. Once the tumour reaches the detectable size, it would be irradiated
immediately. Hence the minimum detectable size of tumour should be known.
James Michaelson (2003) used screening mammography to detect breast tumour.
According to the result of the study, it was found that the median size at which
breast tumours become operationally detectable by screening mammography was
approximately 7.5 mm, with relative efficiency of 50%. A higher relative
efficiency of 80% appeared for 10 mm tumour detection, and 100% for 30 mm
tumour detection. [11]

9
CHAPTER III
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

III.1. Radiation Interactions with Matter
The design of all nuclear systems such as reactors, radiation shields, and so
on, depends fundamentally on the way in which nuclear radiation interacts with
matter. In this section, these interactions are discussed for neutrons and -rays.

III.1.1. Neutron Interactions
It is important to recognise that, since neutrons are electrically neutral, they
are not affected by the electrons in an atom or by the positive charge of the
nucleus. As a consequence, neutrons pass through the atomic electron cloud and
interact directly with the nucleus. Neutrons may interact with nuclei in one or
more of the following ways. [4]
1. Scattering
Scatter is an important way for neutrons to lose kinetic energy. Neutron
scattering occurs when neutrons collide with the nuclei of atoms. Neutrons may
scatter from interaction with a nucleus either in an elastic or inelastic fashion. In
elastic scattering process, the neutron strikes the nucleus, which is almost always
in its ground state, the neutron reappears, and the nucleus is left in its ground
state. This interaction is abbreviated by the symbol (n,n). [12]
Inelastic scattering is identical to elastic scattering except that the nucleus is
left in an excited state. Inelastic scattering is denoted by the symbol (n,n). The
excited nucleus decays, by the emission of -rays. [4]
2. Absorption
Neutrons may enter the nucleus of an atom quite easily, as compared to the
particles since there is no coulomb or charge repulsion to overcome. Absorption
10

interaction may cause several kinds of reaction. In radiative capture which is
denoted by (n,), the neutron is captured by the nucleus, and one or more -rays,
called capture -rays, are emitted. Another reaction is charged-particle reactions,
which results in charged particle production, such as -particle and proton.
Fission reaction can occur if neutrons collide with certain nuclei, causing the
nucleus to split apart. Fission reaction is the principal source of nuclear energy for
practical applications. [4]
The extent to which neutrons interact with nuclei is described in terms of
quantities known as cross sections. Suppose that a beam of monoenergetic
neutrons of area A impinges on a target of thickness X. If there are n neutrons per
cm
3
in the beam and is the speed of the neutrons, then the quantity [4]
= , (3.1)
is called the intensity of the beam. One can think of the neutron flux in a reactor as
being comprised of many neutron beams traveling in various directions. Then, the
neutron flux becomes the scalar sum of these directional flux intensities (added as
numbers and not vectors), that is, = I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+... Since the neutrons travel the
distance cm in 1 second, all of the neutrons in the volume A in front of the
target will hit the target in 1 second. Thus, n A = I A neutrons strike the entire
target per second. The number that do collide are found to be proportional to the
beam intensity, to the atom density N of the target, and to the area and thickness
of the target. These observations can be summarized by the equation [4,12]
= , (3.2)
where , the proportionality constant, is called the cross section. The factor N A X
in Equation (3.2) is the total number of nuclei in the target. The number of
collisions per second with a single nucleus is therefore just I. It follows that
is equal to the number of collisions per second with one nucleus per unit intensity
of the beam or, in other words, the effective cross sectional area of the nucleus,
hence the term cross section. Each of the processes described by which neutrons
interact with nuclei is denoted by a characteristic cross section. Thus, elastic
11

scattering is described by the elastic scattering cross section,
e
; inelastic
scattering by the inelastic scattering cross section,
i
; the (n,) reaction (radiative
capture) by radiative capture cross section,

; and so on. The sum of the cross

sections for all possible interactions is known as the total cross section and is
denoted by the symbol
T
; that is [4]

+ (3.3)
The sum of the cross sections of all absorption reactions is known as the
absorption cross section and is denoted by
a
. Thus, [4]

+ (3.4)
The total scattering cross section is the sum of the elastic and inelastic scattering
cross section. Thus, [4]

, (3.5)
and [4]

. (3.6)
The product of the atom density N and cross section, as in Equation (3.2),
occurs frequently in the equations of nuclear engineering; it is given the special
symbol and is called the macroscopic cross section. In particular, the product N

T
=
T
is called the macroscopic total cross section, N
s
=
s
is called the
macroscopic scattering cross section, and so on. Since N and have units of cm
-3

and cm
2
, respectively, has unit of cm
-1
. [4]
Let I(X) be the intensity of the neutrons that have not collided after
penetrating the distance X into the target. Then in traversing in additional distance
dX, the intensity of the uncollided beam is decreased by the number of neutrons
that have collided in the thin sheet of target having an area of 1 cm
2

and the
thickness dX. From Equation 3.2, this decrease in intensity is given by [4]
=

. (3.7)
This equation can be integrated with the result [4]
12

=

. (3.8)
The intensity of the uncollided neutrons thus decreases exponentially with the
distance inside the target. [4]
When equation 3.7 is divided by I(X), the result is [4]

T
dX is equal to the probability that neutron will interact in dX, and it may be
concluded that
T
is the probability per unit path length that a neutron will
undergo some sort of the collision as it moves about in a medium. The average
distance that a neutron moves between collisions is called the mean free path,
which is designated by the symbol (cm), [4]
= 1

. (3.10)

III.1.2. Gamma-ray Interactions
Although the term -ray is normally reserved for radiation emitted by nuclei
and x-ray refers to radiation originating in transitions of atomic electrons, both
forms of radiation are called -rays in the present section. There is no fundamental
difference between the two radiations, as they are both electromagnetic radiation.
Gamma-rays interact with matter in several ways. Ordinarily, however, only three
processes must be taken into account in nuclear engineering problems: the
photoelectric effect, pair production, and Compton effect. Alike neutrons, in -ray
interactions the term cross section is also used in the same way. [4]
1. The photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect occurs when the electromagnetic radiation or
photon imparts all its energy to an orbital electron, the -ray disappears, and the
electron is ejected from the atom. The kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron
is therefore equal to the energy of the photon less the binding energy of the
electron to the atom. If a -ray succeeds in ejecting an inner atomic electron, the
(3.9)
13

hole in the electronic structure is later filled by a transition of 1 of the outer
electrons into the vacant position, accompanied by the emission of x-rays
characteristic of the atom or by the ejection of an Auger electron. The
photoelectric cross section is denoted by the symbol
pe
. [4]
2. Pair production
In this process, the photon disappears and an electron pair, a positron and a
negatron, is created. Since the total rest-mass energy of the 2 electrons is 2 mc
2
=
1.02 MeV, this effect does not occur unless the photon has at least this much
energy. Above this threshold, the cross section for a pair production,
pp
,
increases steadily with increasing energy. The total kinetic energy of the negatron-
positron pair is equal to 1.02 MeV. Once formed, these electrons move about and
lose energy as a result of collisions with atoms in the surrounding medium. After
the positron has slowed down to very low energies, it combines with an electron,
the two particles disappear, and two photons are produced (annihilation radiation),
each having an energy of 0.511 MeV. [4]
3. The Compton effect
The Compton effect, or Compton scattering as it is sometimes called, is
simply the elastic scattering of a photon by an electron. An incident photon with
energy E is scattered through the angle and the struck electron recoils. Since the
recoiling electron acquires some kinetic energy, the energy E' of the scattered
photon is less than E. This interaction is denoted by
C
. [4]
The total cross section per atom for -ray interaction is the sum of the cross
sections for the photoelectric effect, pair production, and Compton scattering, [4]

. (3.11)
A macroscopic cross section can also be defined, like the macroscopic neutron
cross section, by multiplying
T
in by the atom density N. Such macroscopic -ray
cross sections are called attenuation coefficients and are denoted by the symbol .
Thus, [4]
14

=

, (3.12)
where is the total attenuation coefficient and
pe
,
pp
, and
C
are the attenuation
coefficients for the three interaction processes. Like macroscopic cross sections
for neutrons, the various have units of cm
-1
. is equal to the probability per unit
path that a -ray will have a collision in a medium and that [4]
=
1

,
is the mean free path of the -ray. If I
0
is the intensity (-rays.cm
-2
.s
-1
) of the
monoenergetic -ray beam striking a target of thickness X, then the intensity of the
photons that penetrate the target without having a collision is [4]
=

. (3.14)

III.2. The Monte Carlo Method and MCNP Program
The Monte Carlo method can be used to duplicate theoretically a statistical
process (such as the interaction of nuclear particles with materials). The individual
probabilistic events that comprise a process are simulated sequentially. The
probability distributions governing these events are statistically sampled to
describe the total phenomenon. The statistical sampling process is based on the
selection of random numbers based on the physics rules and probabilities
governing the processes and materials involved. [14]






Figure 3.1. Random history of a neutron incident on a fissionable material slab.
(3.13)
fissionable material
incident neutron
1
2
4
3 6
7
5
15

Figure 3.1 depicts a random history of a single neutron incident on a slab of
material that can undergo fission reaction. Numbers between 0 and 1 are selected
randomly to determine what and where interaction takes place In this particular
example, a neutron collision occurs at event 1. The neutron is scattered in the
direction shown. A photon is also produced and is temporarily stored (banked) for
later analysis. At event 2, fission occurs, resulting in the termination of the
incoming neutron and the birth of 2 outgoing neutrons and 1 photon. The neutron
and the photon are banked for later analysis. The first fission neutron is captured
at event 3 and terminated. The banked neutron is now retrieved and leaks out of
the slab at event 4. The fission-produced photon has a collision at event 5 and
leaks out at event 6. The remaining photon generated at event 1 is now followed
with a capture at event 7. This is a quite satisfying example of random phenomena
generated in the Monte Carlo method. As more and more such histories are
followed, the neutron and photon distributions become better known. [14]

III.2.1. Weight
If MCNP were used only to simulate exactly physical transport, then each
MCNP particle would represent one physical particle and would have unit weight.
For instance, each MCNP particle might represent a number w of particles emitted
from a source. This number w is the initial weight of the MCNP particle. The w
physical particles all would have different random walks, but one MCNP particle
representing these w physical particles will only have one random walk. The true
number of physical particles is preserved in MCNP in the sense of statistical
averages. Each MCNP particle result is multiplied by the weight so that the full
results of the w physical particles represented by each MCNP particle are
exhibited in the final results (tallies). This procedure allows users to normalize
their calculations to whatever source strength they desire, so that the expected
means will be independent of the number of source particles actually initiated in
the MCNP calculation. [14]

16

III.2.2. Particle Tracks
When a particle starts out from a source, a particle track is created. If that
track is split 2 for 1 at a splitting surface or collision, a second track is created and
there are now two tracks from the original source particle. Track length tallies use
the length of a track in a given cell to determine a quantity of interest, such as
fluence or energy deposition. Tracks crossing surfaces could also be used. [14]

III.2.3. Neutron Interactions
1. Scattering
The selection of an elastic collision is made with the probability [14]

,
where
el
is the elastic scattering cross section,
in
is the inelastic cross section,
a

is the absorption cross section ((n,x) where x n that is, all neutron
disappearing reactions),
T
is the total cross section (
T
=
el
+
in
+
a
). The
selection of an inelastic collision is made with the remaining probability [14]

.
2. Absorption
The terms absorption and capture are used interchangeably for non-fissile
nuclides, both meaning (n,0n). For fissile nuclides, absorption includes both
capture and fission reactions. [14]
In analog absorption, the particle is killed with probability
a
/
T
, where
a

and
T
are the absorption and total cross sections of the collision nuclide at the
incoming neutron energy. The absorption cross section is specially defined for
MCNP as the sum of all (n,x) cross sections, where x is anything except neutrons.
Thus
a
is the sum of
n,
,
n,
,
f
, etc. Implicit absorption has a fraction of 1 -
(3.15)
(3.16)
17

a
/
T
of the incident particle weight and energy is deposited in the collision cell
corresponding to that portion of the particle that was absorbed. [14]

III.2.4. Photon Interactions
The physical processes treated are photoelectric effect, pair production, and
Compton scattering from free electrons. The photoelectric effect is regarded as an
absorption (without fluorescence). The total cross section
t
is regarded as the sum
of three components [14]

. (3.17)
1. Photoelectric effect
This is treated as a pure absorption by capture with a corresponding
reduction in the photon weight, and hence does not result in the loss of a particle
history. Photoelectric happens with probability
pe
/
T
. [14]
2. Pair production
In a collision resulting in pair production [probability
pp
/(
T

pe
)], either
an electron-positron pair is created for further transport and the photon disappears,
or it is assumed that the kinetic energy weight (E 1.022) MeV of the electron-
positron pair produced is deposited as thermal energy at the point of collision,
with production of one photon of energy 0.511 MeV headed in one direction and
another photon of energy 0.511 MeV headed in the opposite direction. [14]
3. Compton scattering
The alternative to pair production is Compton scattering on a free electron,
with probability
s
/(
T

pe
). This yields at once the energy weight (E E)
deposited at the point of collision and the new direction of the scattered photon.
The energy deposited at the point of collision can then be used to make a
Compton recoil electron for further transport. [14]


18
CHAPTER IV
MATERIALS AND METHOD

IV.1. Materials
This study was a simulation-basic experiment. Materials used are listed as
follows.
1. Computer
The computer used had specifications:
Processor : Intel Core i3 CPU 2.93 GHz
RAM : 2.00 GB
Operating System : 32-bit, Windows 7
2. Simulation Program
Monte Carlo N-Particle version 5 (MCNP5) was used for the simulations of
phenomena of interest. MCNP was a general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle
code that can be used for neutron, photon, electron, or coupled
neutron/photon/electron transports. Specific areas of application include, but were
not limited to, radiation protection and dosimetry, radiography, medical physics,
nuclear criticality safety, and also fission and fusion reactor design. MCNP5 was
the latest version of MCNP which included some additions of photonuclear
database, superimposed mesh tallies and time splitting ability. Meanwhile,
MCNP6 was still being developed.

IV.2. Method of Study
IV.2.1. Kartini Research Reactor Modelling
Kartini Research Reactor specifications are documented in the Safety
Analysis Report (SAR) of the reactor. It was needed to make a model of the
reactor since it would be used as the neutrons source.
19

An MCNP input le is divided into 3 main blocks (which are known as
cards) so called cell cards, surface cards, and data cards. The rst two cards
correspond to the geometry denition, while the data cards contain all the
information related to the specication of the particle source, the denition of the
materials, and the tallies. By using these codes, Kartini Research Reactor was
modelled, as the first step.


Figure 4.1. Core configuration.
Reference: [15]
A
CT
B1 B6
B5 B2
B4 B3
9987
9883
9988
9994
9995 9996
IFE
C1
C2
C3
C10
C4
C9 C5
C8 C6
C7
C11
C12
9892
9998
9981
9597
9598
9977 9976
9975
9983
9592




D18
D1
D17
D2
D16
D3
D15

D4
D14
D5
D13 D6
D12
D7
D11
D8
D10 D9
9881 9880
9877
9871
9352
9980
9878 9869
9594
9982
9879
9986
9985
9984
9997
9593
9873
9870
E24
E1
E2
E23
E2 2
E21
E20
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
E19
E18
E17
E16
E15
E10
E11
E14
E13
E12


9350
9637
9979
9636
9887
9354
9596
9635
9978
9889
9639
9349
9872
9641
9595
9888
9353
9890
9891
9640
9885
9882
9886
F30

G10

F29

F28
F1
F2
F27
F26
F25
F24
F23
F22
F21
F20
F19
F18
9535


F17
F16
F15
F14
F13
F12
F11
F10
F9
F8
F7
F6
F5
F4
F3
9891
G
1247
9876
9538
9540
9537

9536
9542


AmBe
9541
9539


G7
G1
G4
G3
G5
9543

G
2666

2812
G

9875
2792

2821

G
G G8

G9

2810
G

2799

G

PS
CR
CR
CR
20

Kartini Research Reactor is a TRIGA MARK-II research reactor type. It has
a maximum thermal power of 250 kW. The reactor was modelled by using
MCNP5 program with core configuration as depicted in Figure 4.1. Several other
parts of the reactor, whose existence were considered to affect to the reactor
criticality, were also modelled, such as the radial reflector, rotary specimen rack,
and piercing beam port. Moreover, the thermal column was also built since it
would become the point of interest; where the collimator would be built.
The desired thermal power for this study was 100 kW. According to the
Safety Analysis Report (SAR), for gaining 100 kW of thermal power the control
rods needed to be arranged in different axial positions. C5 control rod was
dragged to 100%, C9 to 65% and E1 to 55% of the active core height [15]. In this
step, criticality calculations were done and the neutron importance was restricted
only for those parts located in the inner side of radial and axial reflector. Thus,
neutrons that travelled out of this limit were not calculated or, considered as
leaking neutrons.
Some brief simulations were done to make sure that the criticality value was
approximately 1, and the thermal neutron flux in the Ring B was near (12.45+
0.23) x 10
11
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
[16]. Up to this point, it was not yet necessary to do a
copious number of iteration. So, in the KCODE card, using the default settings,
1,000 starting particles (or also called as history) with 130 total number of cycle
was merely enough. For neutron flux calculation tally card, F4:N, was used.
Deeper explanations about tally will be discussed later in Tally Selecting section.

IV.2.2. Neutrons and Gamma Rays Recording
Neutrons and -rays recording means that those neutrons and -rays which
are released as the reaction stemmed from any interaction happens in the reactor
and then pass through a certain defined surface are written into a file, so that we
can use the surface as a new neutron source for the next further calculation. This
is a quite necessary method for reducing time consuming of the simulation.
21

Higher number of important cells would prolong the simulation time. By using
this method, for every modification done in the collimator design, we do not need
to include the reactor core in the calculation. We only use the new particle source.
Thus, the simulation time would be pretty much shortened.
In this study, it was very advantageous to record the one-directional particle
tracks that crossed the surface which separated the reactor and the thermal
column. The direction of the tracks must be from the reactor then entered the
thermal column. This part was done after one convinced with the reactor model
which had been made. Generally, the error and variance decrease as the larger
number of iterations taken. Thus a plenty number of histories per cycle were
needed. 10
7
histories per cycle were eventually used in each of 30 cycles. It took
about 3 to 4 days until the program finished the iteration process.

IV.2.3. Tally Selecting
In an MCNP input le, tallies are the information that a user wants to obtain
by Monte Carlo calculation. Several tallies provided in MCNP5 are shown in
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1. MCNP tally types.
Mnemonic Tally Description Fn Units *Fn Units
F1:N or F1:P or F1:E
Current integrated over
a surface
particles MeV
F2:N or F2:P or F2:E
Flux averaged over a
surface
particles.cm
-2
MeV.cm
-2

F4:N or F4:P or F4:E
Flux averaged over a
cell
particles.cm
-2
MeV.cm
-2

F6:N or F6:N,P or F6:P
Energy deposition
averaged over a cell
MeV.g
-1
jerks.g
-1

F8:P or F8:E or F8:P,E
Energy distribution of
pulses created in a
detector
pulses MeV
Reference: [14]
The abbreviation N, P, and E namely means neutron, photon, and electron.
22

Tallies were selected according to the parameters used in the beam criteria
suggested by the IAEA, as shown in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2.Beam parameters.
Parameter Nomenclature
Epithermal beam intensity
epi
(n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
Fast neutron dose per epithermal
neutron
D

f
/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
Gamma dose per epithermal neutron D

/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
Ratio between thermal flux and
epithermal flux

th
/
epi

Ratio between neutron current and
neutron flux
J /
epi

Reference: [6]
By examining Table 4.2, it was found that the tallies needed were neutron flux,
neutron dose rate, -ray dose rate, and neutron current. The tallies exploited for
this work are F4:N for the calculation of neutron ux and dose rate averaged over
a cell, F4:P for the calculation of photon dose rate averaged over a cell, and also
F1:N for the calculation of neutron current integrated over a surface. F4 can be
replaced, indeed, by F2, but it leads to a more complex code since we have to trim
the surface and use the desired one.
F4 tally was used for 3 aims. Meanwhile, in fact, in MCNP each tally can
only be used for one aim. In other words, having two F4:N for flux and dose
calculation, and an F4:P in the same input file is not allowed. One needs to put
one or two digits of additional number between F and n (the tally number) to
make a difference for each tally. In this study, for instance, F4:N was used for
neutron flux calculation, F14:N for fast neutron dose rate calculation, and F24:P
for photon dose rate calculation.
Normalization was clearly needed since the output unit from each MCNP
tally did not match the unit used by the IAEA. First of all, fission rate needed for
generating 100 kW thermal power was calculated as follows.
23

10

1
1.602 10

1
200
= 3.121 10

.
Therefore, to produce 100 kW of thermal power, one needs 3.121 x 10
15
fissions
per second. By using this fission rate, normalization factor for each tally were
calculated as follows.
1. Neutron flux and dose rate (F4:N and F14:N)
For an average of 2.42 neutrons per fission [4], the normalization factor is

3.121 10

2.42

= 7.553 10

.
This result was used both for neutron flux (F4:N) and neutron dose rate (F14:N)
calculations.
2. Gamma dose rate (F24:P)
For 1 -ray per fission [4], the normalization factor is

3.121 10

= 3.121 10

.
3. Neutron current, F1:N
For an average of 2,42 neutrons per fission [4], the normalization factor is

3.121 10

2.42

= 7.553 10

.
It needs to be divided with the area which is prependicular to the neutron current.
In this study, the multiplication factor for F1:N tally was varied due to its
dependence on the size of collimator aperture. The maximum aperture diameter
used was 5 cm, meanwhile the minimum was 1 cm. For 3 cm aperture diameter,
the normalization factor for F1:N was
7.553 10

1.5

= 1.068 10

.
24

Energy classifications for neutrons should be included in the input file for
flux calculation, so each of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutron fluxes appeared
in the output file. MCNP needed the upper limit of neutron energy for the energy
bins. The energy limits of 5 x 10
-7
, 10
-2
, and 20 MeV were used. Those values,
respectively, denote the upper limit of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutron
energy spectrums. The total neutron flux would appear automatically.
Furthermore, an important step in the dosimetry evaluation was to relate the
radiation passing through a unit volume of a material (fluence) to the energy
release (kerma) in the material. Therefore, the latest fluence-to-kerma conversion
coefficients or kerma coefficients used in Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) from
ICRU Report 63 were taken into account of neutron and photon doses. The kerma
coefficients for neutrons and photons in air were used. Since it was fast neutron
and -ray dose rate needed, the kerma coefficients for neutrons used were only
those with energy higher than 10
-2
MeV (the lower energy limit of fast neutron),
meanwhile kerma coefficients for photon were all used. Respectively, Table 4.3
and 4.4 shows the kerma coefficients for fast neutrons and photons.
Table 4.3. Kerma coefficients for fast neutrons.
Neutron
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)

Neutron
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)
1.10 E-2 1.09 E-12

1.55 E-1 8.86 E-12
2.00 E-2 1.88 E-12

1.65 E-1 9.19 E-12
3.60 E-2 3.11 E-12

1.75 E-1 9.51 E-12
6.30 E-2 4.82 E-12

1.85 E-1 9.83 E-12
8.20 E-2 5.86 E-12

1.95 E-1 1.01 E-11
8.60 E-2 6.05 E-12

2.10 E-1 1.06 E-11
9.00 E-2 6.24 E-12

2.30 E-1 1.11 E-11
9.40 E-2 6.44 E-12

2.50 E-1 1.16 E-11
9.80 E-2 6.62 E-12

2.70 E-1 1.21 E-11
1.05 E-1 6.92 E-12

2.90 E-1 1.27 E-11
1.10 E-1 7.35 E-12

3.10 E-1 1.31 E-11
1.25 E-1 7.76 E-12

3.30 E-1 1.36 E-11
1.35 E-1 8.13 E-12

3.50 E-1 1.41 E-11
1.45 E-1 8.50 E-12

3.70 E-1 1.46 E-11
25

Neutron
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)

Neutron
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)
3.90 E-1 1.52 E-11

3.50 E+0 4.29 E-11
4.20 E-1 1.66 E-11

3.70 E+0 4.40 E-11
4.60 E-1 1.64 E-11

3.90 E+0 4.33 E-11
5.00 E-1 1.65 E-11

4.20 E+0 4.43 E-11
5.40 E-1 1.71 E-11

4.60 E+0 4.43 E-11
5.80 E-1 1.77 E-11

5.00 E+0 4.68 E-11
6.20 E-1 1.83 E-11

5.40 E+0 4.57 E-11
6.60 E-1 1.89 E-11

5.80 E+0 4.77 E-11
7.00 E-1 1.95 E-11

6.20 E+0 4.92 E-11
7.40 E-1 2.00 E-11

6.60 E+0 5.07 E-11
7.80 E-1 2.06 E-11

7.00 E+0 5.19 E-11
8.20 E-1 2.11 E-11

7.40 E+0 5.42 E-11
8.60 E-1 2.16 E-11

7.80 E+0 5.47 E-11
9.00 E-1 2.23 E-11

8.20 E+0 5.41 E-11
9.40 E-1 2.33 E-11

8.60 E+0 5.56 E-11
9.80 E-1 2.50 E-11

9.00 E+0 5.66 E-11
1.05 E+0 2.52 E-11

9.40 E+0 5.83 E-11
1.15 E+0 2.52 E-11

9.80 E+0 5.96 E-11
1.25 E+0 2.63 E-11

1.05 E+1 6.01 E-11
1.35 E+0 2.71 E-11

1.15 E+1 6.38 E-11
1.45 E+0 2.76 E-11

1.25 E+1 6.38 E-11
1.55 E+0 2.83 E-11

1.35 E+1 6.54 E-11
1.65 E+0 2.94 E-11

1.45 E+1 6.61 E-11
1.75 E+0 2.99 E-11

1.60 E+1 6.77 E-11
1.85 E+0 3.12 E-11

1.80 E+1 6.95 E-11
1.95 E+0 3.13 E-11

2.00 E+1 7.04 E-11
2.10 E+0 3.24 E-11

Reference: [17]
2.30 E+0 3.29 E-11

2.50 E+0 3.44 E-11

2.70 E+0 3.59 E-11

2.90 E+0 3.75 E-11

3.10 E+0 3.85 E-11

3.30 E+0 4.19 E-11



26

Table 4.4. Kerma coefficients for photons.
Photon
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)

Photon
Energy
(Mev)
Kerma
Coefficient
(Gy.cm
2
)
1.00 E-3 5.63 E-10

2.00 E-1 9.43 E-13
1.50 E-3 2.83 E-10

3.00 E-1 1.52 E-12
2.00 E-3 1.68 E-10

4.00 E-1 2.09 E-12
3.00 E-3 8.07 E-11

5.00 E-1 2.62 E-12
4.00 E-3 4.70 E-11

6.00 E-1 3.13 E-12
5.00 E-3 3.02 E-11

8.00 E-1 4.08 E-12
6.00 E-3 2.09 E-11

1.00 E+0 4.93 E-12
8.00 E-3 1.16 E-11

1.25 E+0 5.89 E-12
1.00 E-2 7.24 E-12

1.50 E+0 6.76 E-12
1.50 E-2 4.04 E-12

2.00 E+0 8.29 E-12
2.00 E-2 2.64 E-12

3.00 E+0 1.09 E-11
3.00 E-2 7.02 E-13

4.00 E+0 1.31 E-11
4.00 E-2 4.23 E-13

5.00 E+0 1.52 E-11
5.00 E-2 3.25 E-13

6.00 E+0 1.71 E-11
6.00 E-2 2.98 E-13

8.00 E+0 2.09 E-11
8.00 E-2 3.27 E-13

1.00 E+1 2.47 E-11
1.00 E-1 4.03 E-13

1.50 E+1 3.39 E-11
1.50 E-1 6.61 E-13

2.00 E+1 4.33 E-11
Reference: [17]
Flux-to-kerma conversion was done by using DEn/DFn cards.

IV.2.4. Beam Criteria
It was said in the IAEAs technical document that most practitioners would
rather have better quality of the neutron beam than more intensity. It was also
emphasised that the beam quality was determined by four parameters, in order of
importance: fast neutron component, -ray component, thermal neutron
component, and directionality. Thus the designing process was done according to
this rule. Table 4.5 shows the desired BNCT-purpose beam in this study.

27

Table 4.5. Beam criteria.
Nomenclature Value

epi
(n.cm
-2
.s
-1
) > 1.0 x 10
9

D

f
/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) < 2.0 x 10
-13

D

/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) < 2.0 x 10
-13

th
/
epi
< 0.05
J /
epi
> 0.7
Reference: [6]

IV.2.5. Collimator Conceptual Designing
Here discussed the consideration of materials chosen and thickness
variations made. Determination of the size variation was based on the mean free
path of neutrons within the materials. Mean free path was calculated by using
several formulas as follows. First, for getting the atomic density, [18]

,
where wf
i
is the weight fraction, N
i
(atoms.cm
-3
) is the atom density, and M
i

(g.mole
-1
) is the atomic weight of i
th
element. (g.cm
-3
) is the density of the
material (mixture), N
A
is the Avogadros number, 6.02 x 10
23
atoms.mole
-1
. Then,
the macroscopic cross section of phenomenon of interest was calculated,
=

,
where in cm
-1
is the macroscopic cross section of the material. N
i
is the atom
density and
i
(cm
2
) is the microscopic cross section of i
th
element. Then the mean
free path is
=
1

.
The mean free path used depended on the role of each material. Scattering mean
free path should be used for moderator and collimator wall materials. For filters,
absorption mean free path should be used. For beam delimiter which would both
(4.3)
(4.2)
(4.1)
28

moderate and absorb neutrons in the same time, the total mean free path was used.
Total cross section in Equation 4.3 was replaced by attenuation coefficient in
-ray shielding variation calculation. The data of cross sections and attenuation
coefficient were gained respectively from Reference 19 and 20.
1. Beam delimiter,
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene
As discussed earlier,
6
Li was the best material to be located near the patient.
The combination between C, H, and O resulted in a good moderation effects for
the neutrons meanwhile
6
Li would absorb the neutrons. The minimum thickness
the beam delimiter should be equivalent to the total cross section of the
compound.3 cm thick of
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene compound was used.
2. Collimator wall, Ni
Among all collimator wall materials suggested, Ni was found outperformed
other materials. The minimum thickness of collimator wall should be, at least,
equivalent to the scattering mean free path of high energy neutrons, 3 cm. Since
the thickness variation for every 3 cm was considered too large for collimator
wall, it was varied for every 1 cm rather than 3 cm.
3. Moderator (Al/AlF
3
/Al
2
O
3
)

Materials for moderating fast neutrons were compared. The thickness
variation made depended on its fast neutron scattering cross section. Since Al
were being the main component, the main free path of Al considerably used for
this purpose. Thus, moderator thickness was varied for every 5 cm. After the best
moderator was chosen among 3 candidates, within the same principal of formula,
the mean free path of moderator material used was calculated to be used as
variation difference.
4. Filter,
60
Ni
60
Ni was said to be the best material for absorbing fast neutrons. More over
in fact, it also reduced the thermal neutrons intensity dramatically. Thus, no
thermal neutron filter needed in this study. The variation depended on the fast
29

neutron absorption cross section of
60
Ni. In fact, the calculation resulted in 953 cm
of mean free path. The variation of about 950 cm was unacceptable since the size
of collimator itself had been limited as short as 100cm. Hence, the variation was
changed to be equivalent to the fast neutron total cross section. Variation of
absorber thickness of 3 cm was considerably much more sensible than 950 cm.
5. Gamma-ray shielding, Bi
Bi was more preferable rather than Pb because of its lower cross section in
epithermal energy range compared to Pb. This was an advantage of using Bi as
material for -ray shielding in the collimator since lower cross section would
cause lower decrease of neutrons. With attenuation coefficient of 0.614 cm
-1
, the
mean free path of a high energy (20 MeV) -ray was found 2 cm. Thus, the
variation used was 2 cm.
As the first step, a rough collimator design was made by using MCNP5
codes, with 100 cm length of collimator, since it is the shortest length known for a
design of collimator, and considering the low number of neutrons produced from
a reactor with thermal power of 100 kW. Based on the mean free path calculation,
3 cm thick of beam delimiter was used, made of
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene.Maximum
collimator diameter used was 54 cm. For the outlet, 3 cm of aperture diameter was
used. In designing collimator, one should start with the varied size of collimator
wall. The best thickness would be that the thickness which provided the highest
epithermal neutron flux. Then, moderator material was varied. Due the tendency
of the usage of Al and its composites such as AlF
3
and Al
2
O
3
, these materials
were compared. The best material was that with highest epithermal neutron flux
for comparable value of fast neutron components. Best material gained from this
step then used and the thickness was varied until the fast neutron component
decrease became no longer significant. The increment of collimator wall thickness
would decrease the collimator inner diameter. After that,
60
Ni, was started to be
used and varied until the fast and thermal neutron components desired reached.
The next step was to employ -ray shielding into the collimator and alter its
thickness until the desired -ray component gained. The last parameter of beam
30

quality, the directionality, was checked right after. If it is still below the desired
value, then the thickness of beam delimiter would be increased for higher value of
directionality. The last step conducted was varying the aperture to find out the
performance of the collimator design in different aperture size. Aperture size was
altered as needed; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm. 1 and 2 cm diameter are for irradiating the
tumour cell samples, meanwhile 3, 4, and 5 cm are for irradiating the tumour cells
within the animals.

IV.3. Results Analysis
In this study, data analysis was done during the simulation, since one part of
collimator depended on or affect to the other parts. It would be very convenient
to make graphs from the data resulted from the simulations, so that the tendency
of the phenomena could be visually and, thus, easily examined. For the collimator
wall, the graph (wall thickness versus epithermal neutron flux) had a peak which
depicts the highest flux in a certain wall thickness. The best thickness was that
provided the highest epithermal neutron flux. Different to the wall collimator, the
variation of moderator, filter, and -ray shielding resulted in graphs (material
thickness versus parameter of interest) in exponential trend. The thickness used
was that which provided the desired value for each parameter of interest. [9]








31
CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

V.1. Reactor Criticality
The criticality calculation by using MCNP5 gave result 1.007 + 0.000,
which was a good approach to the criticality value of 1.000 +0.010. The thermal
neutron flux in Ring B of the reactor core was (14.30 +0.00) x 10
11
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
,
mean while the real value, which was detected by a study, was approximately
(12.45 +0.23) x 10
11
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
[16]. This difference might be caused by the
multiplication factor inputted into the MCNP codes that did not quite depict the
real number of neutrons. With these results, collimator designing was then
conducted.

V.2. Collimator Conceptual Design
Neutron beam which comes into the collimator must be dominated by
middle- to high-energy neutrons since the low energy neutrons must be reflected
back into the reactor core by radial reflector. Sufficient moderation and absorption
effects by the materials consisted in the collimator results in a middle-energy
neutrons dominated flux within good quality. This section explains further about
the results of the simulations and the final conceptual design.

V.2.1. Collimator Wall
Natural nickel is a very good material to be employed as a neutron
collimator wall. Its atomic mass which is not too small, that would make too much
energy decrement of neutrons, and yet not too high, that only would slightly shift
the energy spectrum of neutrons. Hence without moderator, the natural nickel
itself already produce epithermal neutron-dominated beam, but still needs more
32

materials to raise its quality. The results of simulation for wall thickness variation
are depicted in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1. Epithermal neutron flux for various thickness of wall (Ni).
As shown in Figure 5.1, the flux increases when 3 to 5 cm of wall thickness is
used. The thicker the collimator wall, the more neutrons would be reflected. The
flux reaches its highest value (2.67 n.cm
-2
.s
-1
) in thickness of 5 cm. At this point,
the energy spectrum shifts of fast neutrons to become epithermal neutrons is
optimum. In 6, 7, 8 cm of wall thickness and so on, epithermal neutron flux
decreases monotonically. In fact, as the thickness of collimator wall increases, the
inner diameter of collimator decreases, causing more collisions occurred between
the neutrons and the wall. Thus the energy spectrum shift becomes further, and
the epithermal neutrons more reduced, instead. Figure 5.2 shows the scattering
cross section of
58
Ni. Since the natural nickel consists of about 80%
58
Ni and 20%
60
Ni, it is considerably assumed that the
58
Ni cross section does depict the natural
nickel cross section. From Figure 5.2 it can be seen that
58
Ni has scattering cross
section about 20 to 30 barns for epithermal neutrons. Just for comparison, Pb and
Bi which are recommended by the IAEA, have about 9 to 13 barns [18]. This is a
very good argument why natural nickel reflects more neutrons than Pb or Bi does.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

e
p
i
(

x

1
0
9
n
.
c
m
-
2
.
s
-
1
)
Wall thickness (cm)
33



Figure 5.2. Scattering cross sections of
58
Ni.
Reference: [19]

V.2.2. Moderator
The simulations proved that Al outperform the other materials, as depicted
by the data written in Table 5.1. For a comparison, with fast neutron component
of about 25 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
, Al, AlF
3
, and Al
2
O
3
, produced epithermal neutron
flux of, respectively, 1.67 n.cm
-2
.s
-1
, 1.04 n.cm
-2
.s
-1
, and 0.92 n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Thus Al
was chosen as material for moderator.




34

Table 5.1. Comparison of moderator materials.
Illuminator
Thickness
(cm)
Al AlF
3
Al
2
O
3

epi

(x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
D

f
/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)

epi

(x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
D

f
/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)

epi

(x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
D

f
/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
5 2.23 77.13 1.98 76.85 1.60 62.42
10 2.04 60.65 1.49 49.54 1.24 41.41
15 1.91 45.41 1.24 35.11 0.92 25.53
20 1.79 33.38 1.04 24.87 0.71 14.75
25 1.67 26.58 0.81 18.78 0.56 11.00
35

The results of simulations for varied moderator thickness are depicted in Figure
5.3. It shows nicely how the ratio between fast neutron dose rate per epithermal
neutron flux decreases exponentially. With no moderator, the fast neutron
component is 1.08 x 10
-11
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
or, approximately, 50 times higher than the
desired value, 2.0 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
n
-1
.

Figure 5.3. Fast neutron component for various thickness of moderator (Al).
Al performs very well moderation effect that it reduces the fast neutron dose more
rapidly without much decrease of epithermal neutron flux up to 60 cm thickness.
After that, the addition of moderator is no longer effective since the fast neutron
component only slightly decreases, as shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2. Results of moderator (Al) thickness variations.
Moderator
Thickness (cm)

epi
(x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
D

f
/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
55 1.33 5.79
60 1.27 4.07
65 1.21 3.58
70 1.11 3.04
75 1.06 2.63
80 0.98 2.33

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100

f
/

e
p
i
(
x

1
0
-
1
3
G
y
.
c
m
2
.
n
-
1
)
Moderator thickness (cm)
36

60 cm thick Al is used as moderator, with fast neutron component of 4.07 x 10
-13

Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
and epithermal neutron flux of 1.27 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.

V.2.3. Filter
Usage of
60
Ni as filter gave results as shown in Figure 5.4 and 5.5.

Figure 5.4. Fast neutron component for various thickness of filter (
60
Ni).

Figure 5.5. Thermal neutron component for various thickness of filter (
60
Ni).


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20

f
/

e
p
i
(
x

1
0
-
1
3
G
y
.
c
m
2
.
n
-
1
)
Filter thickness (cm)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0 5 10 15 20

t
h
/

e
p
i
Filter thickness (cm)
37

Figure 5.4 depicts that the fast neutron component, once again, decreases
exponentially. 12 cm thick of filter is actually enough to decrease the fast neutron
component to 1.84 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
, below the upper limit recommended, but
according to the simulations done it eventually increased exceeding 2.0 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
when Bi as -ray shielding is added. Thus 15 cm thick of filter is
preferred, with 1.70 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
fast neutron component and 9.99 x 10
8

n.cm
-2
.s
-1
epithermal neutron flux.
Thermal neutron component also decreases exponentially as more
60
Ni
added into the collimator, as shown in Figure 5.5. With 15 cm thick of
60
Ni, it is
reduced from 0.061 to 0.008, which is far below the recommended maximum
value, 0.05.

Figure 5.6. Absorption cross sections of
60
Ni.
Reference: [19]
The reason why these phenomena happen is because of the absorption cross
section of
60
Ni. As shown in Figure 5.6,
60
Ni has minimum absorption cross
38

section for epithermal neutrons. Hence,
60
Ni undergoes minimum interactions
with epithermal neutrons, and it increases the beam quality of the existence of
neutrons in energy beyond the epithermal spectrum range.

V.2.4. Gamma-ray Shielding
The effects of Bi addition in the collimator are shown in Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7. Gamma-ray component for various thickness of shielding (Bi).
The -ray component is reduced exponentially by using Bi. With thickness of 2
cm, the -ray component remains 1.44 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
. The addition for more
thickness will, of course, decrease the -ray component. 4 and 6 cm thick of Bi
results in 0.79 x 10
-13
and 0.40 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
-ray components, respectively.
Unfortunately, as Bi made thicker, the fast neutron component increases, as
shown in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3. Results of -ray shielding (Bi) thickness variations.
Shielding
Thickness (cm)

epi
(x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
D

f
/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
D

/
epi

(x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
)
0 9.99 1.70 2.97
2 7.48 1.80 1.44
4 5.95 1.90 0.79
6 4.88 2.02 0.40
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

e
p
i

(
x

1
0
-
1
3
G
y
.
c
m
2
.
n
-
1
)
Shielding thickness (cm)
39

Figure 5.8 shows that its total cross section declines for energy above 1
MeV. Hence, Bi undergoes more interactions with neutrons in 1 MeV and lower.
It leads to the increment of higher-energy neutrons components which is highly
avoided. Thus 2 cm thick of Bi is used rather than 4 or 6 cm. With 2 cm thick of
Bi, the epithermal neutron flux decrease to 7.48 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.

Figure 5.8. Total cross sections of Bi.
Reference: [19]

V.2.5. Aperture
Diameter of aperture was altered in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm. The results are
collected in Table 5.4. Data in Table 5.4 show that, generally, the aperture size
apparently does not cause any certain effect to the beam. Almost all parameters
show fluctuating results.

40

Table 5.4. Results of beam characteristics for different aperture diameter.
Aperture diameter (cm) 1 2 3 4 5

epi
(n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
7.55x10
8
7.61x10
8
7.48x10
8
7.65x10
8
7.57x10
8

D

f
/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) 1.80x10
-13
1.85x10
-13
1.80x10
-13
1.76x10
-13
1.81x10
-13

D

/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) 1.47x10
-13
1.45x10
-13
1.44x10
-13
1.34x10
-13
1.32x10
-13

th
/
epi

0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008
J /
epi

0.72 0.72 0.73 0.72 0.73

This collimator design does not fully pass the IAEAs criteria, since the
epithermal neutron flux is always below the recommended value of 1.0 x 10
9

n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Nonetheless, the beam is still usable with epithermal neutron flux
exceeding 5.0 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.

V.2.6. Environment Surrounding the Collimator
During the designing process, the environment surrounding the collimator
was neglected, so that the results depicted the collimators single performance.
This is a kind of prevention to the dependency of the collimator design to the
environment.
When it was assumed that the graphite inside the thermal column was not
discharged but only the part which is going to be replaced by the collimator, the
performance of the collimator became better, as depicted in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5. Results of beam characteristics for different aperture diameter of
graphite-surrounded collimator.
Aperture diameter (cm) 1 2 3 4 5

epi
(n.cm
-2
.s
-1
)
1.60x10
9
1.63x10
9
1.64x10
9
1.68x10
9
1.65x10
9

D

f
/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) 1.56x10
-13
1.69x10
-13
1.61x10
-13
1.61x10
-13
1.59x10
-13

D

/
epi
(Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
) 1.25x10
-13
1.18x10
-13
1.24x10
-13
1.26x10
-13
1.16x10
-13

th
/
epi

0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007
J /
epi

0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72

With the graphite thickness of about 8 cm, the epithermal neutron flux increases
dramatically up to 1.68 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
which is exceeding the recommended
41

value of 1.0 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
, accompanied by relatively better beam quality. The
graphite is, in fact, also reflects more neutrons into the collimator; the same role
as collimator wall. IAEA does not recommend graphite to be used as a material
for collimator wall since it has low atomic weight that will cause energy drop to
the neutrons. This is unacceptable since the desired distance from the reactor core
to the treated patient is as far as possible, and graphite usage would make the
neutrons lose most of its energy as they undergo some collisions until then reach
the outlet of collimator. As a rough estimation, with the same collimator length,
thermal neutrons might dominate the other energy spectrums of neutrons. In this
case, graphite was considered only as the environment (hence it was not included
in the designing process) which gave positive effect to the collimator whenever it
did really exist and was not being neglected during the simulations. Table 5.5
shows that graphite contributes to reflect more neutrons. Some neutrons leak from
the collimator would then interact with the graphite which located exactly outside
the collimator, and reflected back. Those neutrons reflected by the graphite mostly
are high energy neutrons that they do not interact with the collimator wall, Ni,
hence they have longer free path than the others. Graphite, since it has low atomic
mass, will decrease the neutrons energy more than the natural nickel did.
Neutrons which just scattered with the graphite could be back into the collimator,
meanwhile the rest leak to the outer side of the thermal column. This results in the
enhanced epithermal neutron beam intensity and thus its quality, generally, and
also passes all the IAEAs criteria. Moreover, it is also possible to prolong the
collimator length to minimize the unwanted radiation from the core which may
still be able to penetrate through the wall.

42
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

VI.1. Conclusion
A conceptual design of collimator which is proper to be implanted in the
thermal column of Kartini Research Reactor has been made. It consists of:
1. 5 cm thick of Ni, as collimator wall,
2. 60 cm thick of Al, as moderator,
3. 15 cm thick of
60
Ni, as thermal and fast neutron filter,
4. 2 cm thick of Bi as -ray shielding, and
5. 3 cm thick of
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene,
with configuration as depicted in Figure 6.1.
Unit: cm
Figure 6.1. Collimator configuration.
With 1 to 5 cm varied aperture size, epithermal neutron beam with maximum flux
of 7.65 x 10
8
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
, minimum fast neutron and -ray components of,
respectively, 1.76 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
and 1.32 x 10
-13
Gy.cm
2
.n
-1
, minimum
Ni
Al
60
Ni Air
Bi
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polyethylene
C
Core
radial
reflector
Reactor pool Barite concrete
60 15
97
5
54 70 44
8
95
thermal neutron per epithermal neutron ratio of 0.008, and maximum beam
directionality of 0.73, could be produced
criteria, since the epithermal neutron flux is below the recommended value of 1.0
x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. Nonetheless, it is still usable with epithermal neutron flux
exceeding 5.0 x 10
8

thermal column is not discharged but only the part which is going to be replaced
by the collimator, the performance of the collimator become better within the
positive effect from the surrounding graphite that the beam resulted passes all
criteria with epithermal neutron flux up to 1.68 x 10

VI.2. Recommendation
A further study
needed from the safety perspective. In fact, radiations do not only emerge from
the outlet of the collimator, but also around the collimator itself. These unwanted
exposures would shower the patient and should be reduced as low as possible. A
short study was conducted for this purpose, and resulted in a multiple shielding
design as depicted in Figure 6.2
(a)
Figure 6.2. Collimator
Front cross section.
10
B

thermal neutron per epithermal neutron ratio of 0.008, and maximum beam
directionality of 0.73, could be produced. It does not fully pass the IAEAs
criteria, since the epithermal neutron flux is below the recommended value of 1.0
. Nonetheless, it is still usable with epithermal neutron flux
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
. When it is assumed that the grap
thermal column is not discharged but only the part which is going to be replaced
by the collimator, the performance of the collimator become better within the
positive effect from the surrounding graphite that the beam resulted passes all
riteria with epithermal neutron flux up to 1.68 x 10
9
n.cm
-2
.s
-1
.
Recommendation
A further study about this BNCT-purpose collimator design might be
needed from the safety perspective. In fact, radiations do not only emerge from
llimator, but also around the collimator itself. These unwanted
exposures would shower the patient and should be reduced as low as possible. A
short study was conducted for this purpose, and resulted in a multiple shielding
design as depicted in Figure 6.2.

(b)
Collimator shielding configuration. (a) Side cross section and (b)
Front cross section.
B
4
C
Ni
Bi
30
40
38
35
Air
43
thermal neutron per epithermal neutron ratio of 0.008, and maximum beam
does not fully pass the IAEAs
criteria, since the epithermal neutron flux is below the recommended value of 1.0
. Nonetheless, it is still usable with epithermal neutron flux
. When it is assumed that the graphite inside the
thermal column is not discharged but only the part which is going to be replaced
by the collimator, the performance of the collimator become better within the
positive effect from the surrounding graphite that the beam resulted passes all
purpose collimator design might be
needed from the safety perspective. In fact, radiations do not only emerge from
llimator, but also around the collimator itself. These unwanted
exposures would shower the patient and should be reduced as low as possible. A
short study was conducted for this purpose, and resulted in a multiple shielding
Unit: cm
. (a) Side cross section and (b)
30 33 36
44

It consists of:
1.
10
B-enriched B
4
C as neutron moderator and absorber,
2. 3 cm thick of Ni layer as neutron reflector, and
3. 2 cm thick of Bi layer as -ray shielding.
A small rectangular room for locating the animals was made in dimension
30 x 30 x 40 cm
3
. It was consider as the optimum room size for the animal
treatment. Length of 40 cm does not too long that it would difficulties in therapy
preparations, yet safe for the workers right in front of the room and shielding.
Room area of 30 x 30 cm
2
is proper for animals like mice and rabbits.
In fact, no reliable experimental data are available for genetic changes in the
range 0 to 250 mGy in a short term irradiation [5]. Before the shielding addition,
there were 55 Gy neutrons and -ray exposures per second in front of the Bi
layer. After shielding addition, the exposures dropped to 1.61 Gy per second.













45
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[4] John R. Lamarsh and Anthony J. Baratta. Introduction to Nuclear
Engineering, 3
rd
Edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
[5] Herman Chamber, Thomas E. Johnson. Introduction to Health Physics, 4
th

Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2009.
[6] D. Rorer, A. Wambersie, G. Whitmore, R. Zamenhof, V. Levin, P. Andreo,
and B. Dodd.Current Status of Neutron Capture Therapy. A technical
document, IAEA-TECDOC-1223, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Vienna, 2001.
[7] Silva Bortolussi. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of Disseminated
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[8] Wolfgang A. G. Sauerwein and Ray L. Moss. Requirements for Boron
Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at a Nuclear Research Reactor. A
technical document, EUR 23830 EN, European Commission Joint Research
Centre, Luxembourg, 2009.
[9] Marko Mauec. Conceptual Design of Epithermal Neutron Beam for BNCT
in Thermal Column of TRIGA Reactor. Nuclear Energy in Central Europe,
Ljubljana, 1998.
[10] O.O. Gritzay, O.I. Kalchenko, N.A. Klimova, V.F. Razbudey, A.I. Sanzhur,
and S.E. Binney. Monte-Carlo Calculations for the Development of a
BNCT Neutron Source at the Kyiv Research Reactor. Applied Radiation
and Isotopes, 61: 869-873, 2004.
[11] James Michaelson, Sameer Satija, Richard Moore, Griffin Weber, Elkan
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Estimates of the Sizes at Which Breast Cancers Become Detectable on
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10, 2003.
46

[12] Harold Berger and Frank Iddings. Neutron Radiography. A technical
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http://www.free-ed.net/sweethaven/misctech/nuclear/Lesson0202.pdf, April
01 2013.
[14] Thomas E. Booth, John T. Goorley, Avneet Sood, Forrest B. Brown, H.
Grady Hughes, Jeremy E. Sweezy, Jeffrey S. Bull, Russell D. Mosteller,
Richard F. Barrett, Lawrence J. Cox, Richard E. Prael, Susan E. Post, R.
Arthur Forster, Elizabeth C. Selcow, and Teresa L. Roberts. MCNPA
General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 5, Volume I:
Overview and Theory. A technical document, LA-UR-03-1987, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, New Mexico, 2003.
[15] Laporan Analisis Keselamatan Reaktor Kartini. A technical document,
C7/05/B2/LAK/2005, Pusat Teknologi Akselerator dan Proses Bahan Badan
Tenaga Nuklir Nasional, Yogyakarta,2005.
[16] Sofia Mubarika. Analisis dan Penentuan Distribusi Fluks Neutron Termal
Arah Axial dan Radial Teras Reaktor Kartini dengan Detektor Swadaya.
Anundergraduate thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas
Diponegoro, Semarang,2006.
[17] Robert W. Young and George D. Kerr. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb
Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Dosimetry System 2002.
A research report, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, 2005.
[18] Charles D. Harmon, Robert D. Busch, Judith F. Briesmeister, R. Artur
Forster. Criticality Calculations with MCNP
TM
: A Primer. A technical
document, LA-12827, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico,
1994.
[19] N. Soppera, E. Dupont, and M. Bossant. Java-based Nuclear Information
Software: Book of Neutron-induced Cross-sections. A technical document,
Nuclear Energy Agency, Issy-les-Moulineaux, 2012.
[20] X-ray Mass Attenuation Coefficient. World U. S. Department of Commerce,
2013. Accessed on
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/ElemTab/z83.html,
April 28 2013.

47














APPENDICES












48
APPENDIX A
AN EXAMPLE OF MCNP5 INPUT CODES

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C **************KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR - TRIGA MARK - II **************
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Cell Cards *****************************************************************
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C B ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c fuel
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 15 -10.2 -91 -106 227 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
3 4 -5.64 -91 106 -107 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
4 5 -1.6 -91 105 -227 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
5 5 -1.6 -91 108 -109 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
6 6 -0.000176 -92 105 -109 #1 #3 #4 #5 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
7 2 -7.9 (92: -105: 109) -93 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
8 1 -1.0 93 u=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
9 0 -174 104 -110 fill=1 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 like 9 but trcl (-2.032 3.520 0)
11 like 9 but trcl (-6.096 3.520 0)
12 like 9 but trcl (-8.128 0.000 0)
13 like 9 but trcl (-6.096 -3.520 0)
14 like 9 but trcl (-2.032 -3.520 0)
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C C ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 like 9 but trcl ( 3.937 0.000 0)
16 like 9 but trcl ( 2.865 4.000 0)
17 like 9 but trcl (-0.064 6.929 0)
18 like 9 but trcl (-4.064 8.001 0)
19 like 9 but trcl (-8.064 6.929 0)
20 like 9 but trcl (-10.993 4.000 0)
21 like 9 but trcl (-12.065 0 0)
27 like 9 but trcl (-8.064 -6.929 0)
28 like 9 but trcl (-4.064 -8.001 0)
29 like 9 but trcl (-0.064 -6.929 0)
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ccontrol rod - shim
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 7 -2.52 -95 161 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
23 6 -0.000176 -95 163 -165 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
24 3 -2.7 (95: -161: 165) -96 160 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
25 7 -2.52 -95 110 -163 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
26 3 -2.7 (95: -161: 165) -96 110 -166 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ccontrol rod - safety
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49

110 7 -2.52 -118 167 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
111 6 -0.000176 -118 169 -171 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
112 3 -2.7 (118:-167: 171)-119 107 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
113 7 -2.52 -118 110 -169 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
114 3 -2.7 (118:-167: 171)-119 110 -172 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C D ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30 like 9 but trcl ( 7.874 0.000 0)
31 like 9 but trcl ( 7.154 4.083 0)
32 like 9 but trcl ( 5.081 7.674 0)
33 like 9 but trcl ( 1.905 10.339 0)
34 like 9 but trcl (-1.991 11.757 0)
35 like 9 but trcl (-6.137 11.757 0)
36 like 9 but trcl (-10.033 10.339 0)
37 like 9 but trcl (-13.209 7.674 0)
38 like 9 but trcl (-15.282 4.083 0)
39 like 9 but trcl (-16.002 0.000 0)
40 like 9 but trcl (-15.282 -4.083 0)
41 like 9 but trcl (-13.209 -7.674 0)
42 like 9 but trcl (-10.033 -10.339 0)
43 like 9 but trcl (-6.137 -11.757 0)
44 like 9 but trcl (-1.991 -11.757 0)
45 like 9 but trcl ( 1.905 -10.339 0)
46 like 9 but trcl ( 5.081 -7.674 0)
47 like 9 but trcl ( 7.154 -4.083 0)
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C E ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48 like 9 but trcl ( 11.811 0.000 0)
49 like 9 but trcl ( 11.270 4.109 0)
50 like 9 but trcl ( 9.684 7.938 0)
51 like 9 but trcl ( 7.161 11.225 0)
52 like 9 but trcl ( 3.874 13.748 0)
53 like 9 but trcl ( 0.045 15.334 0)
54 like 9 but trcl (-8.173 15.334 0)
55 like 9 but trcl (-12.002 13.748 0)
56 like 9 but trcl (-15.289 11.225 0)
57 like 9 but trcl (-17.812 7.938 0)
58 like 9 but trcl (-19.398 4.109 0)
59 like 9 but trcl (-19.939 0.000 0)
60 like 9 but trcl (-19.398 -4.109 0)
61 like 9 but trcl (-17.812 -7.938 0)
62 like 9 but trcl (-15.289 -11.225 0)
63 like 9 but trcl (-12.002 -13.748 0)
64 like 9 but trcl (-8.173 -15.334 0)
65 like 9 but trcl (-4.064 -15.875 0)
66 like 9 but trcl ( 0.045 -15.334 0)
67 like 9 but trcl ( 3.874 -13.748 0)
68 like 9 but trcl ( 7.161 -11.225 0)
69 like 9 but trcl ( 9.684 -7.938 0)
70 like 9 but trcl ( 11.270 -4.109 0)
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ccontrol rod - regulating
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50

115 7 -2.52 -121 154 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
116 6 -0.000176 -121 156 -158 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
117 3 -2.7 (121:-154: 158)-122 153 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
118 7 -2.52 -121 110 -156 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
119 3 -2.7 (121:-154: 158)-122 110 -159 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C F ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c pneumatic system
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
71 8 -0.001205 -100 105 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
72 3 -2.7 100 -101 104 -110:
-100 104 -105 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
80 8 -0.001205 -100 110 -172 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
109 3 -2.7 100 -101 110 -172 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c dummy
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73 5 -1.6 -97 ( 105 -107: 108 -109) u=2 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
74 6 -0.000176 -98 105 -109 #73 u=2 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
75 3 -2.7 (98: -105: 109) -99 u=2 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
76 1 -1.0 99 u=2 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
77 0 -176 104 -110 fill=2 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
78 like 77 but trcl (-1.288 3.964 0)
79 like 9 but trcl ( 12.067 11.720 0)
81 like 9 but trcl ( 5.906 17.268 0)
82 like 9 but trcl ( 2.097 18.963 0)
83 like 9 but trcl (-1.979 19.830 0)
84 like 77 but trcl (-21.588 15.684 0)
85 like 9 but trcl (-10.225 18.963 0)
86 like 77 but trcl (-29.473 13.122 0)
87 like 77 but trcl (-32.845 10.672 0)
88 like 77 but trcl (-35.634 7.574 0)
89 like 9 but trcl (-22.279 8.110 0)
90 like 77 but trcl (-39.006 0.000 0)
91 like 9 but trcl (-24.003 0.000 0)
92 like 9 but trcl (-23.567 -4.146 0)
93 like 77 but trcl (-37.718 -12.256 0)
94 like 77 but trcl (-35.634 -15.866 0)
95 like 77 but trcl (-32.845 -18.964 0)
96 like 9 but trcl (-14.034 -17.268 0)
97 like 77 but trcl (-21.588 -23.976 0)
98 like 77 but trcl (-17.418 -23.976 0)
99 like 77 but trcl (-13.342 -23.109 0)
100 like 9 but trcl ( 5.906 -17.268 0)
101 like 77 but trcl (-6.161 -18.964 0)
102 like 9 but trcl ( 12.067 -11.720 0)
103 like 9 but trcl ( 14.151 -8.110 0)
104 like 77 but trcl ( 0.000 -8.292 0)
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c neutron source
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105 9 -11.126 -123 126 -127 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
107 6 -0.000176 -124 105 -109 #105 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
51

108 3 -2.7 (124:-105: 109) (-125 104 -110) imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Aluminum lattice plate
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
121 3 -2.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89
101 174 175 176 177 178 179
-102 191 -110:
-104 195 -102 89 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Lazy Suzan
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
138 8 -0.001205 181 -182 110 -187:
198 -181 200 -187 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
139 3 -2.7 (180 -181 -200: 182 -183 -133) 110:
187 -133 181 -182:
187 -133 190 -181:
190 -198 -133 199:
198 -180 -200 199 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
151 8 -0.001205 181 -182 186 -110 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
152 3 -2.7 (180 -181 -110: 182 -183 -110) 185:
-186 185 181 -182 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Radial graphite
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122 5 -1.6 -223 221 218 -222 (225 -226: 226):
222 -219 221 -220 (225 -226: 226):
218 -215 223 -220 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
144 3 -2.7 (102 -218 :219 -173 (225 -226: 226))
-220 221:
(102 -188 :184 -173) 220 -110:
102 -173 -221 195:-222 215 -185 223:
(215 -188 :184 -222)-110 185 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Beam port
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
145 3 -2.7 224 -225 -226 218 -173 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
146 8 -0.001205 -224 218 -226 -173 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
148 3 -2.7 224 -225 -226 173 -196 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
149 8 -0.001205 -224 173 -226 -196 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Core sit
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
142 3 -2.7 -195 213 -202 204 -206 208
(201:-203: 205:-207):-213 214
(-209:-210:-211:-212) imp:n=0 imp:p=0


52

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Reactor pool
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
120 1 -1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89
101 174 175 176 177 178 179
-102 104 -191:
-89 (104 -110:-104 195):
217 -143 173 -103 226:
-62 104 -110:
(188 -180: 183 -184) 185 -110:
96 -175 160 -110:
125 -177 104 -110: 119 -178 107 -110:
122 -179 153 -110:
(-179 -153:-175 -160:-178 -107) 104 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
147 1 -1.0 ( (133: 110 -190) 175 178 179: 110 183)
101 -173 -143:
214 -143 173 -103 225 -226:
-189 143 -172 175 178 179 101:
(-134: 135:-136:-137:-116)
103 -189 -143 214 (225 -226: 226):
(166 -175: 159 -179)-172 101:
-195 -173 213
(203 -201 207 -205: 202:-204:-208: 206):
96 -175 110 -166:119 -178 110 -172:
122 -179 110 -159:
214 -217 173 -103 226:
-173 -213 214 (209 210 211 212):
-180 190 110 -199:103 -189 214 -217 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
140 3 -2.7 189 -192 -172 214 (225 -226: 226)
(-134: 135:-116: 143:-217):
-192 -214 194 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Colimator
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
123 8 -0.001205 116 -145 (-144: -239) 236 -150:
236 -239 -150 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
126 8 -0.001205 -239 150 -147 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
156 8 -0.001205 -144 -145 237 -151 116 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
166 8 -0.001205 140 -141 103 111 -112
113 114 -245 116 149
(-242: 241: -244: 243) vol 4 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
124 17 -8.91 116 (145: 144) (-146: -239)
148 -151 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
125 3 -2.7 116 148 -234 -145 -144 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
157 13 -9.49 116 234 -237 -145 -144 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
163 8 -0.001205 147 -149 -241 242 244-243 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
164 19 -1.28 -146 239 236 -147 144 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
53

165 20 -9.78 -146 151 -236 116 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
167 8 -0.001205 -245 149 -241 242 244-243 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Thermal column
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
134 5 -1.6 140 -141 103 111 -112 113
114 -147 116 148 146 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
168 7 -1.992 140 -141 103 111 -112 113
147 -252 116 148
(-254: 253:-256: 255) imp:n=1 imp:p=1
169 20 -9.78 140 -141 103 111 -112 113
247 -149 116 148
(-242: 241:-244: 243):
249 -248 251 -250
147 -149 116 148
(-242: 241:-244: 243) imp:n=1 imp:p=1
170 17 -8.91 140 -141 103 111 -112 113
252 -247 116 148
(-249: 248:-251: 250):
254 -253 256 -255
147 -247 116 148
(-249: 248:-251: 250) imp:n=1 imp:p=1
135 10 -2.607 (-111: 112:-113:-114:-140: 141)
139 -142 230 116 129
-130 131 132 -245 146 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
136 3 -2.7 (-129: 130:-131:-132:-139: 142)
217 -143 103 116 -245 134
-135 136 137 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
155 3 -2.7 -230 139 -142 103 111 -112 131
132 -115 116 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
130 3 -2.7 -148 140 -141 228 111 -112
113 114 -115 116 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
153 3 -2.7 -228 140 -141 230 111 -112
113 114 -115 116 imp:n=1 imp:p=1
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Concrete
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
141 14 -3.35 192 -196 -245 -172 214
(225 -226: 226)
(-134: 135:-116: 143):
-196 192 -217 197 -245:
-192 -194 197 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Outer side
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
159 0 196: 172:-197: 245 imp:n=0 imp:p=0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Surface Cards **************************************************************
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C A ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
89 cz 1.912

54

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C B ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 c/z 2.032 3.520 1.912
2 c/z -2.032 3.520 1.912
3 c/z -4.064 0 1.912
4 c/z -2.032 -3.520 1.912
5 c/z 2.032 -3.520 1.912
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C C ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 c/z 8.001 0 1.912
7 c/z 6.929 4.000 1.912
8 c/z 4.000 6.929 1.912
9 c/z 0 8.001 1.912
10 c/z -4.000 6.929 1.912
11 c/z -6.929 4.000 1.912
12 c/z -8.001 0 1.912
14 c/z -4.000 -6.929 1.912
15 c/z 0 -8.001 1.912
16 c/z 4.000 -6.929 1.912
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c control rod - shim
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
95 c/z -6.929 -4.000 1.550
96 c/z -6.929 -4.000 1.600
175 c/z -6.929 -4.000 1.912
160 pz 31.7
161 pz 31.75
163 pz 76.25
165 pz 83.35
166 pz 83.4
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ccontrol rod - safety
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
118 c/z 6.929 -4.000 1.200
119 c/z 6.929 -4.000 1.250
178 c/z 6.929 -4.000 1.912
167 pz 44.6
169 pz 89.1
171 pz 96.2
172 pz 96.25
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C D ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18 c/z 11.938 0 1.912
19 c/z 11.218 4.083 1.912
20 c/z 9.145 7.674 1.912
21 c/z 5.969 10.339 1.912
22 c/z 2.073 11.757 1.912
23 c/z -2.073 11.757 1.912
24 c/z -5.969 10.339 1.912
25 c/z -9.145 7.674 1.912
26 c/z -11.218 4.083 1.912
27 c/z -11.938 0 1.912
55

28 c/z -11.218 -4.083 1.912
29 c/z -9.145 -7.674 1.912
30 c/z -5.969 -10.339 1.912
31 c/z -2.073 -11.757 1.912
32 c/z 2.073 -11.757 1.912
33 c/z 5.969 -10.339 1.912
34 c/z 9.145 -7.674 1.912
35 c/z 11.218 -4.083 1.912
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C E ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 c/z 15.875 0 1.912
37 c/z 15.334 4.109 1.912
38 c/z 13.748 7.938 1.912
39 c/z 11.225 11.225 1.912
40 c/z 7.938 13.748 1.912
41 c/z 4.109 15.334 1.912
43 c/z -4.109 15.334 1.912
44 c/z -7.938 13.748 1.912
45 c/z -11.225 11.225 1.912
46 c/z -13.748 7.938 1.912
47 c/z -15.334 4.109 1.912
48 c/z -15.875 0 1.912
49 c/z -15.334 -4.109 1.912
50 c/z -13.748 -7.938 1.912
51 c/z -11.225 -11.225 1.912
52 c/z -7.938 -13.748 1.912
53 c/z -4.109 -15.334 1.912
54 c/z 0 -15.875 1.912
55 c/z 4.109 -15.334 1.912
56 c/z 7.938 -13.748 1.912
57 c/z 11.225 -11.225 1.912
58 c/z 13.748 -7.938 1.912
59 c/z 15.334 -4.109 1.912
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c control rod - regulating
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
121 c/z 0 15.875 1.050
122 c/z 0 15.875 1.100
179 c/z 0 15.875 1.912
153 pz 27.9
154 pz 27.95
156 pz 72.45
158 pz 79.55
159 pz 79.6
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C F ring
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60 c/z 18.215 8.110 1.912
61 c/z 16.131 11.720 1.912
62 c/z 13.342 14.818 1.912
63 c/z 9.970 17.268 1.912
64 c/z 6.16118.963 1.912
65 c/z 2.085 19.830 1.912
66 c/z -2.085 19.830 1.912
56

67 c/z -6.161 18.963 1.912
68 c/z -9.970 17.268 1.912
69 c/z -13.342 14.818 1.912
70 c/z -16.131 11.720 1.912
71 c/z -18.215 8.110 1.912
72 c/z -19.503 4.146 1.912
73 c/z -19.939 0 1.912
74 c/z -19.503 -4.146 1.912
75 c/z -18.215 -8.110 1.912
76 c/z -16.131 -11.720 1.912
77 c/z -13.342 -14.818 1.912
78 c/z -9.970 -17.268 1.912
79 c/z -6.161 -18.963 1.912
80 c/z -2.085 -19.830 1.912
81 c/z 2.085 -19.830 1.912
82 c/z 6.161 -18.963 1.912
83 c/z 9.970 -17.268 1.912
84 c/z 13.342 -14.818 1.912
85 c/z 16.131 -11.720 1.912
86 c/z 18.215 -8.110 1.912
87 c/z 19.503 -4.146 1.912
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Fuel element
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91 c/z 4.064 0 1.780
92 c/z 4.064 0 1.800
93 c/z 4.064 0 1.850
174 c/z 4.064 0 1.912
227 pz 6.450
104 pz -0.150
105 pz -0.100
106 pz 6.550
107 pz 44.550
108 pz 45.150
109 pz 51.650
110 pz 51.700
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Neutron source
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
123 c/z -6.161 -18.963 1.120
124 c/z -6.161 -18.963 1.800
125 c/z -6.161 -18.963 1.850
177 c/z -6.161 -18.963 1.912
126 pz 23.100
127 pz 27.950
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Dummy
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97 c/z 19.503 4.146 1.780
98 c/z 19.503 4.146 1.800
99 c/z 19.503 4.146 1.850
176 c/z 19.503 4.146 1.912
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Pneumatic system
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57

100 c/z 19.939 0 1.800
101 c/z 19.939 0 1.850

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Aluminum lattice plate
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
191 pz 49.8
195 pz -2.05
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c Lazy Suzan
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
180 cz 28.49
181 cz 28.59
182 cz 38.69
183 cz 38.79
184 cz 38.89
185 pz 28.35
186 pz 28.45
187 pz 55.75
188 cz 28.39
190 cz 27
198 cz 27.1
199 pz 51.8
200 pz 51.9
133 pz 55.850
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Core sit
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
201 px 25
202 px 35
203 px -25
204 px -35
205 py 25
206 py 35
207 py -25
208 py -35
209 c/z 30 30 4
210 c/z -30 30 4
211 c/z 30 -30 4
212 c/z -30 -30 4
213 pz -10.05
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Radial graphite
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102 cz 22.25
218 cz 22.75
173 cz 50.645
219 cz 50.145
220 pz 51.2
221 pz -1.55
215 cz 27.89
222 cz 39.19
223 pz 27.85


58

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Reactor pool
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
189 cz 98.5
192 cz 99.77
214 pz -60.15
194 pz -60.42
103 cz 51.145
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Thermal column
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
111 px -37.442
112 px 37.442
113 p 1 1 0 0
114 p -1 1 0 0
115 py 210.825
116 py 30.000
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c coat
c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
230 cz 51.645
228 cz 51.6450001
129 px -37.762
130 px 37.762
131 p 1 1 0 -0.45255
132 p -1 1 0 -0.45255
134 px -39.032
135 px 39.032
136 p 1 1 0 -1.79605
137 p -1 1 0 -1.79605
139 pz -9.93
140 pz -9.61
141 pz 59.260
142 pz 59.580
143 pz 60.850
217 pz -11.20
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Colimator
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
144 k/y 0 153.465 26.3 0.6724 -1
149 py 191.645
145 c/y 0 26.3 22
146 c/y 0 26.3 27
148 cz 51.6450002
150 py 151.644
147 py 151.645
232 py 114.645
233 py 91.645
234 py 111.645
237 py 126.645
239 c/y 0 26.3 1.5
236 py 148.645
151 py 146.645
241 pz 41.3
242 pz 11.3
59

243 px 15
244 px -15
245 py 191.646
247 py 188.645
248 pz 44.3
249 pz 8.3
250 px 18
251 px -18
252 py 185.645
253 pz 47.3
254 pz 5.3
255 px 21
256 px -21
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Concrete
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
196 cz 230
197 pz -70.15
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Beam port
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
224 1 c/x 0 15 7.5
225 1 c/x 0 15 8
226 py 0
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Data Cards *****************************************************************
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Materials
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m1 1001 2 8016 1 $ Water
mt1 lwtr
m2 24000 -0.190 26000 -0.695 28000 -0.095
25055 -0.020 $ SS-304 cladding
m3 13027 -1.000 $ Aluminum
m4 92238 -0.068 92235 -0.017
40000 -0.900 1001 -0.015 $ Fuel
m5 6000 -1.000 $ Graphite
mt5 grph
m6 2004 -1.000 $ Helium
m7 5010 -0.769 6000 -0.231 $ Boron carbide
m8 7014 -0.778 7015 -0.003 8016 -0.209
18000 -0.010 $ Air
m9 95241 -0.964 4009 -0.036 $ AmBe
m10 5010 -0.078 5011 -0.313 6012 -0.109
13027 -0.500 $ Boral
m13 28060.62c -1.000 $ Nickel-60
m14 1001 -0.004 8016 -0.312 12000 -0.001
13027 -0.004 14000 -0.010 16032 -0.108
20000 -0.050 26000 -0.048 56138 -0.463 $ Barite concrete
m15 42000 -1.000 $ Molybdenum
m17 28000 -1.000 $ Natural Nickel
m19 3006 -0.083 6000 -0.512 8016 -0.333
1001 -0.072 $ Li2CO3-poly
60

m20 83209 -1.000 $ Bismuth
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Transformation
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tr1 0 0 0 .88862 -.45865 0 .45865 .88862 0 0 0 1
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Source initiation
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ssr old 232
nps 1000000000
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C Tally
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mode n p
f1:n 150
fm1 1.069e15
f4:n 126
fm4 7.553e15
e4 5e-7 0.01 20
f14:n 126
fm14 7.553e15
de14 0.01 0.011 0.02 0.036 0.063 0.082
0.086 0.09 0.094 0.098 0.105 0.115
0.125 0.135 0.145 0.155 0.165 0.175
0.185 0.195 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27
0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39
0.42 0.46 0.5 0.54 0.58 0.62
0.66 0.7 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.86
0.9 0.94 0.98 1.05 1.15 1.25
1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85
1.95 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9
3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.2
4.6 5 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6
7 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.6 9
9.4 9.8 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5
14.5 16 18 20
df14 1e-100 1.09e-12 1.88e-12 3.11e-12 4.82e-12
5.86e-12 6.05e-12 6.24e-12 6.44e-12 6.62e-12
6.92e-12 7.35e-12 7.76e-12 8.13e-12 8.50e-12
8.86e-12 9.19e-12 9.51e-12 9.83e-12 1.01e-11
1.06e-11 1.11e-11 1.16e-11 1.21e-11 1.27e-11
1.31e-11 1.36e-11 1.41e-11 1.46e-11 1.52e-11
1.66e-11 1.64e-11 1.65e-11 1.71e-11 1.77e-11
1.83e-11 1.89e-11 1.95e-11 2e-11 2.06e-11
2.11e-11 2.16e-11 2.23e-11 2.33e-11 2.5e-11
2.52e-11 2.52e-11 2.63e-11 2.71e-11 2.76e-11
2.83e-11 2.94e-11 2.99e-11 3.12e-11 3.13e-11
3.24e-11 3.29e-11 3.44e-11 3.59e-11 3.75e-11
3.85e-11 4.19e-11 4.29e-11 4.4e-11 4.33e-11
4.43e-11 4.43e-11 4.68e-11 4.57e-11 4.77e-11
4.92e-11 5.07e-11 5.19e-11 5.42e-11 5.47e-11
5.41e-11 5.56e-11 5.66e-11 5.83e-11 5.96e-11
6.01e-11 6.38e-11 6.38e-11 6.54e-11 6.61e-11
6.77e-11 6.95e-11 7.04e-11

61

f24:p 126
fm24 3.121e15
de24 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
0.008 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 2
3 4 5 6 8 10 15
20
df24 5.63e-10 2.83e-10 1.68e-10 8.07e-11 4.7e-11
3.02e-11 2.09e-11 1.16e-11 7.24e-12 3.04e-12
1.64e-12 7.02e-13 4.23e-13 3.25e-13 2.98e-13
3.27e-13 4.03e-13 6.61e-13 9.43e-13 1.52e-12
2.09e-12 2.62e-12 3.13e-12 4.08e-12 4.93e-12
5.89e-12 6.76e-12 8.29e-12 1.09e-11 1.31e-11
1.52e-11 1.71e-11 2.09e-11 2.47e-11 3.39e-11
4.33e-11
c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





















62









APPENDIX B
FIGURES OF REACTOR AND COLLIMATOR MODELS













63

Figure B.1. Reactor core model (top section).
64

Figure B.2. Reactor core model (side section).
65

Figure B.3. Reactor core and collimator model (top section).


66
APPENDIX C
MEAN FREE PATH CALCULATIONS

1. Beam delimiter,
6
Li
2
CO
3
-polythylene

6
Li(
T
= 1.924 b) : 0.083 wf
C (
T
= 2.384 b) : 0.512 wf
O (
T
= 2.799 b) : 0.333 wf
H (
T
= 3.992 b) : 0.072 wf

= 0.083
1.28

6.022 10

6.015

= 1.064 10

= 0.512
1.28

6.022 10

12.011

= 3.286 10

= 0.333
1.28

6.022 10

15.999

= 1.604 10

= 0.072
1.28

6.022 10

1.008

67

= 5.506 10

.
+

.
+

.

= 1.064 10

1.924 10

+
3.286 10

2.384 10

+
1.604 10

2.799 10

+
5.506 10

3.992 10

= 0.364

=
1

=
1
0.364

= 2.751

2. Collimator wall, Ni

58
Ni (
s
= 3.529 b): 0.7 wf
60
Ni (
s
= 3.451 b) : 0.3 wf

= 0.7
8.91

6.022 10

57.935

= 6.483 10

68

= 0.3
8.91

6.022 10

59.931

= 2.686 10

= 6.483 10

3.529 10

+
2.686 10

3.451 10

= 0.321

=
1

=
1
0.321

= 3.111

3. Moderator, Al
Al (
s
= 3.235 b)
=

=
2.70

6.022 10

26.982

= 6.026 10

= 6.026 10

3.235 10

= 0.195

=
1

69

=
1
0.195

= 5.130

4. Filter,
60
Ni
60
Ni(
a
= 0.011 b)
=

=
9.49

6.022 10

59.931

= 9.536 10

= 9.536 10

0.011 10

= 1.049 10

=
1

=
1
1.049 10

= 953.325
The variation of about 950 cm was unacceptable since the size of collimator itself
had been limited as short as 1 m. Hence, the variation was changed to be
equivalent to the fast neutron total cross section.
60
Ni (
T
= 3.462 b)
=

=
9.49

6.022 10

59.931

= 9.536 10

70

= 9.536 10

3.462 10

= 0.330

=
1

=
1
0.330

= 3.029

5. Gamma-ray shielding, Bi
Bi (/ = 0.063 cm
2
/g)
=

= 0.063

9.78

=
0.614

=
1

=
1
0.614 /
= 1.629