Supreme Court of India

1 Status
Stands at the apex of the judicial system of India.
Consists of Chief Justice & 25 other judges.
2 Appointment
he senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as
the Chief Justice of India. !ther judges are appointed "y the
#resident after consultation $ith such judges of the Supreme
Court and of the %igh Court as the #resident may deem necessary.
& 'ualification
Citi(en of India
%a)e "een a judge of %igh Court for 5 yrs or An ad)ocate of
%igh Court for 1* yrs minimum or In #resident+s )ie$, a
distinguished jurist of the country.
- erm & Salary
he Chief Justice & other judges hold office till .5 yrs of age.
Can gi)e resignation to #resident.
Can "e remo)ed "y the #arliament.
After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act
"efore any authority.
Salary/ Chief Justice 0 &&,***10 per month, !ther Judges 0
&*,***10 per month
5
2emo)al of
Judges
A motion see3ing the remo)al of the judge can "e preferred
"efore either %ouse of the #arliament.
he resolution should "e supported "y a majority of total
mem"ership of "oth houses & "y 21& majority of the mem"ers
present & )oting.
. Jurisdiction of
he Supreme
Court
Original Jurisdiction: he Supreme Court settles all disputes
"et$een Centre 0 State, State 0 State, etc.
Writ Jurisdiction: 4)ery indi)idual has the right to mo)e the
Supreme Court directly "y appropriate proceedings for the
enforcement of his 5undamental 2ights.

Advisory Jurisdiction: If the #resident see3s the ad)ice of
Supreme Court, it is duty "ound to gi)e its opinion. 6Its opinion
isn+t a "inding of #resident7.
Revisory Jurisdiction: he Supreme Court under Article 1&8
is empo$ered to re)ie$ any judgement or order made "y it $ith a
)ie$ to remo)ing any mista3e or error that might ha)e crept in
the judgement or order.
It is a court of record as its decisions are of e)identiary )alue
& cannot "e 9uestioned in any court.
he Supreme Court also enjoys the po$er of Judicial re)ie$
as it can ensure that the la$s passed "y legislature and orders
issued "y the executi)e do not contra)ene any pro)ision of the
Constitution.
he Supreme Court decides disputes regarding the election of
the #resident and the :ice #resident.
he Supreme Court recommends the remo)al of mem"ers of
;#SC to the #resident.
Parliament of India
LOK SA!A:
<aximum strength 0 55* = 2 nominated mem"ers. 65&* 0 States1 2* 0 ;nion
erritories7
#resent strength of >o3 Sa"ha 0 5-5.
he 4ighty 5ourth Amendment, 2**1, extended free(e on >o3 Sa"ha and State
Assem"ly seats till 2*2..
he normal tenure of the >o3 Sa"ha is fi)e years, "ut it may "e dissol)ed earlier "y
the #resident. he life of the >o3 Sa"ha can "e extended "y the #arliament "eyond the
fi)e year term, $hen a proclamation of emergency under Article &52 is in force. ?ut the
#arliament cannot extend the normal life of the >o3 Sa"ha for more than one year at a
time 6no limit on the num"er of times in the Constitution7.
he Candidate must "e/ 6a7 Citi(en of India. 6"7 Atleast 25 yrs of age. 6c 7 <ustn+t
hold any office of profit. 6d7 @o unsound mind1 insol)ent. 6e7 %as registered as )oter in
any #arliamentary Constituency.
!ath of <#s is conducted "y the Spea3er. Can resign, "y $riting to Spea3er.
#residing officer is Spea3er 6In his a"sence Aeputy Spea3er7. he mem"ers among
themsel)es elect him.
he Spea3er continues in office e)en after the dissolution of the >o3 Sa"ha till a
ne$ly elected >o3 Sa"ha meets.
;sually the Spea3er, after his election cuts0off all connection $ith his party & acts in
an impartial manner. %e does not )ote in the first instance, "ut exercises his casting )ote
only to remo)e a deadloc3.
Charges his salary from Consolidated 5und of India.
Spea3er sends his resignation to deputy Spea3er.
he <ajority of the total mem"ership can remo)e Spea3er after gi)ing a 1- days
notice. 6Auring this time, he doesn+t preside o)er the meetings7. After his remo)al,
continues in office till his successor ta3es charge.
RAJ"A SA!A
<aximum Strength 0 25* B!ut of these, #resident nominates 12 amongst persons
ha)ing special 3no$ledge or practical experience in the fields of literature,
science, art and social ser)iceC.
#resently, the #arliament, "y la$, has pro)ided for 2&& seats for the States and the
;nion erritories. he total mem"ership of 2ajya Sa"ha is thus 2-5.
All the States and the ;nion erritories of Aelhi and #ondicherry are represented
in the 2ajya Sa"ha.
2epresentati)es of the State are elected "y mem"ers of State legislati)e
assem"lies on the "asis of proportional representation through a single
transfera"le )ote.
here are no seats reser)ed for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled ri"es in 2ajya
Sa"ha.
he candidate must "e/ 6a7 Citi(en of India. 6"7 &* yrs of age. 6c 7 ?e a
parliamentary elector in the State in $hich he is see3ing election. 6d7 !thers as
prescri"ed "y parliament from time0to0time.
he 2ajya Sa"ha <#s are elected for a term of . years, as 11&rd mem"ers retire
e)ery 2 years.
:ice0#resident is the ex0officio chairman of 2ajya Sa"ha. %e presides o)er the
proceedings of the 2ajya Sa"ha as long as he does not act as the #resident of India
during a )acancy in the office of the #resident of India.
Also a deputy chairman is elected from its mem"ers.
In 2ajya Sa"ha any "ill can originate, apart from money "ill 6including "udget7.
Presidents of India
1 Ar. 2ajendra #rasad 2..*1.1D5* 1&.*5.1D.2
2 Ar. S. 2adha3rishnan 1&.*5.1D.2 1&.*5.1D.8
& Ar. Ea3ir %ussain 1&.*5.1D.8 *&.*5.1D.D
- :.:.Firi 6:ice #resident7G *&.*5.1D.D 2*.*8.1D.D
5 Justice <. %idayatullahHG 2*.*8.1D.D 2-.*I.1D.D
. :.:. Firi 2-.*I.1D.D 2-.*I.1D8-
8 5. Ali Ahmed 2-.*I.1D8- 11.*2.1D88
I ?.A. JattiG 11.*2.1D88 25.*8.1D88
D @. Sanji)a 2eddy 25.*8.1D88 25.*8.1DI2
1* Faini Jail Singh 25.*8.1DI2 25.*8.1DI8
11 2. :en3ataraman 25.*8.1DI8 25.*81DD2
12 Ar.S.A. Sharma 25.*8.1DD2 25.*8.1DD8
1& J.2. @arayanan 25.*8.1DD8 25.*8.2**2
1- Ar.A.#. J. A"dul Jalam 25.*8.2**2 ill Aate
C#ief $inister
Status
2eal executi)e head of the
Fo)t at the State le)el.
he position of Chief <inister
at the State le)el is analogous
to the position of the #rime
<inister at the Centre.
Appointed "y Fo)ernor. !ther
<inisters are appointed "y the
Fo)ernor on the ad)ice of the
Chief <inister.
If C< resigns. 4ntire ministry
resigns.
Fenerally, the leader of the
majority party is appointed.
A person $ho is not a mem"er
of State >egislature can "e
appointed, "ut he has to get
himself elected $ithin .
months other$ise he is
remo)ed.
Comptroller Auditor %eneral India CA%
Status:
Appointed "y the #resident.
A person $ith long administrati)e experience & 3no$ledge of accounts is
appointed.
%olds office for . yrs or till .5 yrs of age.
he #resident can remo)e him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of
#arliament 6as in case of judge of Supreme Court7.
Po&ers:
%e is the guardian of the pu"lic purse. %is duties are to audit the accounts of the
;nion and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated
5und of India or of the States $ithout the sanction of the #arliament or the
respecti)e State >egislature.
%e su"mits an audit report of the ;nion to the #resident $ho shall lay it "efore
the #arliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respecti)e Fo)ernors
$ho shall lay it "efore the respecti)e State >egislature.
In short the CAF acts as the custodian & trustee of pu"lic money.
'lection Commission (Article )*+,
Status:
he Constitution pro)ides for an independent election commission to ensure free
and fair election to the #arliament, the State legislature and the offices of
#resident and :ice0#resident.
Consists of Chief 4lection Commissioner =2 4lection Commissioners. hey all
enjoy e9ual po$ers.
he Chief 4lection Commissioner is appointed "y the #resident and the other
4lection Commissioners are appointed "y the #resident after consultation $ith the
Chief 4lection Commissioner. Article &2- also pro)ides for the appointment of
2egional Commissioners at the time of Feneral 4lections after consultation $ith
the 4lection Commission.
4lection Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.
hey are not eligi"le for re0appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of
profit after their retirement.
he term of 5yrs can "y cut short "y resignation or remo)al "y #resident on
recommendation of the #arliament 6Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court7.
-unctions:
#reparation of electoral rolls & 3eeping )oters list updated.
#reparation of code of conductor for all political parties.
2ecognition of )arious political parties & allotment of election sym"ols.
Appointment of election officers to loo3 into disputes concerning election
arrangements.
o examine the returns of election expenses filed "y the candidate.
-undamental Rig#ts
Rig#t to '.uality
Article
1-
49uality "efore la$ and e9ual protection of la$
Article
15
#rohi"ition of discrimination on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, sex or place of "irth.
Article
1.
49uality of opportunity in matters of pu"lic
employment.
Article
18
4nd of untoucha"ility
Article
1I
A"olition of titles, <ilitary and academic
distinctions are, ho$e)er, exempted.
Rig#t to -reedom of Religion
Article
25
5reedom of conscience and free profession,
practice and propagation of religion.
Article
2.
5reedom to manage religious affairs
Article
28
#rohi"its taxes on religious grounds
Article
2I
5reedom as to attendance at religious
ceremonies in certain educational institutions
Rig#t Against '/ploitation
Article 2& raffic in human "eings prohi"ited
Article 2- @o child "elo$ the age of 1- can "e employed
Rig#t to -reedom of Religion
Article
25
5reedom of conscience and free profession,
practice and propagation of religion.
Article
2.
5reedom to manage religious affairs
Article
28
#rohi"its taxes on religious grounds
Article
2I
5reedom as to attendance at religious
ceremonies in certain educational institutions
Cultural and 'ducational Rig#ts
Article
2D
#rotection of interests of minorities
Article
&*
2ight of minorities to esta"lish and administer
educational institutions.
Article
&1
!mitted "y the --th Amendment Act.
Rig#t to Constitutional Remedies
Article
&2
he right to mo)e the Supreme Court in case of
their )iolation 6called Soul and heart of the
Constitution
"y A2 Am"ed3ar7.
Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts
High Court
Status:
Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial
organ of the State.
However, there can be a common High Court like
Punjab, Haryana !nion "erritory of Chandigarh.
Presently there are #$ High Courts in %ndia.
Consists of Chief &ustice other such judges as
a''ointed by the President.
"he Constitution, unlike in the case of the Su'reme
Court, does not fi( any ma(imum number of judges for
a High Court. )*llahabad High Court has +, judges
while & - High Court has only ./.
* judge of a High Court can be transferred to another
High Court without his consent by the President. %n this
the Chief &ustice of %ndia is also consulted. "he o'inion
'rovided by him shall have 'rimacy and is binding on
the President.
Appointment of Judges:
"he a''ointment of Chief &ustice is made after consultation
with the Chief &ustice of Su'reme Court the 0overnor of the
State by the President. %n case of a''ointment of a judge, the
chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in
addition to chief &ustice of Su'reme Court 0overnor of the
State concerned.
Qualifications:
1ust be a citi2en of %ndia
Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of
two such Courts in succession for atleast $3 yrs; or
should have held judicial office in %ndia for a 'eriod of
atleast $3yrs.
Term:
* judge of High Court continues his office till 4# yrs of age.
"erm can be cut short due to resignation or removal by the
President.
Removal:
"he President can remove a judge of High Court only if
the Parliament 'asses the resolution by a #5+ majority
of its members 'resent voting in each house.
"he conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be
discussed in Parliament, e(ce't on a motion for the
removal of a judge.
Jurisdiction Seats High Courts:
0ame
'std1in
t#e
year
2erritorial
Jurisdiction
Seat
*llahabad $644 !ttar Pradesh
*llahabad )7ench
at 8ucknow/
*ndhra
Pradesh
$9.: *ndhra Pradesh Hyderabad
1umbai $64#
1aharashtra,
;adra and <agar
Haveli, 0oa,
;aman and ;iu
1umbai )7ench at
<ag'ur, Panaji and
*urangabad/
-olkata $64#
=est 7engal and
*ndaman and
<icobar
-olkata )Circuit
7ench at Port
7lair/
;elhi $944 ;elhi ;elhi
0uwahati $9:6
*ssam, 1ani'ur,
1eghalaya,
<agaland, "ri'ura,
1i2oram and
*runachal Pradesh
0uwahati )7ench
at -ohima and
Circuit 7enches at
%m'hal, *gartala
Shillong/
0ujarat $943 0ujarat *hmedabad
Himachal
Pradesh
$9,$ Himachal Pradesh Shimla
& - $9., & -
Srinagar and
&ammu
-arnataka $66: -arnataka 7angalore
-erala $9.4
-erala and
8akshadwee'
Ernakulam
1adhya
Pradesh
$9.4 1adhya Pradesh
&abal'ur )7enches
at 0walior and
%ndore/
Chennai $64#
"amil <adu and
Pondicherry
Chennai
>rissa $9:6 >rissa Cuttack
Patna $9$4 7ihar Patna
Punjab
Haryana
$944
Punjab, Haryana
and Chandigarh
Chandigarh
?ajasthan $9.3 ?ajasthan
&odh'ur )7ench at
&ai'ur/
Sikkim $9,. Sikkim 0angtok
7ilas'ur #333 Chhattisgarh 7ilas'ur
<ainital #333 !ttaranchal <ainital
?anchi #333 &harkhand ?anchi
Important Constitutional Amendments
$
@irst *mendment
$9.$
*dded <inth Schedule.
#
Seventh
*mendment
$9.4
<ecessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic
basis
+
Eighth
*mendment
$9.9
E(tended s'ecial 'rovisions for reservations of seats for SCs, S"s and
*ngloA%ndian in 8ok Sabha and 8eg. *ssemblies for a 'eriod of $3
years from$943 to $9,3.
:
"he <inth
*mendment
$943
0ave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the
$9.6 %ndoAPak agreement.
.
"he "enth
*mendment
$94$
%ncor'orated ;adra <agar Haveli as a !".
4
"welfth
*mendment
$94#
%ncor'orated 0oa, ;aman ;iu as a !".
,
"hirteenth
*mendment
$94#
Created <agaland as a State.
6
@ourteenth
*mendment
$94+
Pondicherry, -araikal, 1ahe and Banam, the former @rench territories
were included in the % schedules as !" of Pondicherry.
9
Eighteenth
*mendment
$944
?eorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and !" of Chandigarh.
$3
"wenty first
*mendment
$94,
%ncluded Sindhi as the @ifteenth ?egional language.
$$
"wenty second
*mendment
$949
Created a subAstate of 1eghalaya with in *ssam.
$#
"wenty third
*mendment
$949
E(tended the reservation of seats for SC5S" and nomination of *ngloA
%ndians for a further 'eriod of $3 years )till $963/.
$+
"wenty si(th
*mendment
$9,$
*bolished the titles and s'ecial 'rivileges of former rulers of 'rincely
states.
$:
"wenty seventh
*mendment
$9,$
Established 1ani'ur and "ri'ura as States and 1i2oram and *runachal
Pradesh as !"s.
$.
"hirty first
*mendment
$9,+
%ncreased the elective Strength of 8S from .#. to .:.. "he u''er limit
of re'resentatives of States went u' from .33 to .#..
$4
"hirty si(th
*mendments
$9,.
1ade Sikkim a State
$,
"hirty eight
*mendment
$9,.
Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and
the 'romulgation of ordinances by the President, 0overnors and the
*dministrative Heads of !ts would be final and could not be
challenged in any court. %t also authorised the President to declare
different kinds of emergencies.
$6
"hirty ninth
*mendment
$9,.
Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a
'erson holding the office of P1 or S'eaker and election of the
President and Prime 1inister.
$9
@orty fourth
*mendment
$9,6
"he ?ight to Pro'erty was deleted from Part %%%. *rticle +.# was
amended to 'rovide C*rmed ?ebellionC as one of the circumstances for
declaration of emergency.
#3
@orty fifth
*mendment
$96.
E(tended reservation for SC5S" by another $3 years )till $993/
#$
@ifty second
*mendment
$96.
*dded the "enth Schedule )regarding antiAdefection/
##
@ifty third
*mendment
$964
1i2oram was made a state
#+
@ifty fifth
*mendment
$964
Conferred state hood to *runchal Pradesh
#:
@ifty si(th
*mendment
$96,
Hindi version of the Constitution of %ndia was acce'ted for all
'ur'oses. "he !" of 0oa, ;aman and ;iu was divided and 0oa was
made a State. ;aman and ;iu remained as a !".
#.
Si(ty first
*mendment
$969
?educed the voting age from #$ to $6 years for the 8S as well as
*ssemblies
#4
Si(ty first
*mendment
$969
*lso e(tended reservation of seats for SC5S" till #333 *;.
#,
Seventy first
*mendment
$99#
-onkani, 1ani'uri and <e'ali were included in the D%%% Schedule.
#6 Seventy third
*mendment
)Panchayati ?aj 7ill/ Provided among other things 0ram Sabha in
Dillages, constitution of 'anchayats at the village and other levels,
$99+
direct elections to all seats in 'anchayats and reservations of seats for
the SC and S" and fi(ing of tenure of . years for 'anchayats.
#9
Seventy @ourth
*mendment
$99+
)<agar'alika 7ill/ Provides for, among other things, constitution of
three ty'es of munici'alities, reservation of seats in every
munici'ality for the SC and S", women and the backward classes.
+3
Eighty second
*mendment
#333
?einstaled the 'rovision of reservation of SC and S"s in matters
related to 'romotion. 7esides, the Eualifying marks for 'assing an
e(amination for them has also been lowered.
+$
Eighty fourth
*mendment
#33$
E(tended free2e on 8ok Sabha and State *ssembly seats till #3#4.
+#
Eighty si(th
*mendment
#33#
1akes education a fundamental right for children in the age grou' of
4 A $: years.
++
Eighty seventh
*mendment
#33+
1ade the #33$ census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of
the 8ower House of Parliament )8ok Sabha/ and State assemblies
)Didhan Sabhas/
+:
<inety first
*mendment
#33+
*mended the *nti A ;efection 8aw and also made a 'rovision that the
number of ministers in the Central State 0ovts. Cannot be more
than $.F of the strength of 8ok Sabha res'ected Didhan Sabha.
+.
<inety second
*mendment
#33+
7odo, 1aithili, Santhali and *dded into the D%%% Schedule
The New States Created After !"#
$ *ndhra Pradesh
Created by the State of *ndhra Pradesh *ct, $9.+ by carving out some
areas from the State of 1adras
#
0ujarat and
1aharashtra
"he State of 7ombay was divided into two States, %.e., 1aharashtra
and 0ujarat by the 7ombay )?eorganisation/ *ct, $943
+ -erala
Created by the State ?eorganisation *ct, $9.4. "e com'rised "ravancor
and Cochin areas.
: -arnataka
Created from the Princely State of 1ysore by the State ?eorganisation
*ct, $9.4. %t was renamed -arnataka in $9,+.
. <agaland
%t was carved out from the State of *ssam by the State of <agaland
*ct, $94#.
4 Haryana
%t was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab
)?eorganisation/ *ct, $944
,
Himachal
Pradesh
"he !nion "erritory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of
State by the State of Himachal Pradesh *ct, $9,3
6 1eghalaya @irst carved out as a subAState within the State of *ssam by #+rd
Constitutional *mendment, $949. 8ater in $9,$, it received the status
of a fullAfledged State by the <orthAEastern *reas )?eorganisation/ *ct.
$9,$
9
1ani'ur and
"ri'ura
7oth these States were elevated from the status of !nion "erritories by
the <orthAEastern *reas )?eorganisation/ *ct, $9,$.
$3 Sikkim
Sikkim was first given the Status of *ssociate State by the +.th
Constitutional *mendment *ct, $9,:. %t got the status of a full State in
$9,. by the +4th *mendment *ct, $9,..
$$ 1i2oram
%t was elevated to the Status of a full State by the State of 1i2oram
*ct, $964.
$#
*runachal
Pradesh
%t received the status of a full State by the State of *runachal Pradesh
*ct, $964.
$+ 0oa
0oa was se'arated from the !nion "erritory of 0oa, ;aman and ;iu
and was made a fullAfledged State by the 0oa, ;aman and ;iu
?eorganisation *ct, $96,. 7ut ;aman and ;iu remained as !nion
"erritory
$: Chhattisgarh
@ormed by the Constitutional *mendment *ct, #333 by dividing
1adhya Pradesh on <ovember $, #333
$. !ttaranchal
@ormed by the Constitutional *mendment *ct, #333 by dividing !ttar
Pradesh on <ovember 9, #333
$4 &harkhand
@ormed by the Constitutional *mendment *ct, #333 by dividing 7ihar
on <ovember $.,#333.
$arliament of India
%&' SA(HA:
1a(imum strength A ..3 G # nominated members. ).+3 A States5 #3 A !nion "erritories/
Present strength of 8ok Sabha A .:..
"he Eighty @ourth *mendment, #33$, e(tended free2e on 8ok Sabha and State *ssembly
seats till #3#4.
"he normal tenure of the 8ok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the
President. "he life of the 8ok Sabha can be e(tended by the Parliament beyond the five year
term, when a 'roclamation of emergency under *rticle +.# is in force. 7ut the Parliament
cannot e(tend the normal life of the 8ok Sabha for more than one year at a time )no limit on
the number of times in the Constitution/.
"he Candidate must beH )a/ Citi2en of %ndia. )b/ *tleast #. yrs of age. )c / 1ustnCt hold any
office of 'rofit. )d/ <o unsound mind5 insolvent. )e/ Has registered as voter in any
Parliamentary Constituency.
>ath of 1Ps is conducted by the S'eaker. Can resign, by writing to S'eaker.
Presiding officer is S'eaker )%n his absence ;e'uty S'eaker/. "he members among
themselves elect him.
"he S'eaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the 8ok Sabha till a newly
elected 8ok Sabha meets.
!sually the S'eaker, after his election cutsAoff all connection with his 'arty acts in an
im'artial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but e(ercises his casting vote only to
remove a deadlock.
Charges his salary from Consolidated @und of %ndia.
S'eaker sends his resignation to de'uty S'eaker.
"he 1ajority of the total membershi' can remove S'eaker after giving a $: days notice.
);uring this time, he doesnCt 'reside over the meetings/. *fter his removal, continues in office
till his successor takes charge.
RAJ)A SA(HA
1a(imum Strength A #.3 I>ut of these, President nominates $# amongst 'ersons
having s'ecial knowledge or 'ractical e('erience in the fields of literature, science, art
and social serviceJ.
Presently, the Parliament, by law, has 'rovided for #++ seats for the States and the
!nion "erritories. "he total membershi' of ?ajya Sabha is thus #:..
*ll the States and the !nion "erritories of ;elhi and Pondicherry are re'resented in the
?ajya Sabha.
?e'resentatives of the State are elected by members of State legislative assemblies
on the basis of 'ro'ortional re'resentation through a single transferable vote.
"here are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled "ribes in ?ajya
Sabha.
"he candidate must beH )a/ Citi2en of %ndia. )b/ +3 yrs of age. )c / 7e a
'arliamentary elector in the State in which he is seeking election. )d/ >thers as
'rescribed by 'arliament from timeAtoAtime.
"he ?ajya Sabha 1Ps are elected for a term of 4 years, as $5+rd members retire every
# years.
DiceAPresident is the e(Aofficio chairman of ?ajya Sabha. He 'resides over the
'roceedings of the ?ajya Sabha as long as he does not act as the President of %ndia
during a vacancy in the office of the President of %ndia.
*lso a de'uty chairman is elected from its members.
%n ?ajya Sabha any bill can originate, a'art from money bill )including budget/.
$arts of the Constitution
Part A % )*rticle $
A :/
;eals with territory of %ndia formation of new states, alterations, names
of e(isting states.
Part A %% )*rt. . A
$$/
;eals with various rights of citi2enshi'.
Part A %%% )*rt. $#
A +./
;eals with fundamental rights of %ndian citi2ens. )*rt. +$ A dealing with
the right to 'ro'erty was deleted by ::th amendment/.
Part A %D )*rt. +4A
.$/
;eals with ;irective Princi'les of State Policy.
Part A %D A * )*rt.
.$*/
*dded by :#nd amendment in $9,4. Contains the duties of the citi2ens.
Part A D )*rt. .# A
$.$/
;eals with govt. at the !nion 8evel. );uties @unction of P1, 1inisters,
Presidents, *ttorney 0eneral, Parliament A 8ok Sabha ?ajya Sabha,
Com'troller *uditor 0eneral/.
Part A D% )*rt.
$.# A #+,/
;eals with govt. at the State 8evel. );uties functions of Chief 1inister
his ministers, 0overnor, State legislature, High Court, *dvocate 0eneral of
the State/.
Part A D%% )*rt.
#+6/
;eals with States, was re'laced in $9.4 by the ,th amendment.
Part A D%%% )*rt.
#+9 A #:$/
;eals with !nion "erritories.
Part A %K
Consists of # 'artsH
$. *dded by ,+rd amendment in $99#. Contains a new schedule
CSCHE;!8E E8EDE<C. %t contains #9 subjects related to Panchayati ?aj.
)"hey have been given administrative 'owers/.
#. *dded by ,:th amendment in $99#. Contains a new schedule
CSCHE;!8E "=E8DEC. %t contains $6 subjects related to 1unici'alities.
)"hey have been given administrative 'owers/.
Part A K )*rt.
#::, #::*/
;eals with Scheduled "ribal *reas.
Part A K% )*rt.
#:. A #4+/
;eals with relation between !nion States.
Part A K%% )*rt. ;eals with distribution of revenue between !nion States, a''ointment
#4: A +33*/ of @inance Commission )*rticle #63/, contracts, liabilities etc.
Part A K%%%
)*rt.+3$ A +3,/
?elates to trade, commerce intercourse within the "erritory of %ndia.
Part A K%D
)*rt.+36 A +#+/
;eals with !PSC and Public Service Commissions.
Part A KD
)*rt.+#: A +#9/
;eals with elections )*lso Election Commission/
Part A KD%
)*rt.++3 A +:#/
;eals with s'ecial 'rovisions for Scheduled Castes Scheduled "ribed
*nglo A %ndian ?e'resentation.
Part A KD%% )*rt.
+:+ A +.$/
?elates to official language.
Part, KD%%%
)*rt.+.# A +43/
;eals with emergency 'rovisions.
Part A K%K
)*rt.+4$ A +4,/
E(em'tion of criminal 'roceedings for their official acts as President
0overnors.
Part A KK )*rt.
+46/
;eals with *mendment of Constitution.
Part A KK%
)*rt.+49 A +9#/
)*rtA+49 gives tem'orary 'owers to the Parliament to make laws for State
list/.
)*rt A+,3 contains tem'orary 'rovisions of & - A ?estricts the
'arliament to make laws for that State/.
Part A KK%%
)*rt.+9+ A +9./
Concerns the short title, commencement and re'eal of the Constitution.
Part A K%D A *
)*rt.+#+*, +#+7/
7y :#nd amendment in $9,4. ;eals with administrative tribunals set u'
by 'arliament to hear dis'utes com'laints regarding !nion, States or
local govt.Em'loyees.
*ice $resident
$ Election
Elected by both the houses )Electoral College/ in accordance with the
system of 'ro'ortional re'resentation by means of single transferable
vote and the vote being secret. <ominated members also 'artici'ate in
his election.
"he Su'reme Court has the final and e(clusive jurisdiction for resolving
dis'utes and doubts relating to the election of the DiceAPresident.
# Criteria Citi2en of %ndia.
1ore than +. yrs of age
Possess the Eualification for membershi' of ?ajya Sabha.
<ot hold any office of 'rofit under union, state or local authority.
However, for this 'ur'ose, the President, DiceAPresident, 0overnor of a
State and a 1inister of the !nion or a State, are not held to be holding
an office of 'rofit.
+ >ther
Points
Holds office for . yrs. Can be reAelected.
"erm can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the ?aja Sabha
'assed by a majority of all the then members of the ?ajya Sabha and
agreed to by the 8ok Sabha.
He is the e(Aofficio chairman of ?ajya Sabha. Since he is not a member
of ?ajya Sabha, he has no right to vote.
7eing the Dice President of %ndia, he is not entitled for any salary, but
he is entitled to the salary and allowances 'ayable to the Chairman of
the ?ajya Sabha.
*ll bills, resolution, motion can be taken in ?ajya Sabha after his
consent.
Can discharge the function of President if the 'ost falls vacant. )@or
ma(imum 4 months/.
=hen he discharges the functions of the President, the Dice President
shall not 'erform the duties of the office of the Chairman of ?ajya
Sabha and shall not be entitled to receive the salary of the Chairman.
;uring this 'eriod, he is entitled for the salary and 'rivileges of the
President of %ndia.
Present salary is ?s.:3,3335A 'er month.
Attorne+ ,eneral of India
Status:
Highest legal officer of the !nion 0ovt.
*''ointed by the President.
"he 'erson should be Eualified to be a''ointed a judge of the Su'reme Court.
He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country can take 'art in the
'roceedings of the Parliament its committees. However, he is not given the right to
vote.
He is also allowed to take u' 'rivate 'ractice 'rovided the other 'arty is not the State.
7ecause of this, he is not 'aid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.
%n England, the *ttorney 0eneral is a member of the Cabinet, but in %ndia he is not. %t
is a 'olitical a''ointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the 'arty in
'ower, the *ttorney 0eneral resigns from his 'ost to enable the new 0overnment to
a''oint a nominee of his choice.
"he *ttorney 0eneral is assisted by two SolicitorsA0eneral and four *dditional
Solicitors A 0eneral.
"he *ttorney 0eneral gets a retainer eEuivalent to the salary of a judge of the
Su'reme Court.
0ives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the
President.
*''ears before the Su'reme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the
govt. of %ndia.
Supreme Court of India
$ Status
Stands at the a'e( of the judicial system of %ndia.
Consists of Chief &ustice #. other judges.
# *''ointment
"he senior most judge of the Su'reme Court is a''ointed as the
Chief &ustice of %ndia. >ther judges are a''ointed by the President
after consultation with such judges of the Su'reme Court and of the
High Court as the President may deem necessary.
+ Lualification
Citi2en of %ndia
Have been a judge of High Court for . yrs or *n advocate of High
Court for $3 yrs minimum or %n PresidentCs view, a distinguished jurist
of the country.
: "erm Salary "he Chief &ustice other judges hold office till 4. yrs of age.
Can give resignation to President.
Can be removed by the Parliament.
*fter retirement, a judge of Su'reme Court cannot 'lead or act
before any authority.
SalaryH Chief &ustice A ++,3335A 'er month, >ther &udges A
+3,3335A 'er month
.
?emoval of
&udges
* motion seeking the removal of the judge can be 'referred before
either House of the Parliament.
"he resolution should be su''orted by a majority of total
membershi' of both houses by #5+ majority of the members 'resent
voting.
4
&urisdiction of "he
Su'reme Court
&riginal Jurisdiction: "he Su'reme Court settles all dis'utes
between Centre A State, State A State, etc.
-rit Jurisdiction: Every individual has the right to move the
Su'reme Court directly by a''ro'riate 'roceedings for the
enforcement of his @undamental ?ights.

Advisor+ Jurisdiction: %f the President seeks the advice of
Su'reme Court, it is duty bound to give its o'inion. )%ts o'inion isnCt a
binding of President/.
Revisor+ Jurisdiction: "he Su'reme Court under *rticle $+, is
em'owered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view
to removing any mistake or error that might have cre't in the
judgement or order.
%t is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value
cannot be Euestioned in any court.
"he Su'reme Court also enjoys the 'ower of &udicial review as it
can ensure that the laws 'assed by legislature and orders issued by
the e(ecutive do not contravene any 'rovision of the Constitution.
"he Su'reme Court decides dis'utes regarding the election of the
President and the Dice President.
"he Su'reme Court recommends the removal of members of !PSC
to the President.
Strength of State %egislatures
S0o State 3 42s
Legislative
Assem5ly
Legislative
Council
$ *ndhra Pradesh #9: <il
#
*runachal
Pradesh
:3 <il
+ *ssam $#4 <il
: ;elhi ,3 <il
. 7ihar #:+ ,.
4 &harkhand 6$ <il
, 0oa :3 <il
6 0ujarat $6# <il
9 Haryana 93 <il
$3
Himachal
Pradesh
46 <il
$$
&ammu
-ashmir
,4 +4
$# -arnataka ##: ,.
$+ -erala $:3 <il
$: 1adhya Pradesh #+3 <il
$. Chhatisgarh 93 <il
$4 1aharashtra #66 ,6
$, 1ani'ur 43 <il
$6 1eghalaya 43 <il
$9 1i2oram :3 <il
#3 <agaland 43 <il
#$ >rissa $:, <il
## Pondicherry +3 <il
#+ Punjab $$, <il
#: ?ajasthan #33 <il
#. Sikkim +# <il
#4 "amil <adu #+: <il
#, "ri'ura 43 <il
#6 !ttar Pradesh :3+ $3:
#9 !ttaranchal ,3 <il
+3 =est 7engal #9: <il
$rime .inisters of India
&awahar 8al <ehru $..36.$9:, #,.3..$94:
0ul2ari 8al <anda #,.3..$94: 39.34.$94:
8al 7ahadur Shastri 39.34.$94: $$.3$.$944
0ul2ari 8al <anda $$.3$.$944 #:.3$.$944
%ndira 0andhi #:.3$.$944 #:.3+.$9,,
1orarji ;esai #:.3+.$9,, #6.3,.$9,9
Charan Singh #6.3,.$9,9 $:.3$.$963
%ndira 0andhi $:.3$.$963 +$.$3.$96:
?ajiv 0andhi +$.$3.$96: 3$.$#.$969
D.P.Singh 3#.$#.$969 $3.$$.$993
Chandra Shekhar $3.$$.$993 #$.34.$99$
P.D.<arsimha ?ao #$.34.$99$ $4.3..$994
*tal 7ihari Daj'ayee $4.3..$994 3$.34.$994
H.;. ;eve 0owda 3$.34.$994 #$.3:.$99,
%.-.0ujral #$.3:.$99, $6.3+.$996
*tal 7ihari Daj'ayee $9.3+.$996 $#.$3.$999
*tal 7ihari Daj'ayee $+.$3.$999 #$.3..#33:
;r.1anmohan Singh ##.3..#33: "ill ;ate
Prime Ministers of India
$resident
$ Lualification
1ust be a citi2en of %ndia.
Com'leted +. yrs in age.
Eligible to be a member of 8ok Sabha.
1ust not hold any 0overnment 'ost. E(ce'tionsH
President and DiceAPresident.
0overnor of any State.
1inister of !nion or State.
# Election %ndirectly elected through CElectoral CollegeC consisting of Elected
members of both the Houses of Parliament Elected members of the
8egislative *ssemblies of the States. )<o nominated members/.
Security de'osit A $.,3335A
Su'reme Court inEuires all dis'utes regarding PresidentCs election.
"akes >*"H in 'resence of Chief &ustice of %ndia, or in his absence, senior
most judge of Su'reme Court.
+
"erm
Emoluments
. year term
*rticle ., says that there is no u''er limit on the no. of times a 'erson
can ecome President.
Can give resignation to Dice President before fullAterm.
Present Salary A .3,3335month )including allowances emoluments/.
: %m'eachment
LuasiAjudicial 'rocedure.
Can be im'eached only on the ground of violation of Constitution.
"he im'eachment 'rocedure can be initiated in either House of the
Parliament.
. Dacancy
%n case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the
DiceAPresident acts as President. %f he is not available then Chief &ustice,
if not then seniorAmost judge of Su'reme Court shall act as the President
of %ndia.
"he election is to be held within 4 months of the vacancy.
, Powers
*''oints P1, ministers, Chief &ustice &udges of Su'reme Court High
courts, Chairman members of !PSC, Com'troller and *uditor 0eneral,
*ttorney 0eneral, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of
Election Commission, 0overnors, 1embers of @inance Commission,
*mbassadors, etc.
Can summon 'rorogue the sessions of the # houses can dissolve 8ok
Sabha.
*''oints @inance Commission )after every . yrs/ that recommends
distribution of ta(es between !nion State govts.
*''oints the Chief &ustice and the judges of the Su'reme Court and High
Courts.
"he President can 'romulgate + ty'es of EmergenciesH
<ational Emergency )*rticle +.#/
State Emergency )PresidentCs ?ule/ )*rticle +.4/
@inancial Emergency )*rticle +43/
He is the Su'reme Commander of the ;efence @orces of %ndia.
President a''oints Chiefs of *rmy, <avy *ir @orce.
;eclares wars concludes 'eace subject to the a''roval of the
Parliament.
The ,overnor
$ Lualification
Citi2en of %ndia
Com'leted +. yrs of age.
ShouldnCt be a member of either house of 'arliament or the State
legislature.
1ust 'ossess the Eualification for membershi' of State 8egislature.
1ustnCt hold any office of 'rofit.
# Status <ominal e(ecutive in States.
<ormally each State has its own 0overnor, but under the Seventh
*mendment *ct $9.4, the same 'erson can be a''ointed as 0overnor of
one or more States or 8t. 0overnor of the !nion "erritory.
*''ointed by the President on the recommendations of !nion Council of
1inisters.
His usual term of office is . yrs but he holds office during the 'leasure of
the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his successor
takes the charge.
Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President. "he
legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a
0overnor.
Salary from the Consolidated @und of the State )?s.+4,333 'er month/
and is not subject to the vote of the State 8egislature. =hen the same
'erson is a''ointed as the 0overnor of two or more States, the emoluments
and allowances 'ayable to him shall be allocated among the States in such
'ro'ortion as determined by the President of %ndia.
His oath is administrated by the Chief &ustice of the concerned State
High Court and in his absence, the senior A most of that Court.
+ Powers
*''oints Chief 1inister, Council of 1inisters, Chairman members of
State Public Service Commission, *dvocate 0eneral of the State and Election
Commissioner of the State.
Summons, Prorogues dissolves the State 8egislature.
President consults 0overnor while a''ointing Chief &ustice and other
judges of High Court. *''oints judges of courts below the High Court.
?e'orts to the President if the State 0overnment is not running
constitutionally and recommends the PresidentCs rule )*rticle +.4/. =hen
the PresidentCs ?ule is in 'rogress, he becomes the C*gent of the !nion
0overnment in the StateC. He takes over the reigns of administration directly
into his own hands and runs the State with the aid of the Civil Servants.
Wildlife Sanctuaries
0eneral -nowledge Home Page
Name $lace State
Chandra'rabha Sanctuary Daranasi !ttar Pradesh
;achigam Sanctuary Srinagar &ammu -ashmir
0hana 7ird Sanctuary 7harat'ur ?ajasthan
0hat'rabha 7ird Sanctuary 7elgaum -arnataka
&alda'ara Sanctuary &al'aiguri =est 7engal
-utree 0ame Sanctuary 7estar 1adhya Pradesh
1anas "igar Sanctuary 7ar'eta *ssam
1ela'attu 7ird Sanctuary <ellor *ndra Pradesh
1udumalai Sanctuary <ilgiris "amil <adu
<al Sarovar 7ird Sanctury *hmedabad 0ujarat
Palamau "iger Sanctuary ;altonganj 7ihar
Periyar Sanctuary %dduki -erala
?anganthittoo 7ird Sanctuary Sawai 1adho'ur ?ajasthan
?anthambhor "iger Sanctuary Sawai 1adho'ur ?ajasthan
Simili'al "iger Sanctuary 1ayurbhanj >rissa
Sultan'ur 8ake 7ird Sanctuary 0urgaon Haryana
Sunderbans "iger Sanctuary #:AParganas =est 7engal
Related -e/ $ages